Transcript for:
Common English Language Mistakes

hello everyone and welcome back to learn with samanash this is the video where you can get all the concepts of english grammar starting from articles tenses till connectors so everything that you need about english grammar is in this video make sure you watch this video till the end and if you have any question please leave it in the comment section we'll be more than happy to get back to you with an answer or maybe another video on that concept now this video is something which is important for ielts students as well as any student who is preparing for spoken english this video will help you with your ielts preparation but if you need more data or more understanding about all other modules for ios make sure that you visit ieltsclass.learnwithsaminash.com it goes here as well as in the description box also a batch has started on 28 march and it's not very late for you to join for it i hope you enjoyed this video let's get started we'll understand a very basic concept of english grammar and that is types of sentences so let's get into the presentation mode and understand why do we need sentences in order to convey any form of idea you need a medium and that is called as sentence so for example i say i want a glass of water immediately the person i'm saying the sentence to will understand that i am in need of some water so this is how you conveyed your message to another person and you used a sentence in order to do that before we understand sentence in more detail we need to understand a simple concept here that is named as claus so what is a clause a clause is a combination of words with a subject and a verb please understand and remember the important part here is it should have a subject and it should have a verb an example ram enjoyed it's a very simple sentence or it's a very simple clause it has a subject and it has a verb she is crying because her father died she is crying as one part of the sentence her father died is another part of the sentence so they individually are called as clause don't worry about the because because in between because we will have separate discussions of these conjunctions how can we use these conjunction to join two simple sentences moving on question arises how many types of clause do we have so we have two types of clause independent clause and dependent clause let's discuss them in more detail an independent clause is also known as main clause i'm very much sure that moreover in your grammar books or any video that you're watching you will always listen main clause it's very rare people call independent clause and they make complete sense they stand alone and they hold the complete meaning of the sentence that means as the name suggests independent they do they don't need to be dependent on other sentence to make a meaning out of it an example ram shouted so ram is a subject over here shouted is a verb and as we discussed in the definition of a clause that it's a combination of words and always and always have a subject and a verb so this sentence over here ram shouted makes complete sense and it doesn't need any complementary sentence to give it more meaning another example lakshman watched movie lakshman is your subject watched is your verb and movie is object so in this sentence again we understand that this is an independent clause it doesn't depend on other part of the sentence to get its meaning moving on we have a second type of clause that is dependent clause as i always say in grammar most of the concepts are derived from the word itself so please understand the word carefully automatically you will have the meaning in your hand over here dependent clause means something that is dependent on something or a clause or maybe a next statement or a sentence so dependent clause is also known as subordinating clause and it is dependent on the main clause for its meaning that means if you have a clause which has a subject and a verb but it doesn't make much sense to you that means it's a dependent clause let's look into some examples you bought for me don't you think it's kind of incomplete you bought for me what what did you buy for me is a simple question that comes to my mind let's look into another example cat was smarter over here smarter shows a comparative degree and we are not sure whether cat was smarter than a rat or it was smarter than any other animal so please understand a dependent clause will be having a subject and a verb both but it will be incomplete in its meaning and hence it is recognized as dependent clause moving on let's get back to our primary topic that was sentence and let's understand how many types of sentence do we have i hope till now you will have a proper understanding of clauses if not please go back to the slides again and understand them in more detail because the understanding of clause will make it more easier for you to understand sentences so we have three types of uh in fact four types of sentences simple sentence complex sentence compound sentence compound complex sentence sometimes you will always you will also come across complex compound sentence which is you know other way of writing compound complex sentence so don't get confused with them let's discuss all of them one by one simple sentence simple sentence is always a combination of a subject and a verb or you can say it contains only one clause simple sentences make complete sense and they stand independently because it's only having one clause in it an example rama is a good boy ram is your subject is is your helping verb or you can say verb in this case because we don't have a main verb over here a good boy is an object in the sentence so when you have a subject you have a verb that means you have a clause in this sentence we have only one clause and hence we name it as simple sentences remember in your day-to-day conversation you will use simple sentences more often but when you write something or when you read something you will come across to the other forms of sentences as well let's take one more example tiger ran so tiger is your subject ran is your verb and hence it's a complete clause it doesn't need any other additional information to make sense and hence we can say it's a simple sentence let's discuss second type of sentence that is compound sentence so if you remember from your noun we discussed a type of noun that was compound noun in which you add true noun to make one noun for example we discussed hair plus cut makes it haircut and hence it's a compound noun similarly you have compound sentences compound sentences are the combination of two independent clauses please remember if em emphasizing on this word two independent clauses that means it's the tricky part here so you cannot have a dependent clause in this all you need is two independent clause so when i say independent clause that means they should stand alone and should make complete sense also they're always connected with a coordinating conjunction don't worry about this word over here coordinating conjunctions because we are having other slides to discuss this in more detail but over here please understand you need a conjunction to join two independent clauses to make a compound sentence very well let's look into some examples ram sang and she danced so if you look here ram sang is one clause she danced is second clause and we join them together with the conjunction that is and so when i say a clause ram is a subject sang is a verb over here she is a subject danced as a verb together they are forming a compound sentence in this sentence we have two independent clauses ram sang and she danced together they form a compound sentence with the use of this conjunction and over here please focus and or any other type of conjunction plays a very important role we'll discuss them in detail in the next slide let's discuss coordinating conjunctions you remember this word from the last slide coordinating conjunctions as the name suggests it is helping two independent clauses to come together to form a compound sentence and the words that help you or that are recognized as coordinating conjunctions are fanboys let's discuss what are fanboys f stands for for a stands for and n for nor b for but o for or y for yet and s for so so this is an easy way to remember fanboys and hence we have every beta in this sense for and nor but or yet and so an example it was raining so i carried an umbrella it was raining as one clause please remember it's an independent clause and hence it holds complete meaning i carried an umbrella is another clause again an independent clause together join by a conjunction from fanboys or joined by our coordinating conjunctions to form a compound sentence guys please remember we are using very common words to make this concept very very clear to you if you still have a doubt please go back and start again you will definitely get accustomed to it so in this case as i said it was raining as one clause i carried an umbrella as second clause joined by this conjunction another important thing that you have to remember there is a punctuation that is used before this coordinating conjunction so it's an important part that you use a comma before a coordinating conjunction please don't worry we have a separate chapter for punctuation in which we will be discussing these punctuation and coordinate in compound sentences complex sentences compound complex sentences in more detail so moving on to our next type of sentence that is complex sentence i know the name itself is tricky right complex means something that is very complicated and two or more clauses must be joining together that's correct in a complex sentence we have a combination of an independent and a subordinating clause or you can say a dependent clause so this is the difference between a compound sentence and a complex sentence in compound sentences we have two independent clauses but in complex sentence we have an independent clause and also a dependent clause let's look into an example she smiled because i cracked a joke she smiled as one phrase sorry one clause i cracked a joke is a second clause she smiled i cracked a joke but if you focus here in between we have another conjunction which is recognized as subordinating conjunction now as the name suggests subordinating shows a dependency of one part of a sentence over the other part of sentence so she smiled needs a reason why is she smiling that means this is an in this is an dependent clause i cracked a joke makes complete sense and hence it's an independent clause if you remove she smiled from the sentence and just leave i cracked a joke the sentence will still hold good it doesn't need any other dependency to make it meaning complete but if i remove i cracked a joke from the sentence and leave it to she smiled do you think you will not ask another question definitely yes you're gonna ask why why did she smile she smiled because i cracked a joke now this makes a complete sense so in complex sentence you definitely need an independent clause so that a subordinating clause can depend on the independent clause to make a complete sense let's discuss what are these subordinating conjunctions so i always suggest to my students that if you want to remember what are subordinating conjunctions please remove fanboys from your conjunctions list and everything that is left is your subordinating conjunction but still to make it little more appropriate little more appropriate for you to understand we have a tricky part a white bus a white purse is a combination of certain conjunctions not all of them so that you have an idea of what subordinating conjunctions are a stands for aldo w stands for whenever h stands for however i stands for if t stands for do e stands for even if b stands for because u stand for unless and s stands for sins as i said you still have many more subordinating conjunctions to be discussed but to make you familiar with some of them please remember a short abbreviation that is a white bus let's look into an example if she calls let me know again let's segregate into two parts she calls as one clause let me know is one clause but there is a conjunction which is there at the start of the sentence and that conjunction is known as subordinating conjunction so she calls needs another sentence or need another clause to make complete sense let me know holds good and hence this is an independent clause and this is a dependent clause together with the use of a subordinating conjunction we form our complex sentences moving on let's discuss our last type of sentence that is compound complex sentence again let's use the same trick understand with the name itself compound complex sentence doesn't it show that it's a combination of compound and complex sentence together that's pretty much correct but not exactly so in compound complex sentence you need a combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinating clause please remember in complex sentences as well as in compound complex sentences you need independent as well as dependent clauses but in compound complex sentence you should have at least two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses also they are connected with conjunctions these conjunctions will be a combination of coordinating conjunctions as well as subordinating conjunctions since we are combining compound and complex together when she when class started ram came and see the left okay so let's divide them into individual clauses and understand how are they joined together class started is one clause clause number one ram came clause number two see the left clause number three clearly it shows that two of three clauses over here are independent clauses and one clause is a subordinate clause so what do you think a subordinate clause would be definitely class started because we have a subordinating conjunctions at the very start of our sentence and then we have two independent clauses that isram came a subject and a verb i am again repeating it a subject and a verb makes a clause and then you have another clause sita left so to join two independent clauses we have used a coordinating conjunctions and to join two independent clauses with the subordinating clause we have used a subordinating conjunctions i know it's a lot of information all at once so please divide it into individual concepts you need independent clauses you need dependent clauses and you need independent sorry you need coordinating conjunctions you need subordinating conjunctions as well moving on we have a punctuation here to segregate a independent clause sorry to segregate a dependent clause and independent clauses as i said in the previous slides as well that these punctuations are studied in more detail in the chapter of punctuations [Music] let's take this one more example and i would say very last example to make this compound complex sentence clear to you my son cried when i left the room but i didn't hear so in this case we have three clauses my son cried i didn't hear i left the room in this case my son cried makes complete sense i didn't hear also makes sense but i left the room is combined with a conjunction that is your subordinating conjunction and hence this is your dependent clause so here's a fact that you should remember when you have a subordinating conjunction coming at the start of the sentence you need a comma immediately after that or you can say you need a comma immediately before a coordinating conjunction so a comma is required when subordinating conjunction comes first in your sentence and then your coordinating conjunction comes so in order to segregate them both you need a comma in between connectors all linking words we're gonna give you an advance or intermediate level of connectors that can actually take you to the next level of english speaking so let's get started and remember guys we're gonna discuss 14 categories in connectors or linking words you have a huge list here if you notice you have 14 themes or 14 categories in the connectors so i'm not going to read them all you have to read them with a quick uh look at them and please remember we're going to discuss each category individually with their particular words that comes or with the particular connectors that come in that particular category so let's get started with our first one which is explanation whenever you want to explain something or you said something in addition you want to add a point you can use connectors like namely for example i have a good reason not to talk to him namely he is always rude to me so that's a very good reason not to talk to someone and hence you can use namely you have in other words don't be rude when you are successful in other words be down to earth so whenever you have statement one and you want to add more information to that you can use in other words next is put differently we aren't talking to each other anymore but differently we have a breakup so if you remember here or if you focus here you had a statement you want to explain it more and hence you have used the word put differently we had a breakup next is the second category which is to emphasize whenever you want to put more emphasis on a particular fact you can use connectors like as a matter of fact an example he was quite late yesterday as a matter of fact i couldn't sleep until he arrived next is in fact i didn't fail the exam in fact i did rather well so i want to emphasize on the fact that i didn't fail the exam in fact i did really well in my exam so that was an extra emphasis you put on that next is actually you should give to her something expensive actually a car won't be a bad idea so you want to tell somebody that you know gift her something really good and to put an emphasis you can say a car won't be a bad idea next is indeed this is my personal favorite and i try to use it every time so if you focus here i was annoyed indeed furious over what happened so i repeat this sentence i was annoyed indeed furious over what happened so the first sentence was already conveying an answer that you were mad at someone to put a more particular emphasis you use the word indeed furious so you want to say i was really mad at him next in our lift is correction this is our third category when you want to correct something that you have already said you can use rather i thought it would be a great idea to go to the party rather it was miserable so what you said in the first sentence you want to correct it and hence you said rather it was a miserable idea next is to be more precise you should try the change to be more precise move the table to the hall so you set something you want to put a clarification to that you said to be more precise move the table to the hall next is the fourth category or i don't know if it's the fifth one just focus that whenever you have a word here this is your category example is something that you have been reading in your books you have been using all your life are these words for example regarding this book okay reading this book has many benefits for example it is simple to understand so you said something now you want to give examples why you said that you can use a word or a connector which is called for example so guys please remember connectors are very very important to take your speech to the next level because instead of using so then so then every time you can actually replace with more particular words that has been designed in english grammar so if i use this sentence in a different manner reading this book has many benefits that's why it is sorry because it is simple to understand this is like we have been talking like that but we don't want to do it anymore i want to sound smarter and hence i'll use for example it is simple to understand next