Overview
This lecture covers the main types and components of computer systems, including hardware, software, data types, operating systems, types of computers, and emerging technologies.
Types and Components of a Computer System
- Computer systems consist of hardware (physical parts) and software (instructions for the system).
- Main components include input devices, processor (CPU), internal memory (RAM/ROM), storage devices, and output devices.
Hardware
- Hardware is divided into internal components (e.g., motherboard, CPU, RAM, graphic card, internal storage, network interface card) and external components.
- Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, webcam, microphone, touch screen.
- Output devices: monitor, printer, speakers.
- External storage devices add additional capabilities or portability.
Software
- Software is categorized as application software (e.g., word processors, spreadsheets, database tools, media editing software) and system software (e.g., operating systems, device drivers, compilers, linkers, utility programs).
- System software provides the platform for application software to run.
Main Computer Components Explained
- Input devices allow interaction; processor executes instructions; memory stores data; storage devices save data long-term; output devices display results.
- RAM (Random Access Memory) is volatile, temporary, and read-write.
- ROM (Read Only Memory) is non-volatile, permanent, and read-only, storing the BIOS for startup.
Operating Systems & User Interfaces
- Operating systems manage hardware, software, user interaction, data flow, and system security.
- Graphical User Interface (GUI) uses visual icons and is user-friendly; Command Line Interface (CLI) is text-based and faster for advanced users.
Types of Computers
- Types include desktop, laptop, tablet, and smartphone, each with different screen and keyboard sizes, and varying portability.
Analog vs Digital Data
- Digital data is binary (0s and 1s), discrete, and used by computers; analog data is continuous (e.g., sound, temperature).
- Converters (ADC/DAC) are required to transfer data between analog and digital formats.
Emerging Technologies
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) includes robotics, virtual assistants (e.g., ChatGPT), and self-driving vehicles.
- Benefits: increased safety, quality, automation, reliability.
- Drawbacks: job displacement concerns, machines replacing humans.
- Virtual Reality (VR) immerses users in a virtual world; Augmented Reality (AR) overlays digital content onto the real world.
- Robots are used in industry for tasks like welding, assembly, cleaning, and packaging, operating continuously without fatigue.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Hardware — physical components of a computer system.
- Software — sets of instructions that control computer functions.
- CPU (Central Processing Unit) — the brain of the computer executing instructions.
- RAM (Random Access Memory) — temporary, volatile memory for active tasks.
- ROM (Read Only Memory) — permanent storage for startup instructions.
- Operating System — system software managing hardware, software, and user interface.
- GUI (Graphical User Interface) — visual interface using windows, icons, and menus.
- CLI (Command Line Interface) — text-based method of interacting with the computer.
- Analog Data — continuous signals, e.g., sound.
- Digital Data — discrete binary signals used by computers.
- AI (Artificial Intelligence) — machines simulating human intelligence.
- VR (Virtual Reality) — simulated immersive environments.
- AR (Augmented Reality) — real world enhanced with digital overlays.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review textbook sections on computer hardware and software.
- Practice quiz questions on identifying hardware and software components.
- Prepare to compare different user interfaces (GUI vs CLI).
- Research examples of AI, VR, and AR in current technology.