we're going to begin our2 class by going through chapter one chapter one is a very important chapter in which we are going to learn a lot of the terminology that you're going to use throughout amp1 and2 this is the type of material that is going to require you to Simply practice with the terms so that you can get comfortable with them and begin using them anytime you're talking about any type of& material in this section1 we'll be covering just the four the first four systems shown on this slide we will go through the integumentary system which includes your skin your hair and your fingernails and toenails then we'll move into the skeletal system skeletal system includes your bones and your joints third we'll do the muscular system which we will focus mainly on the skeletal muscles in this class however smooth muscle fit into this category the last system we'll cover in our amp1 course is the nervous system the nervous system includes the brain spinal cord and the nerves you notice that all these other systems on the list they will be covered in2 this should give you some idea that since we're only covering four systems some of these systems are going to be pretty complex and it's going to take a little bit of time for us to go through them the main main one that is going to be most complex for you is the nervous system but we're going to take it slow and we're going to all learn everything we need to know about the nervous system the first term that's important for you to learn out of chapter one is the term homeostasis homeostasis is the state that our body tries to maintain regardless of what happens outside of our body there are certain things that our body likes to keep set at some spefic specific point we have lots of mechanisms that allow us to keep these items at the point our body likes them to be to give you an example that you've all experienced with homeostasis I can give you the example using body temperature we all know that body temperature is 98.6 F or 37° C this temperature has to be maintained for our body to accomplish all of its normal functions if we get cold that means our body temperature has started to lower our body's response to being cold is to shiver shivering makes our skeletal muscles contract that contraction releases heat therefore we raise our body temperature that's your body's way of trying to get back to its homeostatic temperature we can go in the other direction if you are hot your body has to do something to get it back down to its normal temperature so you begin to sweat the water on the outside of the body leads to a cooling effect bringing our temperature down so we're going to kind of see this effect as we go through amp1 as well as2 with our body having some specific state it needs to maintain and doing anything it can to alter that body to get it back to its normal state anytime we discuss the human body in an course we place the body into anatomical position this is a standard position we can place the body so that no matter who is describing some part of the body it is always in the same orientation to the other body parts anatomical position requires the person to stand erect with their feet slightly apart typically shoulder width arms at their side head facing forward and Palms facing forward if I'm in anatomical position my head is all always above my feet if I were to lie down my head may not be above my feet anymore depending on the angle at which I'm laying but if I'm in anatomical position the head is always going to be above the feet and that is just the only reason we use this anatomical position when I'm standing in anatomical position I can divide the body into two different regions I have an axial region the axial region includes my head my neck my chest and my abdomen which makes up my trunk this is the central axis of the body the appendicular region of my body is made of my limbs and anything that connects my limbs to the axial region of my body so this would be my legs and my hips my arms and my shoulders now that we all understand we keep the body in a spe specific orientation anatomical position you can understand that we can then use specific terms called directional terms to give us a relationship between different parts of the body I said on the previous slide my head is above my feet using the word above is not really using true anatomical terminology the terms we use in the place of above and below are superior and in inferior the word Superior takes the place of above or closer to your head the word inferior takes the place of the word below or closer to the the lower part of the body away from your head to give you an example I would say that my head is above my my head is above my knee therefore my head is superior to my knee my ankle is below so it is inferior to my shoulder okay you can use those two words yourselves to kind of think about how how you would use them to describe other parts of the body the next two directional terms on the slide are ventral and dorsal which are synonymous to anterior and posterior these words are used to describe anything that is closer to the front or belly region of the body that's your ventral and anterior or closer to the back of the body that would be dorsal and posterior to give you an example my belly button is more ventral or anterior compared to my backbone it is more dorsal or posterior moving on our next two terms are medial and lateral these two words are used to describe any parts of the body that are in relation with to the midline of the body anything that is closer to a midline which would be the imaginary line you drew if you started in the middle of your forehead came down the center of your nose in the middle of your lips all the way down center of the chest through the belly button and cut the body into left and right halves that's your midline anything that is closer to that midline is considered medial anything that is further away from the midline to the edges of the body would be lateral to give you an example my nose is more medial my ear is more lateral when you're comparing those two to each other the next two terms are the two that people typically get the most confused about and the key to understanding these two is remembering that you only use proximal and distal when you're referring to regions of the same body part typically we use these terms when we're talking about the arms and legs the appendages something is considered more prox if it is close to the origin or beginning of the body part it is considered more distal if it is further away from the beginning or origin of the body part using an example of my arms I would say that my wrist is more distal compared to my elbow my elbow is more proximal compared to my wrist on my legs I could use the example my ankle is more distal than my knee my knee is more proximal than my ankle you can't say your knee is superior to your ankle because you're comparing two regions of the leg the same body part our last two terms superficial and deep tell us they are used when we're talking about things that are further to the outer surface of the body or the inner surface of the body your skin is always going to be your most superficial organ the muscles are always considered deep to the skin they are further on the inside of your body I highly