is to illustrate i had so many problems in my past to illustrate stomach infection and viral fever so i said something about a problem i want to explain it more and hence i have used a word or a connector to illustrate or to give you more example next is for instance there are number of solutions for instance buy a new house and change the keyboard too okay there's a mouse not a house it would rather have been a very awful idea to buy a new house so here we are saying there are number of solution for instance buy a new mouse and a keyboard or you can change the keyboard next is our next category which is particularization particularization has many particular words for number one connector is in particular i have bought nothing in particular so you want to emphasize that you know in particular i have not bought anything but i got some general stuff as such next is particularly which says i love the house particularly the balcony and the flooring so you love the house but what specifically or anything specific that you loved about the house yes i love the balcony and the flooring of the house next is more specifically for example we used to argue a lot lot more specifically we argued on sleeping habits of each other so you had a problem but what specifically was the problem so you want to categorize it we argued on sleeping habits of each other next is dismissal oh my god this is the crazy one and you will love it because you know whenever you said something and you want to change it you wanna you know say the negative of that you can use this one anyway is the first one i couldn't understand the last chapter anyways i think it will be optional in exam so you don't really care and hence you can use words like anyway let's go anyway let's forget it i don't want to talk about it next is anyhow anyhow i have decided to learn german as quickly as possible so there might be something that has happened before that but now i've decided to learn german language so this is dismissal next is at any rate at any rate i'm not taking this project at work no matter what happens i'm not gonna work on this so you can use at any rate next is conclusion now you might write stories or you might be writing some articles or reports you have to always conclude it these words are something that you're going to pick from this chapter in conclusion so you said in conclusion it can be said that cats are the best pets so there might be a huge paragraph that has been running before this and at the end you can say in conclusion this is what i feel next is in summary in summary if you wish to be successful be around successful people so everything goes behind and then you want to conclude with the words like in summary in conclusion or you can use to sum up to sum up people are well behaved when they are happy so i said something huge huge stuff and now i want to conclude it i can say to sum up everything this is what i feel next is okay this is interesting so you have more words or more connectors in the category and hence this is your work to do that after the class is over you're gonna pick these words find out the meanings write some sentences and use them in your conversation next is time in time you have at first i couldn't talk properly at first i started working on my grammar so now you want to start from the start and hence you can use words like at first next is then i thought is she telling me the truth so then e n is something that is used with respect to time there is another then which is t h a n which is used for like sequence one thing happened and then this happened and then that happened but this then is used with specificity of the time next is afterwards afterwards we went to the car and left for the home so we did this we did that afterwards we did this and hence you can use words like these again you have 456 which is later in the meantime meanwhile guys please pick your notebooks write down these words and hence definitely find out some really interesting sentences on these particular connectors next is result as i said this video is going to be longer so please grab a cup of coffee and sit down relax because these words are going to change the way you have been pursuing this english language next is result as a result i have been working hard on my english as a result i could speak fluently so i worked hard what happened as a result this happened so this is the connector which you can use in your daily life saying that i was going out to buy some coffee as a result i bought a breakfast pack next is as a consequence sam didn't study hard as a consequence he failed the english test that was definitely supposed to happen because he didn't work hard what happened if he didn't work hard he failed in his exam next is therefore does accordingly is something that you have to do it for me and please remember that once you are done you can leave in the comment section all your examples from the words that we just discussed next is order of importance most importantly you should buy a powerful pc to edit the videos most importantly reduce the editing time so why do you want to buy a new pc of course you want to edit the videos but you want to save some time so you have to specify that fact why most importantly this is my reason i want to get a job most importantly i want to make my parents happy so one reason that outstand everything is the one which you can use after having this connector next is primarily you should clearly out you should clear three out of four subjects probably get good grades in the unit test so this is going to be a very very important task next is above all most significantly essentially and slash basically so grab these words find out the meanings find out the sentence and write in the comment section see ma'am this is what i have done please check them we'll definitely get back to you on that next is similarity whenever you have two similar things you can always use this connector you are not allowed to use phones here similarly you have to keep it out of the seminar too so likewise this this is also valid so enhance you can use similar similarly next we have in the same way reducing sugar will reduce your weight too in the same way not consuming oil much will help lose the weight so as you can reduce the sugar to have uh balance weight similarly you can have less oil in order to reduce weight and hence in the same way is used as a connector because this has the same purpose as this one next we have likewise correspondingly also i know also is one of our favorites so guys please remember also is used whenever you have a similar reason so you can use these words next is focusing focusing as for is the first one for example i'm going to kate's party at the weekend as for sam's i think i'll pass so if you notice here i want to talk about focusing so you want to specify that particular reason why you're not coming to the party because i want to spend it i want to spend more time with sam and hence i've said i think i'll pass next is regarding please clean your room now regarding the balcony i'll do it for you so you want to specify you want to focus on one simple thing and hence you can use the word regarding next is talking of talking of dogs they are the most loyal animals in my opinion so you want to be more focused on the statement that dogs are more loyal and hence you can say talking of dogs you want to specify on this particular word here dogs next is with respect to with regard to as regard as far as concerned these are very important and guys please remember a question might arise in your mind that ma'am there are lists of like 50 how can i remember all of them so to be frank you don't have to remember all of them you just have to pick few from each category and that's what you have to keep practicing that these are the words i can use for similarity these are for results these are for conclusion and keep writing sentences on them they will become a great part of your life and your language skill as well next is contrasting ideas for example however they played really well however they couldn't win so you said something in the first line that you know what they played really well but they couldn't win however they couldn't win so this word is used as a contrasting connector next is you have in contrast the house was quite expensive in contrast to the car next is nevertheless she was very tired nevertheless she went to work even though she was tired she went to work so nevertheless is a contrasting linking word next is on the contrary i thought he was working but on the contrary he was sleeping this happens most of the time when we actually are in our rooms and parents think oh my god my daughter or my son is really working hard but they're actually sleeping so this is the connector which can be used in that place next is a huge list you have nonetheless yet on the other hand be by comparison instead in any case all the same so these are the list which can be used for the contrasting ideas and hence next time whenever you come across these words or these connectors in your notebooks or newspaper or something take a minute understand why have they used this one and what is the reason behind that are they conveying the contrasting idea are they talking about examples or they're talking about similarity you will have an understanding in that sense much better next is sequencing which has first firstly first of all in the first place all of these words are same i'm going to repeat them for you first firstly first of all in the first place first of all i'd like to talk about the benefits of having multiple skills so that's going to be my primarily idea and hence i'm talking about sequence this is first then come second then come third so first of all i want to talk about connectors next is to begin with to begin with smartphones are more portable than laptops so you're going to add more ideas behind that but the first one is to begin with next is for one thing for another thing also besides in addition furthermore moreover finally lastly or last huge list guys pick some for you and try repeating them don't bug yourself with a lot of information just try to capture something and try to master that we try to cover tensors in this grammar goes in three segments you can find them as tenses part one part two and part three all of them constitutes of four tenses per chapter in total we'll be covering 12 tenses so let's get started with tensors part one first comes in your category is simple present but we before we dive into simple present let's understand what is the general overview of tense we have so in general when we study tense we have an information that tenses are of three types past tense present tense and your future tense but when we come into deeper sense we understand past tense comprises of four tenses those are simple past past continuous pass perfect and pass perfect continuous the same goes for present tense and future tense respectively so present tense will have simple present present continuous present perfect and present perfect continuous and the same goes for future tense so before we actually understand each one of them in detail please remember you have 12 tenses divided into three broader sections past present and future and then their respective four sections in each which makes it twelve i hope this is clear so now let's understand simple present in more detail in simple present you will have a pattern to be followed and let's understand with the table so in simple present the first thing and the foremost thing you should understand that the verb is either directly used or it's used with an s form of the warp for example ram plays cricket so ram is your subject plays is your verb and cricket is your object the identification of simple present tense in this that play was a normal verb but since ram is a singular we have put s at the end of the verb and hence it became ram place so if we have we we will write we play cricket rather than writing we plays cricket which is incorrect so the rule number one you should remember whenever you have a singular noun or a subject in this case you will always use s form or e s form but if you have a plural noun or a subject you will only have the main verb now let's move on to rule number two you will find in certain situation do and does to be used with your main verb so if we look into this example sita does play cricket now you have sita as your subject you have does as you're helping verb play will be your main verb and cricket is your object so now if we generally write this sentence we would say sita plays cricket which is a simple present sita plays cricket we automatically puts an s because it's a singular noun but now we have used does so automatically s from play will be removed and the sentence will take the place of sita does play cricket the s which we were using in front of main verb will take the place of das in your helping verb now in this particular form you're looking into a negative sentence and hence we have put does not play cricket you must be wondering what about v does play cricket does it make sense or is it incorrect yes it's incorrect since it's a plural noun it will become do so we do play cricket now the main verb is still same but your helping world will change accordingly according to your subject it will either become do or it will take the form of das now the third form is where we frame questions starting from do and does it's very simple all you have to do is take your helping verb and put it at the first form so do they play cricket the main verb will still follow the same rule of doing does if you don't have do you will have either w word or other questions like why do you play why are you playing something like that which is not the subject matter that we're discussing right now we are focusing on do they play cricket since we are using do and it's a plural subject we will just write play cricket since we understood what is the structure of simple present tense now let's understand where do we exactly use simple present tense simple present tense is used to talk about regular habits so you might say that i wake up every morning at around this this clock or maybe i drive my car every day or i go to shop you can take other examples like she goes to shopping with me in this case we are using goals because it's a singular subject so please understand whenever you talk about regular habits or something that is happening every day you will use simple present tense i wake up at 7 00 am every day so now waking up is a process that i am doing every day at seven o'clock and hence i have used our simple present tense she uses her veikal vehicle every day to go to her office so uses is your simple present tense because we are talking about a regular activity so she was singular and hence i have used s form of the verb use plus s becomes uses moving on there are certain words that you will always identify as the regular habits for example we may use words like always normally often rarely every day or we can use generally usually sometimes never every evening so if you remember the previous slides we talked about i wake up at seven o'clock every day in here you can see this word is an identification that we are describing our regular habit simple present is also used to talk about universal truths and facts i am sure you must have heard in your 10th standard or maybe first standard as the first use of simple present that wherever you find universal truth or a fact it's always simple present tense so what do we mean by that we mean that for example water boils at 100 degrees celsius you cannot change this fact you cannot change this idea over here and hence it becomes a universal fact water boils at 100 degrees celsius no matter if you are in india or in europe or job wherever the water always boils at 100 degree celsius also teenagers don't generally have much money so this is not a truth this is not a universal truth but it's a universal fact and most of us agree to this fact that teenagers don't generally have much money so since we have plural teenagers and hence we have written do plus not do not or don't there are words that help you to describe facts and truth like mainly normally traditionally or generally usually sometimes so you can say mainly teenagers do not have money at the age of 16. so now using these words or traditionally or sometimes usually you are describing that we are talking about facts and truths simple present tense is also used to talk about permanent situations you must be saying to your friends that you know i own a house so now owning a possession is showing that you have something permanently it doesn't change if you have a house today you will have a house tomorrow and hence it become a permanent situation in those places we can always use simple present tense i own a mercedes that means it's mine it's a permanent situation she lives in bangalore so when we talk about she lives in bangalore that means for last 10 years or something she must be living in bangalore and hence it became a permanent situation please understand that she was singular and hence we have put an s form here but you must be wondering with i we are never following the rule of singular yes that's correct so i always follow a rule of plural and hence they play the role of main verb directly instead she he it any name ram sita or whatever you will always use as form of the main verb or the helping wob simple present tense is also used to talk about movies and books what do i mean it's like in bahubali movie kattappa kills baahubali so i'm not talking about universal fact or something all i'm talking about is a movie kattappa kills baahubali my main verb has taken the form of s because kattappa is singular and hence we use kills as the verb or fictional books are full of stories so it's kind of a general fact that fictional books are full of stories and hence next time wherever you find that it's a conversation about movies and books happening in present tense it will be your simple present tense simple present tense has one more use that is to give directions and instructions you all must have encountered this that your delivery guy might have called you and asked for the address so you tell him you know come to this road take a right then take a left you will see a medical store then next to the medical store there is a road you always talk in simple present tense whenever you give direction and instructions an example to start your laptop click on the power button so i have main verb 1 i have main verb 2 both of them are in simple present tense simple present tense another example can be explained another example would be take a left at the corner of the road to reach my house so take a left or reach my house are both simple present tense and hence from now onwards whenever you are talking about directions and instructions please use simple present tense you use simple present tense to talk about your regular activities to talk about universal facts and figures to talk about directions and to talk about permanent situations you will have words like generally mainly usually every day or every night all these words help you to identify that we are talking about simple present tense so that's all for your simple present tense in simple present tense to have a rough revision we talk about regular activities we talk about universal facts and figures then we talk about something that is permanent and we talk about directions and instructions that's all for your simple present please do not get confused with simple present or other form of the verb because simple present tense generally follow a very simple rule and the only thing you should remember