Chapter 1: Development - Class 10 Economics

Introduction

• Development (विकास) and its meaning
• Importance of development and how it impacts life
• Different perspectives on development (varied goals for different people)

What Development Promises - Different People, Different Goals

• Definition: Development means improvement
• Perspectives on development differ (e.g., buildings, railways, schools, hospitals)
• Example: A girl becoming a singer considers it her development
• Conflict in development: One's development may harm others (e.g., building a dam affecting tribal populations)

Income and Other Goals

• Common desire for more income, but money isn't everything
• Realistic goals: Beyond income, humans need freedom, security, respect, and equality
• Example: High-paying job with poor working conditions doesn’t feel like development
• Proper development includes both material and non-material goals

National Development

• Development at the country level: Different perspectives
  • Good schools, improved health sector, better education system, lower petrol prices
• National development considers the overall ability of a country to improve living standards
• Comparison of countries based on their income (per capita income)

Comparing Countries or States

• Per capita income: Total income divided by the total population
• World Bank classification: Rich countries >$1256, Poor countries <$955
• India’s per capita income: $1820 (lower middle-income country)
• Other comparison criteria: freedom, security, health, education, equality

Income and Other Criteria

• Example: Comparing Haryana, Kerala, Bihar using various factors
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): Number of children dying before one year per 1000 live births
  • Haryana: 30, Kerala: 10, Bihar: 35
• Literacy Rate: Percentage of people aged 7+ who are literate
  • Haryana: 82%, Kerala: 94%, Bihar: 62%
• Net Attendance Ratio: Percentage of children aged 14-15 attending school
  • Haryana: 61%, Kerala: 83%, Bihar: 43%
• Conclusion: Kerala leads in IMR, literacy rate, and net attendance ratio

Concept of Public Facilities

• Public Facilities: Basic amenities provided by government for overall development
  • Examples: Education, health services, security, food
• Importance of good public facilities for improving citizens' quality of life

Body Mass Index (BMI)

• Measure to determine if a person is undernourished, well-nourished, or overweight
• Formula: BMI = weight (kg) / height² (m²)
• Classification:
  • BMI < 18: Undernourished
  • BMI 18-25: Well-nourished
  • BMI > 25: Overweight

Human Development Report (UNDP)

• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) publishes Human Development Report
• Considers income, education, and health to rank countries
• India’s rank in Human Development Index (2019): 131

Sustainability of Development

• Development should not compromise environmental sustainability
• Overuse of resources like crude oil, water, deforestation pose risks
• Importance of sustainable development for future generations

Conclusion

• Development is multi-faceted involving both income and non-materialistic goals
• National development should be holistic, considering various human development indices
• Sustainable practices are crucial for long-term prosperity

Next Video

• The next chapter: History Chapter 2 - Nationalism in India