recommend that you do your homework assignments to practice with these terms it simply takes a lot of practice to truly be able to use them correctly the next two figures show the proper terminology for the regions of The Superficial portions of the body the outer parts of the body you are simply going to have to sit down and learn the proper terminology for this this is also something that you will have to practice do your online assignments and just work with it to really be able to use these terms going through some of them for you the entire head region that is considered spalc the entire region that's colored in Orange that is thoracic the entire region colored in purple is abdominal pelvic showing you some of the smaller regions on the body the forehead is frontal the eyes are orbital the nose is nasal the mouth is oral the chin is mental which I kind of think it's one of the silliest ones of all the naming the neck is cervical now looking at the sub regions of the thoracic region the armpits are axillary the area where the breasts are located they are mamory regions the center of the chest is the sternal region now looking at the Upper Limb we have the shoulder which is a chromal the upper arm is brachial the front of the elbow is anticubital and the lower arm the forearm is anti brachial the wrist is Carpal and the fingers are digital now moving to the leg the hips are coxal the upper leg is femoral the front of the knee is patellar the front of the lower leg or what you would call your shin is cruel the outer edge of the leg lower leg is fibular the ankle is tarsal the foot is metatarsal and then again your digits are digital flipping now to the back of the body on the head there's a few new regions you can see the ear is odic and the back of the head is occipital back of the neck is still considered cervical the blue region here that is the dorsal region the sides of the dorsal region they are the scapular region the center of the dorsal region is vertebral and the lower back is the lumbar the butt cheeks are known as the except the back of the elbow is the ocanal region remember the front of the elbow was the anticubital region the back of the legs is the same as the front except the back of the knee is the poal region the front of the knee was the patellar region the back of the lower leg where your calves are located is the silal region the front was the crural region in a& P there are often times when we are required to cut the body into two pieces when we make cuts into the body we cut along common planes the terminology is written on these two slides but I'm going to flip to the picture to point these out looking at this drawing here if we cut the body along this plane using this piece of glass we would cut the body into left and right halves any cut or any plane that divides the body into left and right halves is considered A sagittal plane if it cuts the body into a mirror image left in right half then it is considered mid sagittal if we cut the body along this plane oop sorry not straight with this sheet of glass we've cut the body into Superior and inferior portions top and bottom this is the transverse plane if we cut the body along this plane we have cut the body into anterior and posterior or ventral and dorsal regions front and back this is the frontal sometimes known as the coronal plane in lab as we go through the semester and we get to dissections you will be given instructions that tell you to cut the organ along the mid sagittal plane or the transverse plane so you have to become familiar with what these words mean again I'm going to flip to the picture you guys have the words here if you would like to use them to study what we've gone over so far are the N proper terminology proper names for the outside of the body all of you already know there's stuff going on on the inside of your body there's lots of things in there the name we use for a region that contains some sort of organ is a cavity there's the dorsal body cavity since it's dorsal that one's going to be on the back side of the body and there's the ventral body cavity the dorsal body cavity consists of the cranial cavity here here which all of you I'm sure can tell me houses the brain and the ventral cavity running down here this contains the spinal cord very heavily protected cavities the ventral body cavity contains the thoracic cavity which is the entire chest region and the abdomino pelvic cavity which is the entire belly region within the thoracic cavity we have the mediastinum which is at the top the pericardial which is below or inferior to the mediastinum and then we have two plural cavities on the edges the plural cavities contain the lungs the pericardial cavity contains the heart if we move down to the abdominal cavity this is going to be the location of most of your internal organs such as your stomach your intestine your gallbladder your SP your spleen all the organs you're going to learn about their function in amp1 and two the lower portion the pelvic cavity simply contains the bladder the reproductive organs and a portion of the digestive system known as the rectum since there are so many things within the abdominal cavity we separate the abdominal cavity and the abdominal and pelvic cavities into what we call the abdomino pelvic quadrants shown here you need to become familiar with the names of the different quadrants it's what I'm highlighting now for you couple tips to help you you start in the center near the belly button that's your umbilical region above the umbilical region is the epigastric below the umbilical is the hypogastric the sides have the same names this is the model's left arm so each of these have the name left this is the model's right arm so each of these have the word right the top quadrant is hypochondriac middle quadrant is lumbar and lower quadrant is iliac or sometimes called inguinal since we're just starting in amp1 I do not expect you to all know exactly where all of the organs are located so you don't need to expect me to ask you questions on a test that are something like which quadrant is the gallbladder located I don't expect you to know specifically those regions yet but if given a picture that looks something like this you need to be able to tell me what those are the last little bit of information out of chapter one is the term Cirrus membrane I need you to understand that throughout your abdominal pelvic cavity you have many different really thin double layered membranes you have parietal Sosa parietal membranes that line the internal body walls meaning they attach to the walls of your stomach and your back you also have visceral Sosa that line your internal organs the visceral Sosa is going to combine or merge into your parietal Sosa helping to hold all of your internal organs into proper orientation this allows you to jump up and down and not worry about your organs hitting the top or hitting the bottom of your body everything is held into a perfect orientation I hope this lecture helped you become comfortable with some of the terms out of chapter one again this is terminology you are going to have to practice with go ahead get on mastering by Ma mastering do your chapter one homeworks please let me know if you have any questions or if you need more practice work with any of these terms