is s and e is of the main verb moving on you have a next tense that is present continuous tense now before we dive into the subject let's understand what the name suggests here present shows that the activity is happening in present that is today or now continuous shows that it's a regular process it might have started but it's still going on that means a regular process going on and that's correct present continuous tense shows that now when i'm talking to you i am doing an activity that is in process it has started maybe five minutes back or a day back but i'm still doing it and hence we use present continuous tense so present continuous tense also follows a structure which is m is r which shows your present tense plus warp and the ing form of the verb there are certain uses of present continuous tense and the first and the foremost is when you talk about actions happening at the moment of speaking very very important at the moment of speaking i am watching tv or more easier example would be i am teaching you guys so now when i'm talking i'm actually teaching you i'm doing two activities at the same time i'm talking plus i'm teaching that means i started this activity and i'm in the process of doing it she is waiting for a friend so is waiting shows that the process still goes on and it's happening at the moment of speaking other use of present continuous tense would be to talk about changing situation for example today the price of onion is 18 rupees yesterday it was 15 and tomorrow it may become 50. so this is a changing situation all through and hence we use present continuous tense the price of onion is rapidly rising so is an ing form shoes that is a continuous tense also if you look into indeed that this statement over here is showing the situation that keeps on changing or it is rising the mobile phones are making it easier for people to stay in touch our making shows that they are in the process of doing something and they have been doing it yesterday they are doing it now and they are in the process of still doing it also present continuous tense is used to talk about temporary situation unlike simple present when we say i own a mercedes i mean to say that this is my possession i have it it's a permanent situation but when we talk about present continuous tense i will say i am owning a mercedes that means right now i have a mercedes but yesterday or tomorrow it can be something else i am living in bangalore at the moment i am living shows that right now i am in bangalore this phrase over here at the moment clearly shows that this activity is temporary it may change tomorrow another example she is working really hard for a job interview so when you say she's working really hard that means right now she's doing it what if she gets a job tomorrow she will not work and hence it's a temporary situation moving on some words which will help you to identify temporary situations would be now currently at the moment this week month or year i hope this is clear so you can say currently i'm working in this company so you're working right now what if you leave your job tomorrow and hence it's a temporary situation that's all for your present continuous tense always remember when you are talking and you're doing an activity you can use simple continuous tense present content instance simple identification would be is mr plus verb plus ing form that's all or if we talk about simple present we were talking about play and as if it's she or if it's i i'll just say play so singular plural the tense changes or the main work changes now let's dive into simple past tense past tense clearly shows that something that happened in the past so that means that activity is completed now it has nothing to do with your present tense that's why we use simple past tense whenever you want to talk about something that happened or that is finished you can use simple past tense it follows the same structure the verb plus ed form or d form for example from played cricket so eb with the main verb shows that this activity is finished did not plus one now here comes an interesting fact whenever you see dead in your sentence please use the present form of the verb or the normal form of the verb you will not say for example did played it's completely wrong you can say did play or did not play please focus death in itself shows past tense and hence we need not to write mean verb in the past form we will be writing in the present form if you look into this sentence sita did not play cricket i was trying to show an activity of the past in the negative form and the main verb still remains the same now what if we frame questions it's very simple just take your did to the first part and frame the sentence did they play cricket main verb remains same so that's a rule or that's a fundamental you should remember about simple past that it will either have ed form or d form of the main work or if we are using dead we will just write the mean form in the simple present tense moving on let's understand some of the uses of past tense and the first and the foremost is to talk about completed actions often the time is mentioned i completed my assignment yesterday so when i say i completed ed form i mean to say that this activity is over and i have mentioned time to show and to assure that yes it was an activity of passed you may remove this and still the sentence is simple past or you may add this it will just add a bonus point to your mark she finished the race that means the activity is finished it's not happening right now past tense is also used to talk about series of actions in the order for example a friend of yours asks you to tell a story of your childhood days so you can say i studied in this school and then i moved to bangalore there i started working started working or there i worked in an mnc so now if you see here studied action 1 moved action 2 what was your action 3 in between you have used then or next words so now when you have series of actions in sequence you can always use simple past tense i went to the bookstore took a book and later came back home so later is your identification that it's a series of action and hence we can use simple past tense or if you look here vent took k all the main verbs are in the past form and they are over the activity is completely over the words which will help you to show the sequence of actions would be next and then then she came to the party removed her coat and sat on the chair came removed sat all show a simple past a word over here tells you that such a series of action simple past tense is also used to talk about situations in the past which are not true anymore they used to be true but now they are not let's dive into the example right away my dad worked for the police for 20 years so that means this activity is over but it's also not true in your present tense it is completely a situation in the past which is not true anymore so what we studied in simple past is if you want to talk about past activities which are over if you want to talk about situations that are not true anymore if you have sequence of actions happening you will always use simple past the verb will take e d or d form or if it's d it will remain at the same it will not change did in itself shows that it's an activity of the past now let's dive into past continuous it's very very simple but people get confused between present continuous and past continuous so when i say present continuous i mean to say an activity that is happening at the time when i'm talking when i'm speaking so it's an activity of present a past continuous still shows that the activity was in process but it has no connection with present tense this activity was in the past and maybe something after this might have been finished and this was the background story so at the time this thing was happening this thing this thing happened this thing was happening don't worry we have slides coming up to explain this in more detail now let's understand the structure so past continuous follows a simple rule was wor plus verb ing form she was living in india or what if i have to frame a negative sentence all i have to do is put a not in between and now when you have questionnaire i will always put was at the first letter and frame the question was she living in india so was becomes the first word in the sentence and it frames a question mark other things that you should remember is ing form of the work so now let's understand why do we use past continuous tense we use past continuous tense to give background seen to an action she was lying in a bed when thieves entered the house so this activity is over but when this was this happened this was happening it was in process she was lying now notice that this word over here when it shows that it's giving a background scene to an action ram was driving his car when a car hit him from the back while is another word like when which will help you to show that this is a background scene to an action and the rule says was plus ing form of the work so if you clearly understand the situation something was hap happened something happened before that something was in process and that's how past continuous comes into picture if you talk about present continuous you will just say she is lying in her bed that means this activity is happening at the time when i'm speaking moving on when you have to focus on activity without focus on its completion i don't know when it started i don't know when it's going to be over but i know what is happening there you use past continuous tense last year i was working in theater studying for my degree and teaching yoga three activities and all of them are focused moreover on what is happening rather than when it got over that's how you use past continuous tense now these two words right on your screen used to and would are very very important if you want to talk about past tense used to and would are always used when you want to show something that was happening in the past and it was a repeated action of yours you were doing it almost every day she used to cook for me so two things to remember when i say used to that means it was repeated it was happening every day and second thing it's past it's not happening anymore used to and would also follows a sentence structure like ram used to or would drive the car automatically if you use used to or would your main verb remains in the present form did not plus used to plus infinitive as i said whenever you have did use 2 will also become used to it will not have d form anymore a questionnaire did ram used to drive the car please notice this if i say there i will say used to if i did not have did i will say used to or would so used to a word is used to talk about past repeated actions she used to drive the car she would leave the window open whenever she was at home that means she's not doing it right now and she were doing it regularly every day in the past that's all for you used to and would and used to and what is is used again i'm saying it to talk about your past activities past repeated actions you can simply put this word insert this word in your sentence and it automatically becomes a continuous process that you were in regularly doing this let me ask you a question in your life how many times have you faced a situation where you have completed a task a moment before now or maybe recently or maybe in the same day if yes then you would be definitely using present perfect tense in here you want to talk about the task that was completed and also you want to mention the time it was completed it has its significance in your present tense there is a simple structure that you have to understand in order to construct a present perfect sentence for example present perfect sentence always have an auxiliary verb always have an helping work along with the main verb and the sign to tell you it's a present perfect tense would be helping word will always be has and have and the main verb will always be having it ed form or the past form so in here we want to show that the task is recently completed or the start of the class has been recently started let's consider a negative statement it's very simple and it follows the same rule of present perfect tense all you have to do is add a not after your helping verb if you have to frame a question for the same tense then all you have to do is pick your helping work to the first part of the sentence and write the sentence have you started the class if these structure is clear to you if these structures are clear to you let's dive into the situation where we need to use present perfect tense the first usage would be to talk about a time period that is not or what if i tell you i have eaten two chapatis this morning now if you clearly focus on this statement you can see that the task is over i have eaten the task of eating two chapatis is already over but the day or the morning when it was over is not yet finished so you can say that this is the present perfect tense where the task is completed but the time period when this task actually happened is not yet over let's look into more examples i have i have read a book this morning have in red follows the same rule this morning shows that it's still going on the morning is still going on moving on she has met me this week saying that this week is still not yet over so this action of meeting my friend can happen again that's how we use present perfect tense in situation number one moving on let's talk about situation number two to use present perfect tense it is used to show an activity in the past before now please focus on this part of the sentence it is used to show an activity in the past before now an example i have finished plenty of work so it clearly shows that at some point before now i have finished plenty of my work she has wasted lot of time with him so this activity of wasting time is already over but it is over in the past that was before now moving on we need to understand what kind of words can we use to show that the time is in the past so the words that will help you out would be ever before still never up to now so far so you can say i have met my friend two times so far or i've met my friend recently i have met my friend before 2 pm so whenever you find words like that which clearly shows that this is an activity in the past but the time period still is not yet over we are clearly talking about present perfect tense situation number three to use present perfect tense would be to talk about a present situation which started in the past please remember the activity is over it's not continuing process but the activity has clearly started in your past i have taken care for this kid for seven years so now this activity of taking care of the kid for seven years clearly shows that the activity started seven years back and you might be still taking care of the kid she has lived in this house since 1998. it clearly shows that the process of living in the house is very old but she might still be living in the same house and that's how we come up with the idea of present perfect tense also situation number four where you can use present perfect tense would be when you want to talk about an activity that happened anytime in the past but it is clearly connected to your present tense i know this sounds a little bit similar to what we discussed in the last slide but it has a little more difference here the difference is it is connected to the present tense that means it will have its effect on present tense example ram has read all the articles related to crime so now if today you ask ram do you have information about that crime that happened in 1996 he would clearly say yes because he has read all the articles related to the crime so in the present tense he will have all the details required that's how we use present perfect tense in situation number four also let's understand what kind of time expressions do we use to show negative and questionnaires recently just already yet so you may have faced this thing like i have read this book recently or i have just read this book i have already read this book i have read this book yesterday so whenever you show an impression to talk about something negative you want to show about a questionnaire you can always use these expressions you can frame a question and say have you read the book have you read the book yet question mark so now by using a time expression i can clearly say it's a questionnaire in present perfect tense moving ahead let's look into some examples have you written your task yet this is the same thing that we just talked about i have just finished it so whenever you are in the boundary line or you you are running late on the project but you somehow managed to finish it you will use expressions like these and they show that the sentence is negative or it's simply signifying a question moving on since so far we are understanding that it has to do something in the past which has an impact in the present tense then how is it different from simple past tense let's take an example of simple past ram finished the work on the other hand if i write a sentence ram has finished the book or the work in this case so what is that changes between both the tenses that makes us clear that it's a present perfect tense or it's a simple past tense the first thing that you can look in here is the usage of helping verb and the main work that's very much sure so in present perfect tense you have an ox helping verb has and finished as the main work in here you only have a main verb with ed form so that is one identification we can come up that this is present perfect tense or this is simple past tense i hope this is making sense to all of you so let's understand more differences sorry present perfect tense links the past with the present what does it mean i have read quite a lot of book so now i have read some and i will read the remaining now so the task of reading the book has been started in the past but there are certain tasks that is connected to my present tense on the other hand simple past only talks about past i read the book that means i've clearly finished reading the book it has nothing to do with my present time period also present perfect talks about unspecified time i can say i have read the book please forget about the question mark here it's incorrect so the sentence would be i have read the book when where which no information provided so it clearly shows unspecified time on the other hand you will see simple past tends to show specific time period i read the book when i was in metro so i'm talking about a situation when i was in metro at that time i read the book also present perfect 10 shows the time is unfinished i have read 5 articles this week so the time period of this week is still not yet over i can still read more articles coming up in this week on the other hand simple pass clearly shows the time is finished i read 5 articles last week can you see the difference here this week last week so this week we might be on wednesday and we still have thursday friday saturday sunday coming up but on the other hand when i clearly said last week that means it has nothing to do with the present tense and the task is completely finished let's go through the examples again let's go through the situations again if you still have any doubts please get back to me write in the comment section and i'll be ready with all the answers you needed moving on let's cover up our next tense and it's very very simple it's present perfect continuous tense i know the sound of continuous tense make you a little bit relaxed that's very much true because you know the activity is in process or you will have ing form of the word but how does it different from past containers