Properties of Matter

Introduction

• Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
• Six states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, plasma, Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), and fermion condensate.

Review of States of Matter

• Solid, Liquid, Gas: Based on arrangement, spacing, and movement.
• Plasma: Ionized gas where electrons are removed from the nucleus.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate: Super cool solid at very low temperatures.
• Fermion Condensate: Superfluid at very low temperatures.

Properties of Matter

Intensive vs. Extensive Properties

• Extensive Properties: Depend on the amount of matter present. Examples:
  • Mass and Volume: The mass of rice is greater at 10 kg compared to 5 kg.
• Intensive Properties: Do not depend on the amount of matter. Examples:
  • Color and Density: The color and density of water do not change regardless of the amount.

Physical vs. Chemical Properties

Physical Properties

• Properties of a substance that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance.
• Examples:
  • Mass, Volume, Phase Changes: The identity of water does not change even if the phase changes.
  • Electrical Conductivity, Thermal Conductivity, Density
  • Solubility, Malleability, Magnetic Attraction, Melting and Boiling Point

Chemical Properties

• The ability of a substance to change into a new substance with different properties.
• Examples:
  • Reactivity, Flammability: Produce new substance through reaction or burning.
  • Ability to Rust, Tarnish: Changes the property of metal through oxidation.

Classification of Matter

Pure Substances

• Elements: The simplest form of matter, cannot be divided further.
• Compounds: Composed of two or more elements chemically combined and can be separated chemically.

Mixtures

• Homogeneous Mixtures: Uniform composition.
  • Examples: Water and salt, coffee and water.
  • Separation methods: Evaporation, Distillation, Crystallization, Extraction, Chromatography.
• Heterogeneous Mixtures: Non-uniform.
  • Examples: Halo-halo, milk tea with pearls.
  • Separation methods: Settling by gravity, Filtration, Centrifugation, Magnet.