>> Welcome to the University of Utah, neuroanatomy laboratory. We're going to go inside and do some dissections of the brain and look at some of the important structures that are useful for understanding neurological principles and localization. [ Silence ] The purpose of neuroanatomy and all of its tortuous tracts is to allow you to do neurological localization. That is to say, decide where in the brain of your patient the disease process is occurring. That's the total reason for most of you to want to understand the connectivity of the brain. Now let's look at the surface of the brain. We removed the coverings; the leptomeninges (the pia and the arachnoid) and I want to show you the different lobes of the brain as an introduction. In addition, on this brain, you can see the brainstem. The brainstem extends from this region where my probe is, a little bit difficult to see, down all the way here to where the spinal cord was attached. In addition, you can see the cerebellum involved with coordinated motor control as well as the surface of the cerebral cortex. This is the ventral surface of the brain. And the most prominent feature here is the temporal lobe, which I am outlining. Here is the temporal lobe on the other side. And in front of it is the undersurface of the frontal lobe. Cranial nerves are attached such as the visual optic nerve and the sensory nerve from the face or trigeminal nerve and blood vessels, such as this large basilar artery, are running on the surface or you can even see the large internal carotid artery. We will come back and look at the nerves and the arteries and the other connections in greater detail, but I just want to introduce you to the region of the medulla, the pons, and the midbrain. And together, they make up the brainstem. Let's look at the lateral surface now of the brain and look at the different lobes. You already saw the inferior surface of the temporal lobe coming back to here and we just kind of arbitrarily draw a line and say that this is approximately the end of the temporal lobe posteriorly and the tip of the temporal lobe anteriorly. And then we look for a sulcus on the surface of the brain. Sulci are these grooves and the surface structures that are coiled are the gyri. So we have sulci and we have gyri. The gyri have names but we're not going to learn most of them. However, this major sulcus, the central sulcus, because it runs from the midline all the way down to the lateral fissure separating it from the temporal lobe, this central sulcus separates frontal lobe in front of it from parietal lobe behind it. And very interestingly, the cortex involved in voluntary movement is in front of the central sulcus. And the cortex involved with primary somatic sensation from your body is the gyrus behind the central sulcus. So, this is frontal lobe. This is parietal lobe. This is motor cortex in general, and this is sensory cortex in general. So we're just getting our bearings. The frontal lobe is further sort of divided and it's hard to see the distinction, but this band along here is the superior frontal gyrus, then we have the middle frontal gyrus, and the inferior frontal gyrus. The motor cortex in front of this precentral gyrus, as we call it because it's in front of the central sulcus, is an area involved, in the left hemisphere, which we're looking at, with the production of speech. And you may have heard of it before, it's called Broca's area. The rest of the frontal lobe is either motor function, planning motor function, or executive functions such as judgment and planning. Let's look at the parietal lobe now. The parietal lobe is separated from the occipital lobe by an arbitrary line that we draw between the parietal and the occipital regions, these little notches here. So if I were to display here, I would say that approximately this is the occipital lobe. The occipital lobe is very important to humans because this lobe is involved with visual information processing. It's a wonderful brain that we have, and we are very specialized as humans for visual computation, orientation and analysis. So we have our four lobes, occipital lobe involved with vision, parietal lobe involved with sensation and integration of multiple modes of sensory input, and the frontal lobe with motor and higher order function. And this temporal lobe that is down here is very much involved with auditory information, which is coming in to this fissure here that I'm pulling down. This is the lateral fissure. And auditory information, sound, comes to both hemispheres and is processed here, and this area behind it, the superior temporal gyrus, this back part here is involved in the comprehension of language (Wernicke's area). So you've got two language areas, an interpretative language area and a production language area. And when we study the consequences of cerebral stroke, we'll see that some strokes can knock out one area and you'll have problems producing intelligible speech, while other areas leave you hearing perfectly fine but not understanding what you're hearing, and other lesions or damaging strokes that involve all of this area can leave you with a large deficit which we call a global aphasia. Aphasia is a language disturbance. The temporal lobe in addition to having an auditory function has an area underneath this gyrus here, which is required in one hemispheres for forming new memories. It's called the hippocampus but is not visible here. So, temporal lobe, auditory and new memories, occipital lobe, visual information, processing, and recognition, parietal lobe, somatic sensation from the face and the body, frontal lobe, motor execution voluntarily, planning, and execution of appropriate judgment and actions. The two hemispheres are not identical, and later, we'll talk about special localizations between the hemispheres. But right now, I just want to point to the fact, the two hemispheres are held together by a large band of fibers called the corpus callosum. What I have here is a coronal section through the brain. What we've done is we've taken our brain and we've sliced it like through this way, and so, this is called a coronal or frontal section. And I'm going to rest it here so that you can see the internal structure of the brain. We'll deal with this in more detail, but right now, you can see that those gyri that we were looking at, and the sulci, the dips in between, can be easily distinguished. And the gyri are covered with a nice layer, beige in color, and that is your gray matter, as we say, of the cerebral cortex. Maybe we should have called it beige matter. And beneath it is a lighter area, which we call the white matter. In general, gray matter consists of cell bodies, both neurons and glia, and white matter is axons. Axons are the processes of neurons either coming to the cerebral cortex or leaving the cerebral cortex and descending to lower brain structures. An example of white matter here is this band of fibers called the corpus callosum. It was that band that held the two hemispheres together when we were looking down through that interhemispheric fissure, the base of that was this band of white matter connecting similar areas or homotopic areas of one hemisphere with the other and this is a way that the right the left hemispheres can communicate. In addition, they can communicate through structures like this deep area, you noticed it's beige, so it's mainly cell bodies. A deep structure called the thalamus. And here, we can see the temporal lobe that we were looking at on the surface. Notice here, if I prop this up and pull it down a little bit, you can see that large lateral fissure that we saw on the lateral surface, that means that this is the temporal lobe. We can even see a blood vessel in there. This bit of cortex buried underneath the hemispheric temporal and parietal lobes is the insula. We're not going to deal with that but it does have a name. It's where the cortex got buried as it became more and more convoluted. This is parietal or it could be motor cortex. I can't tell for the isolated section exactly if we're in the frontal lobe or the parietal lobe. It doesn't really matter. And remember, I told you that one of the functions of the temporal lobe in addition to the auditory region was an area involved in memory. That area is called the hippocampus and it's curled up here right in this medial part of the temporal lobe. The other major structure you see in a cross section like this, or coronal section, are these holes in the brain, one here, one here, one here, a little bitty one here, and here. These formed part of the ventricle system, which we will explore further, but right now, just know that they are filled with cerebral spinal fluid. And the leptomeninges or the pia and the arachnoid on the surface, if we can zoom in a little bit, we can see them delicately covering the surface of the brain. The main thing I want you to see on this brain is the brainstem. So, this is the cerebellum that we saw before up to the side and the brainstem recall was in the middle. Here, we have the brainstem on a midsagittal. This is cut in the middle. So this is a midsagittal section. Here's a bit of the medulla. Here is the pons with the big basilar artery creeping up over it and here is the midbrain often hard to see. And finally, then we have deep structures such as the thalamus and we can see many of the vessels like the anterior cerebral artery here as well as spaces such as the ventricular system which we'll look at in more detail. [ Silence ]