or present containers or any other continuous form of the work so present perfect continuous tense will have a simple structure has been working main verb follows ing form helping verb will be has and an additional help will come from being if you want to talk about negative situation as i always say please use a not and let the sentence remain the same a questionnaire same rule take your have or has at the first place and write the statement so the helping word will always be has and have in present perfect continuous or present perfect tense let's now focus on the situations where we want to use present perfect continuous tense situation number one would be that both present perfect or present perfect continuous tense are used to say how long an activity has been going on now you must be wondering how present perfect in present perfect content is playing the same role that is very much true in some situation you will find present perfect tends to play the same role as present perfect continuous then if we want to focus on how long the activity has been going on the example i have felt sick for weeks or she has been feeling sick for weeks so first sentence is present perfect stance and we are focusing on the time period the second sentence is present perfect continuous tense and i'm focusing on the time period again so in both the situation all i'm focusing you know is on how long an activity has been going on but the difference if you can look here lies in the verb so in first case the activity of feeling sick is over but the weeks are going on on the other hand the activity of feeling sick is going on in the past the process has been going on over weeks let's understand in more detail present perfect continuous is some time being confused with present perfect and the differences lies here present perfect continuous focuses on activity itself i have been reading a book no idea if the book is finished or not but the process of reading a book was going on on the other hand present perfect focus is on the result i have read the book so now here we were focusing on the process of reading the book over here we focus on the book is finished but we don't know when because present perfect always talked about unfinished time period and you know that very clear from your past slides present perfect continuous focuses on how long i have been reading for past one week so if you remove this i have been reading then also it was an identification of present perfect bluntness but to make it more sure i'll write for past one week to show how long this activity was going on on the other hand present perfect focuses on how many times i have read three pages so i'm not talking about the duration all i'm talking about the frequency of that activity happening or happened in the past that's all for your present perfect continuous tense and present perfect tense you would have understood so far the present perfect tense shows about an activity that has recently finished or it has some impact on your present tense on the other hand present perfect continuous tense help you to focus how long that activity happened or what was the activity what was the process and how what was the process of the activity going on over the time period moving on we will get deeper into the thoughts of past perfect tense it's even scarier believe me but if you understand a simple rule of past perfect tense you will never ever get confused with this so before we dive into the subject matter of the structure i want to under make you understand with a simple rule here let's imagine a situation time is 9 a.m and the class of assigned has is going on at 8 50 the teacher has started the class a moment before that 45 or 49 ram entered the class so when i want to focus on past perfect tense i want to talk about an activity that happened at 8 45 but i'll be giving a background i'll be giving more additional information of another time period in the past and the talk is happening in the present tense so i'm giving an information about 8 45 with a reference of another time period in your past and that's how we come up with the idea of past perfect tense so i can say ram entered the class when the teacher has started the lecture we are talking about an activity in the past with a reference to another activity that happened at unspecified time in the past and we use past perfect tense so don't worry about the structure or which sentence to come at which place just focus on how two talks are connected to each other both are in the past tense and both make sense in your present tense the structure of past perfect goes very simple helping verb will be had and your main verb will be ed former the third form of the verb same goes for your negative structure had not listened and the same goes with your questionnaire had will come to the first place it's quite similar to your present perfect tense in terms of structure but the helping verbs is changing in the first part we discussed about has and have over here we talk about had so let's not get confused with the structure let's understand the use of past perfect tense when we are talking about the past and want to mention something that happened earlier like when he entered the class the class had already started so we are focusing on an activity in the past that we entered the class and we want to mention something that happened earlier so the class had already started maybe a minute after when he entered sorry a minute before when he entered now if you look at the first part of the structure you can clearly show a past tense or simple past tense entered but when you look in the second part of the structure you can see had started which shows past perfect tense but the past perfect tense is quite incomplete if you don't mention other activity that happened earlier or happened after another example my father was a driver and my grandfather had also been a driver so in here bean is used as a main verb a form of do and had is your helping verb so we form a structure that my father was a driver which was a simple past and my grandfather had also been a driver so we are focusing on an activity of grandfather giving an example of an activity of my father here are two statements on your screen i want you to take a moment to read the statements and understand what exactly are we trying to show or what difference these statements have so statement number one is when i came from jim my roommate slept you have a main verb here and you have a main verb here the other sentence is when i came from gym a main work my roommate had slept mean verb is slept here had is your helping work so take a moment understand what is the difference between both the statements let me give you a hint please focus on the mean verbs in both the sentence those mean verbs will help you to guide whether it's a simple past sentence or it's a past perfect sentence coming back in sentence number one we have two main verbs came and slipped came clearly shows that it's a past tense slept also shows it's a past tense so the first doubt is very much clear that we are talking about a simple past tense in your first sentence in second case we are talking about an activity of my roommate sleeping and we are giving a reference of another activity coming from the gym so the first part is simple pass but the second part clearly shows past perfect tense so the difference that we were referring to is in the first sentence i came home and then my roommate slipped on the other hand in the second sentence my roommate slept before i came from the gym so can you see the difference in both the cases in the first case you came home and then the roommate slept which shows that there is a series of action i came from gym roommate slip if you remember this is the case we discussed in simple past tense when you talk about a series of action we use simple past tense in the second case we are talking about an activity of from the gym coming from the gym and giving an information of something happening at unspecified time that was my roommate had slept so in here something happened before something happened but in the first case something happened and then something happened and then something happened let's talk about other cases where we can use past perfect tense we want to talk about an uncertain time period before a particular point in your past so here's your timeline you want to talk about about this time period you don't know what time is this but you know a specified time which is for example 7 pm in this case so you want to talk about this time period before a particular time period that you already know example by the time he was 14 the young boy had finished thousand books so let's focus only on this part of the sentence in here you can show that the boy had finished thousand books but do we have any idea about the time when was it finished no now combining both the sentence by the time he was 14 so 14 is your particular point in the past and finishing thousand book before 14 is the time of uncertain time that we want to refer to also you will find certain words like always sometimes never before by to talk about such periods so over here if you look you have a verb so you have an helping hand to show by the time he was 14 this is your particular time and this is your unspecified time you can also say sometimes you can use always you can use never before try framing questions try framing sentences using these expressions if you have doubts get back to me we'll make it clear now comes your last part of this chapter that is past perfect continuous tense again continuous tense clearly shows the time period or the duration the activity was going on before a certain activity happened in the past that's how we use past perfect continuous tense the structure will be simple had being studying ing form shows continuous had been shows past perfect framing a negative sentence would not be tough in this case as well had not been studying please remove the questionnaire here i don't know what is mistakes here please don't focus on the question mark here it's a full stop now let's talk about a questionnaire you will say had at the first place and say had she been studying in india for long and a question mark so over here you need a full stop not a question mark present perfect continue sorry past perfect continuous tense is used to focus on how long an activity continued or to focus on the activity itself in some cases like she was gifted in the dance and she had been making excellent progress or the kids had been enjoying for some time so in sentence number one you are simply focusing on the activity of dance instead in the second sentence you are focusing on how long was the activity happening so sometime is the significance to show how long and she had been making excellent progress she was gifted in the dance clearly shows that we are talking about the activity that's how you can segregate present past perfect continuous tense past perfect continuous times also talk about is used to talk about past things that did not happen as expected this is an additional information and you will definitely use use this information in your upcoming speech writing or essay writing in your ielts exam or any other exam in particular also when you talk and when you share some stories this point over here will definitely be helpful an example my dad had expected to be re-elected as an mp but in the end he only got 10 pose in vote so there was an expectation and there was a situation he wanted things to happen but it didn't happen that way you can use past perfect tense in this case or pass perfect continuous tense as well she had been hoping to be the top in the class but she was too sick to write the exam so this is past perfect tense and this is past perfect continuous tense both the tenses are clearly showing that things did not happen the way they were expected to be now the first question arises why do we need articles i'm sure in your blood information you will definitely know that articles are somewhere like a and but i want to ask you a question what is the role of each one of them and why do you exactly need them so articles define noun as specific or unspecific what does that mean let's understand with an example she is an actress in this case we are talking about a random situation that shows an unspecific noun on the other hand he will come to the united kingdoms in this case we are talking about united kingdoms which is a combination of multiple countries and hence we're talking about a specific noun united kingdoms and that's why we use articles like a and the don't worry about them we have more slides coming up to explain each one of them in particular but the general idea remains the same that articles define noun as specific or unspecific like an actress is an unspecific noun united kingdoms is a specific noun moving on let's understand how many types of articles do we have as we discussed in the past slide that a and the articles that we have an information about but in particular we classify them as indefinite or definite article indefinite talks about as you know unspecific noun definite article talks about specific noun so let's understand what is the use of a whenever you have a word that begins with a consonant sound please focus here any sound apart from a e i o u is considered as a consonant sound so whenever you find a word that begins with a consonant sound you will simply use a example a european so if you focus on here the word starts with the vowel but the sound is coming off y u u ropin so that shows it is a consonant sound and we are meant to use a on the other hand we have another word coming up university same goes with this u y university university so the word start with a vowel but the sound is a consonant so we have no option left and it's mandatory to use a in front of the word on the other hand or coming up whenever you find an abbreviation that is spoken as a single word for example a fifa player player you never say a fifi player but you say a fifa player fifa goes together so it's an abbreviation that is spoken as a single word and hence you can use a in front of that a swat team you will never hear anybody say as w80 team but they will say swat team so in those kind of abbreviation where they are spoken as a single word please use a moving on what is the use of an and on the other hand uses is used before a word that begins with a vowel sound as i said earlier a e i o u so don't get confused that whenever a word starts with a e i o u you will just simply use and focus on the sound that the word creates an umbrella and apple so apple starts with a sound umbrella starts with um sound both the cases you can use m also and is used before abbreviation that are spoken as individual letters simple example and very referable one is mba so you take the sound you pronounce each word each letter separately m b a and there's always a dot in between so you can use an and fbi agent you will never hear anybody saying freebie agent instead they will say f b i in those cases please feel free to use and i hope the simple difference between a and and are clear so far if not please go back to the slide one and start again moving on in certain cases you have words with silent h sound like an honest player so the word starts with edge but the sound starts with o i repeat the word starts with the letter h but the sound comes off o so you don't say horness player instead you say oh nest player as i said earlier whenever you have a vowel sound please use an an r ago so the sound comes r or this sound it doesn't come like har h sound is silent here so we are free to use and moving on there are certain cases where both a and n can be used and also one more word as one can be used so whenever we wanna talk about a job a person does we are free to talk with the uh with the articles a and n she wants to be a musician or ram is an astronaut in both the cases you are talking about the profession or the job a person does and hence if you notice here before the noun you have used article a and m or when you want to indicate something for the first time please focus we don't know about the situation we are talking about it for the very first time it's mandatory that we use a n i need a computer so this is the first time i'm raising a request of a computer can you pass me an apple this is the first time and i'm indicating to an apple that i want to eat in both the cases i've used a or n a in here because the vowels it's a consonant sound in here it's a vowel sound and hence we have used an moving on a and n is also used before singular countable nouns they are countable and they're singular nouns and in those cases we can use one sometimes you will find in a sentence instead of an n they have used one like can i have one chocolate rather than saying give me a chocolate you generally prefer to say give me one chocolate i am going to india for a a one year you can use both in this case please come here for and one r in both the cases you can use and a one so please focus whenever you have singular countable nouns you can always use one in place of a and n coming up one is specifically used to emphasize on only one thing so if you want to be more precise and you want to say i just need one you can always use o and e i need one chocolate use one pencil and then the other so i'm being very specific and i want to emphasize on only one thing and hence i prefer to use one in place of a or n also when you have a number and a quantity phrase you cannot use one example three times a day so are you comfortable saying three times one day i hope not or one's in an r can you say once in one r would be quite confusing so we prefer not to use one in number and quantity phrases here you have a number here you have a quantity so we don't use one those cases also aim is used to refer to one from a group raising kids is a challenge from all parents so there's a series of challenges and we are picking one out of many in those cases also you can use a or n when you want to focus on one from the entire group coming up is your definite article that is though the is used when you want to show that something is unique very simple definition never ever get confused with this when you know something is very unique feel free to use though lucknow is the capital city of up so there's only one luck now there's only one up in the entire world and hence both are specific both are unique we can use the also the sun is bright do we have hundred suns we may but for earth we have only one sun and hence we can use the sun when we know which thing or person we are referring to if you remember from the slides of a and n we we referred that we want to talk about something for the very first time we use a and n but what about the situation that we know the thing or the person we are referring in those cases please use the the girl we met yesterday so this incident of meeting the girl happened yesterday it's obvious that you know this girl now and hence you can use the girl did you like the chair in this case the chair i'm being very specific which chair i want to indicate to so there might be a showroom which have 10 shares and i'm indicating to one particular i can say the chair or maybe i we saw certain chairs and we had a mind on one when we came back home i asked my partner did you like the chair so he will have an understanding that which chair i'm referring to at that time also the is used before superlatives like it is the biggest match of the sanctuary so the biggest shows a superlative degree i picked the cheapest dress from the store the cheapest the biggest so i'm gonna show superlative degrees and hence i can use the in some cases you may fall