The 19th century is the period of the Tanzimat, otherwise known as the Age of reforms. These reforms beginning in 1839 but continuing throughout the 19th century, aimed at making the Ottoman Empire a modern nation like the rest of the world. There is no doubt that this was done in the European model. So the European model was taken as the example, but it doesn't mean that this was an imitation of Europe. I am a believer, a firm believer, that the Ottomans tried to modernize for their own good and for their own sake. But there's no doubt that they believed in the age of nationalism, the only way to save the empire was to modernize and Tanzimat is the governmental side of that belief. The government began to prepare a whole host of reforms as I said, throughout the 19th century. Everyone became citizens for example, this time in the 19th century. So everyone became Ottoman citizens instead of subjects. There was a civil code that was written and new. And according to the civil code, every citizen would have the same civil rights. These rights could be assured in the newly established modern courts. Not in the old religious courts, but in secular courts. So there's a high degree of secularization in legal matters. Equality and citizenship also brought the concept of equality and tax payment. Tax payment was under Islamic law before where non-Muslims and Muslims paid different rates of taxes. This was abolished. So everybody paid the same tax. This gets translated into military service because the idea of universal conscription came to be applied in the Ottoman Empire. And accordingly, the military was composed of anybody and everybody who was an Ottoman citizen. Lastly but not least, education became a primary goal for the modernizing state in the Tanzimat. The first issue was to increase literacy. So the first reform of education was about primary education. But later in the 18th century as we move to the second half of the 19th century and even the last quarter of the 19th century, we see that secondary schools also erupted everywhere. They opened thousands of schools all over the empire. And also after secondary schools or high schools, you could attend universities or university. So education became part and parcel of modernization in the 19th century. So it was a major change but it didn't happen in one day. It took almost all of the 19th century. If the question was whether it succeeded or not, I would definitely say that it did because it is the modernization of the Tanzimat part of the 19th century Ottoman empire that is inherited by Turkey today. But not just by Turkey, by the rest of the nations that came out of the Ottoman Empire because Turkey is not the only nation that came out of the Ottoman Empire. It's the legacy of the Tanzimat that these nation carry today, including Turkey.