The Tanzimat Period: 19th Century Ottoman Reforms

Introduction

• The 19th century is known as the Tanzimat or the Age of Reforms for the Ottoman Empire.
• These reforms began in 1839 and continued throughout the century, aiming to modernize the Ottoman Empire similar to European nations.
• Although based on the European model, the reforms were for the Ottoman Empire’s benefit and survival in the age of nationalism.

Key Aspects of Tanzimat Reforms

Modernization and Citizenship

• Transition from subjects to citizens: All people within the empire became Ottoman citizens.
• A civil code was established granting equal civil rights to every citizen.
• Secular courts were introduced, replacing old religious courts, indicating a shift towards legal secularization.

Taxation and Equality

• Previous tax systems under Islamic law differentiated between Muslims and non-Muslims.
• The Tanzimat reforms abolished this system, ensuring equal taxation for all citizens.

Military Reforms

• Introduction of universal conscription: Military service became mandatory for all citizens.
• The army was composed of citizens irrespective of their religious or ethnic backgrounds.

Educational Reforms

• Education was prioritized as a key aspect of modernization.
• Initial focus was on increasing literacy through primary education.
• Expansion of educational institutions with growth in secondary schools and universities across the empire.
• Education reforms were a gradual process throughout the century.

Outcomes and Legacy

• The Tanzimat reforms were successful in modernizing the Ottoman Empire.
• Modernization of the 19th century continues to influence Turkey and other successor states of the Ottoman Empire.
• The legacy of the Tanzimat reforms is carried by all nations that emerged from the Ottoman Empire.