into the pattern of the off like at the back of my car please focus i'm saying in a you know a musical sound because there's a pattern that i want you to focus on that is the something of something in those cases please use the so it's clear cut the space of space that means some word has to be filled here we will always use though i dropped my classes in the middle of the so the middle though so i can say the of something also the has a very specific use with some proper nouns like when you want to talk about season ocean the indian ocean there is only one indian ocean in the entire world and hence we can use though rivers the enders the ganges country name representing a group like the united kingdoms so there will be one two three four many the united states of america the name itself suggests that it's a combination of multiple it's a combination of multiple countries in that like kingdoms states mountain ranges the everest the mount abu famous buildings like the parliament nationalities like the india and the british so you won't say the india no it's wrong you will say the indian the british other uses of the will be the moon the tiger race the crown the south pole these are some random examples that i've picked like the moon is only one moon that's why i've seen right the tiger rays i want to specific to one particular race the ground ground i want you to refer or the south pole in all these cases you can use them now let's understand what is that basic difference between a and the focus on the statement right here i bought an ice cream and a chocolate but only the ice cream was eaten so if you focus we have three articles a and the over here every article has a specific use so when i want to focus about something for the first time i said i bought an ice cream and a chocolate i want to be specific to one object out of two and hence i said but only the ice cream was eaten since we declare both the objects in the first part of the sentence in the second part all i'm doing is referring to the previous information and hence it's simple to use the there is one more case that will be important if you really want to complete your articles chapter that is your zero article what about the nouns where we don't use articles at all what do we do that we do that in those cases you have something called a zero article zero article is used before uncountable and plural form of noun to talk about people and things in general so neither am declaring something for the first time neither am being specific to something unique all i'm doing is to talk uncountable and plural form of noun in general like children like playing in the ground i refer to all the children and this if you notice here is an uncountable and plural form let's dance on bollywood song did i mention the bollywood song did i mention one song no i mentioned in general and hence i don't need an article before these two nouns here zero noun is also used before the name of particular people like naremode is making the indians proud over here i have used an article because i want to show about a proper noun indians but here since it's the name of a person and particular person i'll say naren the name of mahatma gandhi is unique so it's the name of a person i will just directly use the name itself i will not say the name of the mahatma gandhi modi no that's incorrect [Music] in some proper cases or with some proper cases you don't use an article or you can say you use a zero article like countries india china australia only countries that are specific to a group will use though in front of them else they will not requiring any pro any article cities or states like lucknow up mountains or you want to talk about companies like mine tree google apple they're just companies there's some proper nouns just use zero article continents like asia africa so that's all for your article so far please go through the entire slides again get your doubts clear make notes wherever it's required and go through your chapters quite often that's the only way you understand grammar i have an additional advice over here that if you really want to focus on correcting your information please take a moment to understand if you are saying everything correct if not stop yourself start again that's all for you today's class see you in the next class thank you determiners always introduce noun please remember they're always placed before a noun or an adjective in some cases for example look at those lines in the zoo so if you pay a little attention here those is an example of a determiner and it's placed before a noun that is lions and the job this just reminder is doing here is to introduce lions to introduce the noun moving on here's one more example bring me some milk so in this case it's not exactly introducing noun but it's telling you about the quantity of the noun milk is your noun and some is placed before noun and is helping you to find out the quantity of milk that you want types of determiners we have four types of determiners first comes your articles a and you which we have already discussed in chapter 3 in more detail then comes your demonstratives we'll cover demonstratives in this particular chapter this that these and those please don't worry right now because we have more slides coming up to explain this that these and those moving on we have possessives my your his her its are there and the series goes on possessives we have discussed in parts of speech where we discuss pronoun so in this chapter we won't be discussing possessives now let's come to the last type of determiner that is quantifiers quantifiers are very important and the list consists of a few some any each several many and it goes on please don't worry we have more details coming up on quantifiers in the further slides so as i said in this particular chapter of determiners we will be discussing demonstratives and quantifiers in detail articles is already been discussed in chapter 3 possessives is already been discussed in chapter 1 in pronouns moving on let's understand demonstrative in more detail so demonstrative points out to a particular noun here is a tricky part particular noun makes it more sure that we are talking about determiner and in detroit minor we are talking about demonstratives i want to buy this t-shirt so in this case this is placed before your noun that is t-shirt and this is telling you more about this particular noun that is a t-shirt i know i'm sounding little slow here because the concept is like that if you grasp it in one go it's well and good if not please repeat the example i want to buy this t-shirt so when i say i always put an emphasis on this t-shirt let me see those designs now i'm talking about something plural designs so i'm putting here those moving on we have types of demonstratives as we discussed we have types of determiners same way we have type of demonstratives so the first category is near demonstrators near demonstrative simply says when you have something nearby and you're just indicating to that object for example i want this t-shirt now if i have plural commodities i'll say these t-shirts next is far demonstrative when i have to indicate to a noun which is far capped or which is in the past maybe something which happened yesterday for example do you remember that movie so when i say do you remember that movie i might be pointing out to something that i have watched yesterday or maybe last year same way i can make it plural do you remember those movies so please understand this is a mere difference between near demonstratives and far demonstrative one help you to indicate something that is nearby maybe singular or maybe plural the other category helps you to identify something which is in the past or something that has happened long back moving on let's understand how can we use these demonstratives so the general use would be take out new plates these ones these ones are old those are new so in this case i'm just identifying or i'm just pointing out to one type of a noun that's it the other use would be when i'm using demonstrative as an adjective this book is awesome in this case book is your noun and when i'm using this i'm pointing out to give more information of my noun and hence this is working as an adjective last when we use demonstratives as pronoun here is your car drive this carefully here is your car in this case car is my noun drive this carefully so now drive is my work carefully is an adverb but if you notice in this case this instead of repeating car again i'm using this and hence i can say that demonstrative can now also perform a roll of a pronoun so i could have said this here is your car drive the car carefully but what i did instead here is your car drive this carefully so i'm using this as a pronoun also as a demonstrative at the same time moving on let's come to the major part of determiners that is quantifiers i'm again saying it please pay more and more attention on quantifiers because 90 of the time when you talk when you write you are using these words i'm sure about it so quantifiers points out to the quantity or the amount of noun in case it's an uncountable noun you talk about amount in case it's a countable noun i can say i am talking about the quantity or maybe i can say numbers and examples would be give me some apples so when i say give me some apples i'm talking about a countable commodity and hence i can use sum let me call everyone inside everyone inside is showing that there's a group of people and i'm indicating to all of them at once and i'm calling them inside so every in this case is talking about quantity or amount of people standing outside let's understand in more details the types of quantifiers so quantifiers has a long list coming up please pay attention on each and every word and we'll discuss them in detail so here's here is your first list some most many more no less each every and both next would be these words and then you have these one i'm giving you a second time to just grasp some of them so that when we discuss them in detail you will understand that we are talking about quantifiers here and also if you notice every word that we have written on the screen is telling you something about the quantity or amount when i say several i'm talking about numbers that's for sure when i talk about all i'm again talking about numbers when i talk about less yes i'm talking about quantity when i talk about a couple of again i'm talking about number quantity or amount so every quantifier tells you something about your noun specifically the quantity and the amount of that noun so let's discuss them in more detail first comes in our list is some and any these two quantifiers are very much confused most of the times because we try to put any in the case of sum and we try to fit some in the case of any but there is a slight difference between both these quantifiers before we come to the difference let's understand them in general so they are generally used with plural and uncountable noun when we are unsure about the amount of number so i don't know how much or i don't know how many then i'll say some or any give me some apple so i'm not sure if i want one apple or two apples so i'll say some apple give me any amount of money i'm not sure if i want 1k i'm not sure if i just need five rupees that's and hence i will say give me any amount of money it can be zero it can be one it can be 2 it can be 1k so let's see some examples give me some money do you have any butter let's understand why what we just discussed in the first statement these are always used with plural and uncountable noun please always remember this it's very very important that they are always used with plural or uncountable love so in this case when i talked about money sometimes money is often confused being a countable noun but it's not money is always an uncountable noun and hence i can use some in front of it then comes to your butter again the same thing butter is an uncountable noun and hence i can use any in front of it in both the cases some or any are telling you something about the noun and hence they are determiners they are indicating to the noun moving on let's see the difference which i was saying earlier some is used when you have a positive sentence for example i have some chocolates so chocolates i'm recognizing as an uncountable noun and i want some chocolates that mean i'm showing a prospect that i am positive i need some chocolate i want some chocolate on the other hand and any is used in negative sentences we didn't get any book so in this case i'm showing an indie i'm giving an indication that i didn't get anything i'm showing a negative response in their case that i didn't receive any book moving on sum is used in questions where answer is expected to be positive please remember this positive is a strong word which has a direct link to sum so whenever you feel you have a sentence which gives a positive response please use sum when you have a question when answer is expected to be positive please use sum for example do you want some money yes i want some money i want some water in this case so i was expecting a positive reply out of this question and hence i'm using some on the other hand when you have other types of questions where the response can be neutral the response can be negative i'll use any is there any sandwich left in the fridge so instead of saying is there some sandwich left because if i said some the response could be positive yes there is some there is little but when i said is there any sandwich left in the fridge so the situation might be there might be five sandwiches out of which four was finished in the one first go and one was left but you remember other friend taking it out but you're not sure about it so you can say is there any sandwich left in the fridge that means the probability would be zero or maybe half moving on when we have some offers and requests to be placed we always use some can i buy you some coffee please yes on the other hand when i have an if clause when you are not sure by yourself but still you are raising a request if you love any person tell me and the moment you tell you are in trouble so let's segregate some and any on three fundamental rules rule number one when you have a positive sentence use sum when you have a negative sentence use any when you are asking a question where the reply would be positive please use sum when you are asking a question where the reply might be negative or it might be neutral please use any the third rule is when you have a request or an offer to make please use some can i buy you some coffee please on the other hand if you have an if clause where you're not sure but still you are raising a request if you love any person tell me so you're not sure if that person i mean the person you're talking to is in love with somebody but still you want to ask him so you can say if you love any person tell me i hope some and any are clear by this point if not please go back to these rules again and understand them in more detail moving on we have our second type of quantifiers that is each and every similarly like some and any these two quantifiers are also often confused each and every are used with singular nouns when we want to show all in a group so instead of indicating to every person by the name i'm calling them each and every but still i want to recognize them all in one group for example each girl should come to the class so instead of taking the name of every girl in the class i'm saying each girl and i'm referring to the entire class over here every cloth in this shop is branded so in this case i'm using every for this commodity for this now named as cloth and i want to indicate to all the clothes in the group all the clothes in the shop so please focus they're always used with singular nouns if you see here girl is a singular noun cloth is a singular noun these are the identification that we can use each and every but i'm indicating to all in the group i'm indicating to the entire class i'm indicating to the entire shop please remember that the verb after each and every is always singular every shop needs renovation so in this case shop was a singular noun which is very much clear and since i have used every so it's mandatory that i'm using singular verb i'm saying needs renovation so instead of saying every shop need renovation i will say every shop needs renovation because shop is a single a noun and hence the verb will also become a singular verb moving on let's see the difference between every and each when we talk about the group as a whole so instead of indicating every person i want to talk about the entire group i can say nearly every student is different so in this case i'm talking about the group as a whole on the other hand when we talk about individual member of the group please look here individual member is the major difference that you have to understand between every and each an example would be we welcomed each guest with namaste so now i'm indicating to the individual guess that comes to a party so the difference would be when i'm talking about the entire group as a whole i will be using every on the other hand when i'm indicating individual member of the group i'll be saying each moving on you will come across to certain cases where one of these word will be followed with the number i have to visit my hometown in every six weeks so after every i'm using a number and hence it's kind of mandatory that i use every now on the other hand you may come across to a clause each plus of plus num for example each of the visitor paid their homage so now let's try to reverse the situation what if i say i have to visit my hometown in each six weeks it's incorrect if you have a number coming after each or every it's always mandatory that you use every to have in correct use let's reverse this case every of the visitor now you are not even indicating individual member nor you are trying to recognize it as a group and hence it's incorrect so each of the visitor please remember this phase phrase each plus off plus your noun in this case visitor is your noun let's revise the difference between every and each when you talk about the group as a whole you will be using every or whenever it is followed by number it has to be every on the other hand when we talk about individual member of the group it has to be each or when we come across the phrase each plus of plus your noun or pronoun we will be using each moving on let's come to other quantifiers and i would say probably the interesting quantifiers we have first in our list many i know ninety percent of us or even hundred percent of us will be using this quantifier very often so many is used when we talk about plural and countable nouns so far we discussed some and any we discussed each and every both of them were being used for singular nouns but many on the other hand is used for plural and also for countable nouns some and any were being used for uncountable nouns but many is used for countable nouns let's look into an example many visitors have come to visit us since yesterday so now visitors is something that you can count and also it is a plural noun another example please check how many mangoes do we have in the kitchen so now mangoes is a countable noun also it's a plural noun and hence it's appropriate to use many as a quantifier so now many in both the examples is telling you something about the quantity or the amount of the noun that we are using in the sentence let's look into our another type of quantifier that is much much is used when we talk about uncountable nouns so that is the major difference between many and much many is used for countable nouns but much is used for uncountable nouns an example i have too much to eat