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Respiratory System Review - Key Questions and Answers
Jul 17, 2024
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Respiratory System Questions and Answers - Key Points
Systemic Lupus Arthemius and Prednisone
Abruptly stopping Prednisone
can cause acute adrenal cortical insufficiency
Prednisone is a corticosteroid that affects the HPA axis
Gradual tapering of dose is essential
Other side effects of corticosteroids include hyperglycemia, GI bleeding, restlessness
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
Theophylline
is used for COPD management
Therapeutic range: 10 to 20 mcg/mL
Mechanism: Bronchodilation, phosphodiesterase inhibition
Monitoring necessary for toxicity
Oxygen Delivery Methods
High-Flow and Low-Flow Oxygen Systems
Low-Flow: Nasal cannula, simple mask, partial and non-rebreather masks
Non-rebreather mask can deliver the highest FiO2 (up to 1.0)
High-Flow: Venturi mask, HFNC, mechanical ventilation
Specific devices for tracheostomy patients e.g., trach collar
Acute Pulmonary Edema
Selecting Oxygen Delivery Method
Non-rebreather mask recommended for severe hypoxia
Provides high oxygen concentration
Acute Respiratory Responses
Hypoxemia requires immediate intervention
Actions include use of Bronchodilators (e.g., Salbutamol) over other medications
Respiratory Alkalosis and Acidosis
Respiratory Alkalosis
Often caused by hyperventilation from anxiety
Corrective action:
rebreathing exercises using a paper bag
Respiratory Acidosis
Seen in conditions causing hypoventilation
e.g., COPD due to CO2 retention
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Analysis
Important for assessing respiratory functions
Critical values for respiratory conditions
pH <7.35 indicates acidosis
PaCO2 >45 mm Hg indicates respiratory acidosis
Elevated PaO2 persistence in high-flow O2 settings indicates possible ARDS
Chest Tube Management
In case of disconnection
: Submerge the tube in sterile saline
Fluid fluctuation in water seal chamber
: Indicates a patent drainage system
Key priority
: Keep collection chamber below chest level
Tuberculosis (TB) Precautions
A positive TB skin test (PPD) post BCG vaccination
may indicate prior exposure
Airborne precautions necessary
Negative pressure room, respiratory protection
Asthma Management
Bronchodilators:
Short-acting for acute relief (e.g., Albuterol)
Corticosteroids
reduce inflammation
Educate patients on medication use, including holding breath post-inhalation
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Key indicator
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