Engineering Funda: One Human Architecture

Introduction

• Focus of the lecture: Understanding the One Human Architecture in relation to computer systems.
• Importance of understanding programs and data stored in memory.

Key Concepts

Difference Between Program and Data

• Program: A set of instructions that execute operations on data.
  • Example: MP3 player (program) playing an MP3 song (data).
• Data: Information to be processed.
  • Example: Video file played in a video player.
• Programs can modify data (e.g., editing a PowerPoint presentation).

Von Neumann Architecture

• Definition: An architecture where both program and data are stored in the same memory.
• CPU Functionality:
  • Executes program instructions while accessing data from memory.
  • Can read and write data from/to memory.
• Common System Bus:
  • Used for accessing both program and data.
  • Cannot execute program instructions and access data simultaneously, leading to slower performance.

Components of One Human Architecture

• Main Memory: Contains both program and data.
• Control Unit:
  • Manages system operations, including accessing the system bus and internal CPU functions.
• Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU):
  • Executes arithmetic and logical operations (addition, subtraction, etc.).

Example of Program Structure

• High-level programming example:
  • int a = 8, b = 5, c;
  • Instruction: c = b + a;
  • Both instructions and data are stored in main memory.

Memory and Data Handling

• Programs and data are compiled into binary data by the compiler.
• Both are stored in the same memory in One Human Architecture.

Control Unit Functions

• Provides:
  • Timing control
  • Instruction fetch and decode
  • Pipelining
  • Memory access

Registers in CPU

• Functions as small memory units for CPU operations:
  • General-purpose registers
  • Flag registers
  • Stack registers
  • Program counter
• Registers aid in executing programs and serve as operands for the ALU.

ALU Operations

• Performs:
  • Arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division).
  • Logical operations (AND, OR, XOR, NOT).

Input/Output Devices

• Input Devices: Used to enter commands.
  • Examples: Mouse, keyboard.
• Output Devices: Used to display results.
  • Examples: Monitor, printer, speaker.

Cost and Historical Context

• One Human Architecture is cost-effective.
• Historical reference to early microprocessors (Intel 8085, 8086) which utilized this architecture.

Conclusion

• Clear understanding of One Human Architecture principles is essential.
• Questions can be posted for further clarification.