this evening so in this case much is used as a quantifier when i'm unsure about the amount or the quantity i want to eat also when i have an uncomfortable loan so in this case eat i don't know how much i want to eat and hence i can use much how much do you have so it can be a talk about money it can be talk about any other resource that i'm in need of but i'm not sure about the quantity and also i am talking about something that cannot be counted hence i can use much let's look into our fourth type or i would say fifth type of quantifier that is more to show greater quantity and amount of noun so here is your fun part greater quantity when you have something that you cannot count you will use much when you wanted to talk about something that you can count you are using many what if i want to show something greater quantity it can be for countable it can be for uncountable an example i have more rice in my kitchen so rice is recognized as an uncountable noun but i want to show an additional quantity of this noun i can use more another example would be you have to add more fruits in your diet so now fruits is my countable noun but i want to show an additional or the greater quantity or the amount for this noun and hence i can use more so please understand all the quantifiers that we discussed so far much many or more all of them play a similar role but they have a very slight difference so as we discussed many is used for countable nouns much is used for uncountable noun but when i want to show more quantity or amount i will be using more let's look into next type of quantifier that is little little is used with singular uncountable noun the entire trick with all the quantifiers lies between whether it's used for uncountable noun or countable noun or whether it's used for plural noun or singular noun so if you understand that difference i think you will have a good command over quantifiers so little in this case is used for singular and uncountable noun i have little rice left rise is your uncountable noun and as well as a singular noun and hence i can use little so over here little is used to show small amount of something again i'm unsure about the quantity but i am sure that i want small amount of rice moving on we have another quantifier that is our little a little let's understand with an example we have a little sugar left so let's have another example at the same time using little in this place so now i have two examples we have a little sugar left another example is we have little sugar left in both cases we are using quantifiers little and a little what is the difference between them our little is used to show when we have some amount left and it is always more than little so when i said we have little sugar left that means it was minimal something maybe you know i cannot even quantify it i cannot say some grams or something but i can always understand that it is next to negligible on the other hand if i'm using a little i'm talking about some amount now you come into the you you come into the category of measuring it and it's always more than little moving on you have few as a quantifier few is used with plural countable noun it's opposite of little little was being used for singular uncountable noun but few is used for plural countable noun examples my friend few friends have left the city so i mean to say small number of friends i mean to say maybe one or maybe yeah one is the least you can count so i can say maybe one or two but when we come to our next category a few a few friends of mine have left the city i mean to say some friends it will be definitely more than one so similarly like little or a little our little is always more than little same way few of you will always be more than few little was to count when you have small amount a little was to count when you have some amount same way few when you have a little number to count on the other hand when you have a few you have some number to be counted moving on we have fewer and you must have heard less as one of the quantifiers so we'll be discussing less in the further slide let's understand fewer in this particular one fewer is used with plural countable nouns to show not as many example i have fewer books left in the carbon so earlier i used to have some 100 books but now i have come to the list of 10 so you want to show not as many as i used to have earlier less on the other hand is used with singular uncountable nouns to show not as much an example i have less milk left in my glass so milk is a singular uncountable noun and i want to show not as much and hence i can use less that's the difference between fewer and less fewer was used for plural countable noun and it was showing not as many because i can count it less on the other hand is used for not as much another example i want less ice cream ice cream is singular uncountable noun and hence it's appropriate to use less with ice cream please understand all the quantifiers are indicating to your noun as well as they tell you about the quantity or amount of the noun that we are discussing in the sentence moving on we have no and not they're very helpful when you want to show some negation or you want to deny something for example i have no money left or this is not a suitable situation for your skin so in both the sentences you can look no and not are used to tell about denial when you want to show that you want to deny this fact you can use no and not moving ahead we are we have our next type of quantifier that is neither or in some cases you might hear people saying it neither and hence both are correct so neither is used with singular countable nouns to show not one or the other so when you have a choice to make you want to show that i don't want this and at the same time i don't want this one either so please understand singular countable nouns are your identification tool for using neither an example neither friend came to my party so in this case i want to show friend which was a singular but it was a countable noun and i want to show that not even a single friend came to my party so i have shown that not one or the other neither of my parent came to visit me my parent are singular countable nouns and i am showing that not even single parent not even my mother nor my father came to my party moving on you have either which is exactly opposite to neither either are used with singular countable nouns but they want to show one or the other so in this case you are positive about one case but in the case with neither you are denying both the cases i will visit either india or singapore so i have a choice to make i can visit india or i can visit singapore and hence i will be using either i don't mind isle food so you give me coffee you give me sandwich i won't mind either enhance either is more appropriate to use here moving on you have both now let's talk about a situation when i give you a pen and a pencil and i can say you can take them both so in this case you are positive positive about pen as well as pencil but when we discussed about either i was sure about one thing it can be pen or it can be pencil but not both together when i was using neither i was negative about pen and pencil both i don't want pen neither i want a pencil so both is used with plural nouns that is your first identification number two would be when you want to show two things or people example i want both dresses so dresses is your plural noun as well as dresses is to show that i am talking about two things two dresses i will meet you both outside the class now i'm talking about two students and hence it's a plural noun and i'm talking about meeting them both together coming up we have our next quantifier that is all all is used to show complete number or amount so when i have 20 people in a classroom i can say all of you please come out so now when i use all i'm talking about the entire group of 20 people i have used all the money i had some thousand rupees i've used all of them she has all the information about this phone so when you go to a market to buy a phone you should have all the information about that phone only then you will be more confident to buy it so please understand all has to do something with complete number or amount in this case you cannot be unsure about the quantity or number because we are talking about the entire amount moving on we have most and i would say the simplest quantifier and personally my favorite most is used with noun to show majority of so there is no doubt between numbers i can always say the majority of if you have 20 give me 19. i jog most of the evenings so there are there are chances that i may skip once or twice but i'm jogging most of the evenings most of you are irritating so if i have five friends i can say out of them 4.5 are irritating moving on we have enough enough is used to show when we have as much as we need so if i have to shop and i have hundred rupees in my pocket or in this case thousand rupees in my pocket i can say i have enough to buy the grocery i have enough money for this month i generally use five thousand to spend in a month and i have five 4.9 so i can say i have enough money for this month why do we need parts of speech or what is the purpose of parts of speech or how many types or what are the components of parts of speech so to answer your first question why parts of speech is important because parts of speech indicates the purpose of a word in a sentence please remember in your day-to-day conversation or any meeting you are into or any discussion you are into you always have lot of words these words are always arranged in a sequence in a sentence so to indicate the purpose of each word in a sentence you need parts of speech i hope this is clear because parts of speech will be a combination of different categories which will help you to understand the purpose of a word in a sentence let's move forward now how many types of parts of speech do we have in total we have eight but there is always a confusion with the ninth one which is determiners in order to understand determiners please go to your different chapter which is named as determiners in this particular chapter we are going to discuss the rest eight parts of speech which is noun pronoun verb adverb adjective proposition conjunctions and interjections so in this particular chapter we are going to discuss each of them in detail let's get start started with noun back in school you must be remembering this definition of noun which was noun is a name of a place person thing etc so any word that is a name of a place a person or a thing is recognized as noun an example ram keem in this sentence ram is a name of a person who is performing an action of coming so ram is recognized as or is named as noun moving on we have a different example which is the taj mahal is in agra taj mahal is the name of a monument as you can see there is an etc written over there that means this list continues it's a name of a place person or a thing so taj mahal in this case is a name of a monument and hence we call it as a noun how many types of noun do we have so this list goes up to eight to ten types of noun but in this particular chapter we are going to discuss five important types of noun or five types of noun that are more important in your day-to-day life here is your list in the list we have proper nouns then we have common nouns collective noun possessive noun and compound noun don't worry we will have a detailed discussion of each one of them in the upcoming slides proper noun comes first in your category so proper noun what do you think the name suggests as the name suggests it is something which is more specific that's correct so proper noun is name of one specific thing place or anything else apart from it an example ram bought a new car so in here we are talking about a specific person whose name is ram so and hence ram is a proper noun as i told you it's always one specific thing or a place or a name or anything always remember rule number two would be they always start with the capital letter so this is much more easier to understand right you can always identify proper nouns if they are written in capital letter only the first letter example number 2 let's go to new york now in this sentence we can see let's go to doesn't make much sense in terms of specificness but this word over here new new york makes sense because it's a proper noun it's a specific name of a city that's correct moving on we have common nouns again i would ask you to think for a moment and understand what does the name suggest common i hope you are on the right track because common noun is the name given in general two items now there's a differentiation between a common noun and a proper noun proper noun was a name given to something specific on the other hand common noun is the name given in general to the items and they are not usually capitalized until unless they are the first word of a sentence they will not be capitalized an example would you like a chocolate so in this case we have a word named as chocolate which is given which is a name given to in which is name given to a sweet called as chocolate in general so we are not specifying which chocolate do i need do i need their milk or i need a bourbon chocolate i don't know that that's why i have given a name a chocolate and over here if you see c is not capitalized because it's a common noun a different example i will adopt a cat i will adopt a cat in this case cat is a name given in general to all the cats that we have throughout the world moving on we have our next type of noun which is collective noun i know your brains are working pretty well now you must be already assuming collective means something that is in group that's correct so a name given to a group of things as one you have lot of things and you name all of them together as one identity and that is your collective noun here is your example we are a family that's correct family is something which is a combination of your mom your dad your in-laws your brother sister cousins lot of them all together and that's correct they all together are recognized as family so family over here is your collective noun next plane crew has announced to fasten the seat belt in this case this word over here is a combination or you know constitute a lot of members they can be your air hostesses they can be a pilot they can be your staff crew members everyone and they all together recognized as crew and hence crew is your collective now we have our next category that is possessive noun as the name suggests possessive means when i want to show a hold on something or i want to show this thing belongs to me for example if i own a car and my name is ashwini as you already know so i can say this is my car the other way of saying it is this is ashwini's car now i am sure you are familiar with all other words that are said in the sentence but what about this ashwinis card don't worry we'll discuss right now so possessive nouns shows the ownership of the noun they show the hold of the noun and we have to add an apostrophe just to make sure if you know postgraphy this is this symbol that we have in english grammar i'm really sorry i overwritten it the sign or you have to add a s after this or you have to add both so that means in certain words you will always have s all you have to do is put an apostrophe in some cases you have to put both so let's discuss them rams car just now i gave you an example with my name ashwini's car in here you have rams car so this apostrophe s over here shows the possessiveness of the noun ram was your noun if we add apostrophe s over there it shows possessive noun another example would be eggs color now you must be thinking why do i have put an apostrophe after s not before s so please remember you have singular noun you have plural noun was a singular noun that's why i have put an apostrophe as eggs in general is a plural noun so i have to put only an apostrophe and next is your people's faces now these are another kind of plural but they have always have a singular word people people means lot of peop person in there but we recognize them as one identity that is people so in these cases you have to put an apostrophe s i mean both an apostrophe and an s so moving on we have our last type of noun that is compound nouns and as the name suggests compound means when you combine two things together that's correct noun made by adding two or more nouns sounds interesting right when you add two or more nouns they can sometimes be identified by a hyphen in between this is your baby right here a hyphen in between father-in-law bus stop haircut so in first example you have father-in-law and in was identified within hyphen in both the places then comes your bus stop and then comes your haircut so if you segregate this one hair plus cut hair was one noun cut was another noun and when i combine them together i got hair cut which is your compound nouns that's kidding okay so let's move on to our next category of power of speech which is pronoun you must be thinking this has something to do with noun right because the name of pronoun is a combination of pro plus noun so that's correct pronoun always replaces noun in your paragraphs or in the next sentence and for example ram went out he had some work so ram was your noun which was your proper noun and when i wrote the second sentence instead of writing ram again i wrote he so he is a pronoun here the taj mahal is in agra it is a beautiful monument so when i have a lot of sentences coming up on the same topic instead of repeating that name again and again i can always use preposition so in the second sentence taj mahal was my main noun in place of that i have used it which is a pronoun so now let's understand how many types of pronoun do we have number one reflexive pronoun number two indefinite pronoun then comes your possessive pronoun and then relative pronoun so let's understand reflexive pronoun in detail i would always give you a suggestion that please understand the word properly or the name of the pronoun properly and let's understand the definition then so reflexive has something to do when it shows a reflection of the already used pronoun for example himself herself itself yourself yourselves ourselves themselves so all these pronoun over here shows a connection for example he made the coffee himself so instead of writing ram made the coffee i want to put more emphasis on the person who made the coffee that's why i have used a pronoun named as himself or a reflexive pronoun another example they will enjoy themselves in the movie in this particular sentence i want to put more emphasis how are they going to enjoy in the movie they will go they will enjoy themselves in the movie so they don't need much company they themselves are going to take care of their enjoyment so these words over here himself themselves are known as reflexive pronoun now there is one more thing that you must be thinking that in one case we have used s e l f self in the other case i have used s c l v s cells so this is nothing much to worry about is just has to do with singular or plural so he was a singular pronoun that's why i have used himself they is a combination of lot of people in there so that's why i have used a plural word that is cells themselves moving on we have our next pronoun that is indefinite for now so indefinite as the name suggests when you are not sure about the identification of a person or the quantity you will always use these kind of pronoun they are few all each one every one someone anything both sum much none etc etc is to show that there are a lot of words which can be used as indefinite pronoun so let's understand with a quick example someone came to meet you i'm not sure who's at the door so i can say someone so someone over here plays the role of indefinite pronoun another example both came out of the movie so when i'm not sure i don't want to mention the name of individual person i can always say both it shows two people came out of the movie moving on we have allah sorry we have a next type of pronoun that is possessive pronoun possessive pronoun you must be comparing with the possessive noun and that's correct when you want to show and hold over something or when you want to show that this is my commodity i can always use possessive pronoun examples are yours mine his hers there's my its please remember this word over here it doesn't hold an apostrophe because that would be it is but this is it's used together then you have her your are there etc so let's take a quick example yours are the best dresses so when i want to show that these dresses are yours and i want to address them all together i can use yours which is a possessive pronoun his car is the best car in the town over here his is showing a commodity acceptance or it's showing that this thing belongs to me so i'm gonna use his car and his over here is again your possessive pronoun so guys in this particular chapter we are not giving you a lot of examples so that you can take a moment and think about each word and frame your own sentences you can always come back and discuss with us in detail if your sentence are correct or not but for now let's focus on these two examples rest of them please identify by yourself so that you up upskill yourself moving on we have our last or moving on we have our next type that is a relative pronoun relative pronoun is again that shows you know this thing is mine but in the other sense so the examples would be who's that which who who let's jump into the example the dress that we saw you saw yesterday was good so i want to show a relation of an activity that we have done the other day i can use a word that the dress that we saw yesterday was good so now i'm indicating to that dress and hence these kind of words are known as relative pronoun my friend who came yesterday has left so now i want to show an identif i want to show a relatability to my friend who came yesterday has left so now i've used a word named as who which is your relative pronoun it is still ident giving an identification to your friend who came yesterday moving on we have our next part of speech that is verb i know almost every one of you is aware of what a verb is or what is the purpose of verb so let's understand it more clearly now work tells us about actions or states of mean actions or state of being so these are two important things in order to understand verb that they must be telling you something about an action that is happening in a sentence or they must be telling about a feeling or emotion that you must be having at that moment ram climbed the tree in this case climb was your noun was your verb because it's telling about an action that is happening that rama is climbing the tree i want to sing a song you're doing an action of singing so that is again your work now let's move into how many types of work do we have so there are a lot of words that comes into these categories but we have segregated them into three parts part number one would be helping verbs as the name suggests these words help your main verb for example can could have be been etc if i give you an example here could you give me a pen so in this case kudu is actually playing a role of asking a question but also it is helping the act of giving and helping hand and hence it is recognized as helping work another example is i could work with you so in this case could is actually helping your main work work to complete the sense of the sentence moving on we have our action verbs as the name suggests action verbs are those words which directly tells you what action a sentence is performing or what action a subject is performing in that sentence climb write sing etc the list can go up to infinity i assure you on that so she climbed the tree in here climb is a main work also it's an action work and she is the subject who is performing this action of climbing moving on we have a last type that is your linking verbs linking verbs are often confused with your helping verbs but they play an additional important role example is is was waxed seem fierce etc so linking verbs moreover tells you about the state of being in the sentence for example is ram is happy so instead of doing an action of being happy they are telling you of state of being of ram ram is happy moving on we have our next type of part of speech that is your adjective any memory from your childhood days of adjective that you have if not don't worry we'll discuss that right away executive modifies noun and pronoun that's correct so you have understood noun you have understood pronoun an adjective is something that will give more value to your noun or more value to your pronoun red roses were beautiful if you remove red from here the sentence would be the roses were beautiful so roses went in noun and we came to know that they were beautiful in order to modify it or in order to give more information about roses i have added a word red so red here performs an activity of an adjective my friend is a bad guy let's remove bad from the sentence and understand it my friend is a guy i know it makes sense but little incomplete right so to give more information about the guy i will add a word which is known as adjective bad guy adjectives answers one of the following questions and the questions would be which one how many whose what kind so if we go back into a previous slide i said my friend is a bad guy so the question that i can ask is what guy or what type of guy so i can say bad guy so please remember always whenever you have a sentence ask these questions and the answer that comes up will be your adjective i bought a pen in this particular case this word over here tells you something about pen but you also know these are your articles so please remember articles at time perform a role of an adjective as well we are learning english grammar learning english grammar so this word over here english is telling you about what kind of grammar are you learning i'm learning english grammar so this english here is your proper adjective you know this word over here proper because you studied proper noun and proper noun was the name given to a specific thing and hence this is proper adjective north india is horton in this case hotter is a superlative adjective because the sentence could be north india is hot north india was hot but in this king i am showing and higher degree so i'm using hotter then you have both erasers are in the box these are your quantitative adjective it tells you about the quantity of the noun both erasers are in the box so instead of writing erasers are in the box i have given an additional information both erasers last is your descriptive adjective apple juice was tasteless i'm giving more information about the apple juice and in more detail and hence we have used a word taste less that is your descriptive adjective moving on the upcoming is adverbs adverbs is another kind of part of speech that you will understand and it's really really important so adverbs qualifies your verbs adjective clause or other adverbs in the sentence when i say qualifies it's actually mean modifies or give additional information about verb adjective other adverbs or any other clause in the sentence don't worry about this word here clause to have more details on this please visit your chapter number two that is sentence in there you will understand what are clauses so now let's understand the sentence over here the tiger ran faster i can always say the tiger rag but does that make does that give you more information about how or you know what speed no so i've added a word here faster the tiger ran faster so this faster word over here is actually giving you more information for run or your main verb it tells you about how fast or how slow or what was the type of speed that this tiger was having another example would be can you come quickly so you can always say can you come but that doesn't you know put more emphasis on the word on the main verb that has come so that's why we have an additional word adverb which gives you more information that now you have to come real quick let's understand all these verbs adjective clause and other adverbs how does the adverb affects them in more detail adverbs answers one of the below questions when how why and where so where did you ask me to come why did you ask me to come how did you ask me to come when did you ask me to come always ask these questions whenever you read a sentence and the answer would be your adverb as i said let's discuss them in detail here is your example he is driving very slowly so in this case if you notice he is your subject is driving is your main verb as well as helping work both is your helping work main verb is your driving slowly is your adword so now you already have a word which tells you about the speed of the driving but we have added an additional word in between that is again an adverb very slowly so as i said adverb also modifies adverb slowly is being modified by very moving on there is another example they will come tomorrow so they as your subject will come as your main verb as well as helping warp tomorrow so this word is actually tell you about the act of coming when is this activity happening this activity is happening tomorrow and hence we can clearly see that tomorrow being an adverb is giving more information about the main verb that has come moving on you have a last you have the last example he is extremely angry he being your subject is being your helping verb extremely let's leave it aside and angry is an act of being in anger over here you can clearly understand that it modifies the adjective angry over here was telling you about he how is he he is angry and i have given additional information extremely angry to show the proportion of being anger being in anger so enhance extremely over here is your adjective so chapter two you must have in detail understood what conjunctions are let's have a brief idea of conjunctions in this chapter so conjunctions are the words which connect two sentences two clauses together they connect two or more words or clauses example would be she wants an ice cream and an apple if i break the sentence into two individual sentences they would be she wants an ice cream or she wants an apple now since both the sentences have almost similar words only the last word are changing we can always combine them together she wants an ice cream and an apple word here and is working as a conjunction another example i went out to play but it started raining so i went out to play is one clause it started reigning is another clause and i have joined them together with the word that is conjunction but as in the first example you have she seen she wants an ice cream was one clause and apple was another clause i have added them together by the use of and now comes the question how many types of conjunction do we have so we have coordinating conjunction we have subordinating conjunction and then we have correlative conjunction let's understand then in detail coordinating conjunctions what is your idea about coordinating conjunctions so coordinating conjunctions has a list of words and they always can combine two independent sentences or two independent clauses so over here if you look he is good at singing is one independent clause i again repeat please visit your chapter number two named as sentence in there you have a detailed description of clauses and then come back to the slide again and understand coordinating conjunctions in more detail so as i was saying he is good at singing is your independent clause he lacks practice is second independent clause and when you merge them together you have another sentence that is your compound sentence he is good at singing but he lacks practice so the word that help you to join two independent clauses are known as coordinating conjunctions now how many types of coordinating conjunctions do we have so here is your fun part please remember this word fan boys f over here is for a is for and n is for nor b is for but o is for or y is for yet and s is for so each word for and nor but or yet and so are your coordinating conjunctions another example to help you understand coordinating conjunction he it was his birthday so we went out for dinner it was his birthday his once clause we went out for dinner as second clause please notice it was his birthday makes complete sense we went out for dinner also makes sense but what if we merge them together and find out a complete sentence it was his birthday so we went out for dinner over here i have used another kind of coordinating conjunction so now let's have a second type of conjunction that is your subordinating conjunctions as the name suggests subordinate that means one clause is dependent on other clause and there we need these kind of conjunctions a white bus subordinating conjunctions is a long list and we cannot remember all of them so a simple trick would be either you remember a short white bus over here although whenever however if though even if because unless since so all these words over here that we just discussed are subordinating conjunctions i know these are a lot to remember so please remember any conjunction that you find apart from fanboys are subordinating conjunctions okay moving on let's take example we cancelled our deadline plan because it was raining so in this case we cancelled our deliver plan is one clause it was raining another clause in this case you can clearly see it was raining is somewhere dependent on we cancelled our dela plan and hence we have used a word named as subordinating conjunction moving on we have another example since you came and are early you have to wait for the teacher you came an hour early doesn't make much sense right so this is an dependent clause you have to wait for the teacher is your independent clause so that's why i have added since with your dependent clause now together this makes sense since you came in hour early you have to wait for the teacher so please remember any conjunction that you find joining two sentences apart from fanboys are always subordinating conjunction moving on we have a third third kind of conjunction that is correlative conjunctions correlative conjunctions is very regular in use and you are familiar with them either or neither nor both in and not only but also so you must have seen lot of sentences in which you have a choice to make and you say give me either an apple or a banana so now when i have a choice to make i can use these kind of conjunctions either or neither nor give me neither an apple nor a banana give me both apple and banana moving on we have our another upcoming [Music] types of part of speech that is interjections interjections is moving on we have our second last part of speech that is interjections interjections are actually pretty interesting they tells you about emotions how you feeling what are your thoughts about something what are your expression about something and hence we should understand what interjections are interjections always expresses emotions and they are followed with an exclamation mark this is your exclamation mark so whenever you see at the end of the sentence an exclamation mark you will always see interjections added to that sentence these are your examples alas i failed in my exams so over here i have put a word a last to show my expression of sadness and an exclamation mark with that moving on we have our preposition or i would say the last part of speech that you have to discuss in this chapter preposition always tells you about the position or the time something is happening shows a relation of noun and pronoun with the other words in a sentence so you will always have a sentence named as she is in the room for example so she was your noun over here is is your walk the room is your object and you have an additional word added here which is telling about the position of her or the position of she those words are recognized as preposition also the other way to understand it would be it tells you what is a relation of noun with the other part of the sentence example she is in bathroom ram came out of the room so ram was your noun came out of the room is showing you the position of ram proposition also tells you when or where something is happening for example i will meet him at 5 pm at is showing you when something is happening keys are on the table on is showing you what is the position of keys or where are the keys so we can always categorize preposition into two parts place which tells you where something is happening time when something is happening the list goes like this in on at across through over to from etc guys please remember and this is an extra information that i'm giving you here we have a separate chapter of propositions in our course so please visit that chapter for more details in this particular we are just giving you information about preposition so that we can make you clear about parts of speech another type of preposition would be time category and here is your list on at in till until since four if you see here in on and add on at and in are common in both the cases they are also used with place they are also used with time but the usage is very different so for that please visit preposition chapter active voice is a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb please repeat and understand it more clearly the subject performs the action performs the action is the tricky part here which is stated by the verb i know it sounds pretty confusing so don't worry we have a structure for the sentence which will make it much more easier to understand in this sentence subjects takes the first place in the sentence verb comes next and definitely the object goes at the end of the sentence let's understand with the simple example she eats an apple she is your subject here eat is your verb and apple is your object so as the definition says the subject is performing the action which is stated by the word she being the subject is performing an action of eating an apple that's how your active voice work the subject plays the main role in the sentence it performs an activity over the object moving on we have a second voice which is called as passive voice and it's opposite to what we understood in the active voice over here the subject is acted upon by the verb please note subject is acted upon it's not performing the action but it is acted upon by the verb here comes your structure object takes the first place verbs comes second and subject goes at the end of the sentence i know it's exactly the reverse watch we understood in the actor voice here is your example the apple is eaten by her the apple is your object eaten is your work i mean d is eaten is your entire work the helping verb and the mean verb her is your subject so in this sentence her is the less important part being the subject and the action is eaten is much more important i know you find a little difference in the sentence that the active voice was she eats an apple but when he converted into passive voice an apple is eaten by her so if you notice here bai is a preposition that is added in the passive voice that's correct you always need a proposition to end a sentence in the passive voice don't worry we have upcoming slides to make you understand it more clearly how can we convert an active voice to a passive voice before that let's discuss few cases where passive voice seems to be much more important than active voice case number one when your subject is missing the trick here is missing that means we don't need the subject in the sentence to convey our message example letter is written what do you think would be the complete form of the sentence if i try to add a subject letter is written by her letter is written by them letter is written by him you can use any pronoun over there to make the sentence looks complete but don't worry this sentence without the subject is also complete and that's how it is recognized as passive voice case number two is when subject is given less importance that means we will have a subject in the sentence but it will be given less importance an example the rat is chased by the cat so the rat over here is your object is chased is your verb or the action performed in the sentence the cat is your subject so in this particular sentence i'm more concerned of what is happening to the rat rather than who is doing the chasing part or what the cat is doing in the sentence that's how passive voice comes into picture this is an interesting fact that everyday conversation that we have is done in active voice but still when you read a passage or when you convey a message in which you want to show less important to the subject you will need a passive voice moving on we have a case number three when we don't want to mention the subject at all that's correct we will be having a subject we will be having less importance to a subject but what about the case when i don't want to mention the subject at all even if i know what the subject is here is your example the rat is chased and it fails in the well and died i know that's a sad story right the other form of the sentence would be the rat is chased by the cat and it fails in the well and died let's compare both the sentences and let's understand why have we skipped by the cat or the subject in the first sentence so remember in the first sentence i was much more concerned of what happened to the rat or how did the rat died i was not concerned what was happening to the rat in the past but i was much more concerned of sorry i was much more concerned to how did the rat died that's why i have skipped by the cat entirely from the sentence and said the rat is chased and it fells in the well and died that's all moving on let's focus on the cases which we were referring in our first two slides how can we convert an active to a passive voice she eats apple is the active voice take a second and write down what will be the passive voice of this particular sentence if this is your answer then it's correct the apple is eaten by her so we have taken the object to the first place is eaten was the work it has taken the second place her was a subject comes at the end and we have a proposition named as by let's take let's understand what rules did we follow over here rule number one was the third form of the main verb is used along with an auxiliary verb very interesting fact and very important fact to convert an active voice to a passive voice she eats apple was written in present tense or you can say simple present tense when i converted the sentence to passive voice i have used the third form of the main verb and an auxiliary verb is added to the main verb rule number two we have used by before the subject by is a preposition here which is always used before the subject please note that you cannot place by anywhere else apart from a place which is before the subject now let's discuss the cases where we have to use proposition with and to in place of bi in your passive voice here is an example she knows him she is your subject nose is your main verb or the action performed and it's always written in simple present tense him over here is your object let's take a second and try to convert into passive voice so the possible answers that you must be getting is he is known by her that's what we discussed in our previous slides but there is a tricky part in this case you cannot use by her you have to use known to her known as an activity that happens to a person rather than happening by a person so the correct form would be he is known to her let's take one more example water fills the glass in this particular case fills is your main verb so let's try to convert it into the third form filled so the conversion would be i guess most of us would be assuming right now the glass is filled by water if that's your answer i would say it's incorrect because the correct form would be the glass is filled with water it's it's necessary or a compulsion kind of thing where you cannot use a proposition by you have to use a proposition with or proposition 2 in this case before we understand how many types of speech do we have we need to understand why do we need speech that's correct to convey a message from one person to another we need a medium and that medium is recognized as speech so we have two types of speech type number one direct speech type number two indirect speech direct speech as the name suggests signifies when you convey the message in the actual words of the speaker let's understand with an example here ram says i am not happy in this case ram is a speaker i am not happy is the actual are the actual words of the speaker a direct speech is always identified with two punctuation marks a comma and a quotation mark please remember whenever you see punctuation marks are comma and inverted side by side it's always a direct speech moving on we have an indirect speech when you convey the message of the speaker in your own words without changing the meaning that is recognized as indirect speech three important parts or three important facts that you should remember about indirect speech would be you can convey the message you can use your own words but don't change the meaning of what the actual speaker has said let's understand with an example again ram says that he is not happy ran is a speaker but now you are conveying his message with your own words he is not happy but still the actual meaning comes out ram was not happy we will be understanding in more details how can we convert a direct speech to an indirect speech but before that let's understand few components of a direct speech in the same sentence ram says i am not happy we have two paths a reported part and a reporting part so the part number one which is doing the purpose of reporting is called as reporting clause a part number two which is the reported sentence is reported clause i know it's bit tricky here but please remember that we have two components one is the sentence and one is the process so the first part will be reporting clause and it has a reporting verb that is says and you have a reported verb which is taken from reported clause moving on we have the whole process or the whole list of rules that we need to understand in order to convert a direct speech to an indirect speech rule number one i know you must have identified this when you add a connector that in the sentence ram said i am not happy was a derrick speech and in in order to put this connector i need to remove these punctuation marks and the sentence would become ram said that he was not happy please forget about he was not happy as of now and focus on the connector part so to remove a comma and a quotation mark will be replaced with that moving on to our rule number two change in the pronoun of reported speech so if you remember from the previous slide reported speech was the second part of the sentence let's take the same example ram said i am not happy in this sentence i here is your subject which is doing the work of not being happy this particular subject from the direct speech will be converted to he in the indirect speech so ram said that was the first part he is the pronoun which is taking the place of i again i would say please forget about the rest of the park because we will be covering them in the upcoming slides so till now if you remember we have discussed two rules adding a connector and changing the pronoun moving on with the rule number three change in the tense of reported speech yes you're right he this is the part where you're going to understand why have we used was in place of is taking the same example ram said i am not happy and the indirect version would be ram said that he was not happy please remember an indirect speech is always when you convey the message of the speaker to somebody else so now the activity of what speaker was saying is the activity of past so everything has to be converted to the past form so simple present i am will be converted to simple past he was i hope this is clear very well moving on here is another example ram says i am not happy indirect speech would be ram says that he is not happy you must be wondering why we have not written he was not happy please remember if in the reporting clause you have present tense the reported verb will remain present tense that's correct says is your reporting verb it's in present tense m is your reported verb will also remain in present tense the same rule applies with future tense i will not be happy will remain as he will not be happy so remember if you have present tense in your reporting work or future tense in your reported work they will always be remaining same in the indirect speech moving on with our rule number four change in the time of reported speech so let's take a different example this time ram said i am meeting my friend today in this case we have our time we are talking about today in the reporting in the indirect speech this will be converted to ram said that he was meeting his friend daddy please remember today is converted to that day i repeat today will be converted to that day so we have a long list coming up how can you change tomorrow yesterday now then all these words to their indirect versions tomorrow will be becoming next day yesterday will become previous day that's correct tonight will become that night today will become that day these will become those here will become there and last but not the least now we'll take the place of them that's great please remember all these list please remember every word that we have discussed just now that in order to change a speech from direct to an indirect speech you should be remembering all these conversions tomorrow to next day now to them let's continue oh we have one more word here this will become that moving on let's take a quick revision of all the rules that you have that we have discussed just now ram said i am meeting my friend please take a moment convert this sentence to an indirect speech and let's see if he understood all the rules properly let's get started rule number one connect to that so the punctuation marks will automatically take the place of that rule number two conversion of subject sorry noun to its pronoun he rule number three present tense will become past tense was meeting my friend will remain same sorry mai will take the place of another pronoun which is his friend will remain the same and today will get converted to that day so we have covered all the rules in the single sentence that he was meeting his that day rule number one rule number two rule number three and rule number four moving on we have few more changes that comes up when you convert a direct speech to indirect speech let's understand them in detail so if you have noticed we have discussed a case of simple present changing to simple past let's understand with a different example ram said i cook every day in this sentence if you notice cook is in the simple present tense what will be the conversion to an enderic speech ram said that he cooked every day cook which was simple present is converted to cooked which is simple past remember you can do this conversion only if you have said in the reporting clause moving on with our rule 2 if you have a sentence already in the past form please convert it to the immediate past that is past perfect here is an example of a direct speech please convert it into your indirect speech ram said that he had cooked every day so had cooked is an identification of past perfect moving on present perfect will get converted to past perfect let's understand with a quick example again ram said i have cooked every day the conversion would be ram said that he had cooked every day so have cooked will get converted to hard cooked again present continuous will get converted to past continuous understand with an example ram said i am cooking will get converted to he was cooking every day again past continuous will get converted to past perfect continuous ram said i was cooking every day will get converted to he had been cooking every day now past continuous which was already a past tense is converted to the immediate past which is past perfect continuous so walls cooking is changed to had been cooking moving on let's discuss with some of our future forms you have gone through this in your tensest chapter that will is going to are some of the forms of saying something in future tense so what if we have a direct speech using will to be converted to an indirect speech ram said that he would cook every day bill will take a form of food only if you have said in your reporting verb please remember this this is your identification until and unless we have past tense in your reporting work you cannot change your tenses in your reported work moving on we have going to form a future form here is an example ram said i am going to cook every day the conversion would be ram said that he is going to cook every day so in this case you must be wondering why has she not converted m to wars because if you look in the title here we have present and past continuous form so future is changed to an immediate past which is present tense or to the next immediate which is past continuous so this is the form number one is going to and the form number two would be was going to so let's be very much clear here am going to can be converted to is going to or was going to at the same time there are other form of sentences that we should not neglect so let's discuss them as well type number one imperative sentences when you have a direct statement coming up or it's a kind of an order that is given it's a kind of a request that is done you have imperative sentences to help you out ram said to me close the window of course it's not a very direct statement but it's kind of an order so you need to change it ram requested me or ram ordered me to close the window considering the tone of the speaker you can use requested to or you can use ordered to close the window so there are other words that can replace requested to suggested requested ordered advised asked or urged any word can be used in order to make an imperative sentence moving on you have another type which is interrogative sentences as the name suggests these sentences deal with questionnaires so you have different forms form number one ram said to me have you prepare food in this case the answer would be yes or no nothing else so the conversion would be if i had prepared food please remember have will get converted to had prepared and a connector will be replaced with an if here so you need not use that in this particular case you can replace it with if and in the first part if you look set is converted to asked type number two of an interrogative sentence is when you have a question which requires an specific answer it can be time it can be place it can be yes or no so we have a statement here ram said to him when do you study so the indirect speech would be ram asked him of course when did he study do you will get converted to did he and when will remain the same so in this particular case you don't need that and you don't need if you can always work with a ven here moving on other part of an interrogative sentence will you go to movie so this can require a yes or no answer but still we have used a form named as will in the first component we have studied have in the second part we have used a wh word in this case we are using will so the conversion would be ram asked him if he would go to the movie so of course we'll get converted to wood you get converted to he and if is used as a connector i know this lot of information that has come up to you regarding imperative sentences interrogative sentences simple past simple present past perfect past perfect continuous but they all follow the same rule change the reporting or the reported clause to the past form or the immediate past form that's it moving on we have our last type of exclamatory sentences coming up where you have a sentence ram said wow what a beautiful day this is ram is claimed that that day was beautiful so now this is not a question what a beautiful day this is is not a question it's a gesture or it's a surprise or an excitement that you are showing regarding a day wow is an identification here of an exclamatory sentence so in order to convert an exclamatory direct speech you have to use exclaim that and you will remain you will make the sentence remain in the pres in the past form that day was beautiful moving on we have our modal verbs coming up ram said i can sing what would be the indirect speech ram said that he could sing that's kidding another time ram said i must sing every day will get converted to he had to sing every day so please focus we have discussed this in detail in our proposition chapter raspberry i'm repeating it again must was a compulsion so the past form will get to had to so now had to is a compulsion that this person has to sing or had to sing every day i'm going to ask you a few questions the question is are these sentences correct number one i could throw the stick 10 feet yesterday okay remember this one it's gonna stay on the screen but still second one how many chocolates could you get number three there can be a seminar next week and number four we can go running tomorrow now some of you might be thinking yeah one or two are correct or maybe four of them are correct answer is four of them are incorrect for a surprise we're going to see in the whole chapter why they are incorrect and how can we correct them both things now let's get to topic what we're gonna study today which is can and good most of you have asked us in the comments can we talk about can and could may and might shell should these are all called modal auxiliary verbs or also called modal verbs modals or modal auxiliaries all of the names are correct according to cambridge so you can say anything to them that's fine and they're told 10 of them they are can could may might will would shall should must and ought to and today's task is to talk about can and good so let's begin with just scan right can is used in various situations so we have tried to figure out that if we talk about each situation in detail you will remember them with example the first one is talking about ability let's see some sentences to understand it i can read english but i can't speak it it's my ability to read that's what can is used for second one is cats can't bark like dogs remember can't can also be pronounced as kant because of british english and american english the third one can this chair fold so here in this first one i'm asking about i'm talking about my ability as a person second we're talking about cat's ability or inability they can't do it and last one about chairs ability that they can't fold or can fold all right second where we can use um can is for common or typical things that happen everyday life first one delhi can be very cold in december so if you want to talk about something that happens occasionally or let's say every time that time comes in that is when we use can delhi can be very cold in december and you know it's true right she can be happy just by just talking to me another sentence this is common because i know her or i know him okay people can be influenced by you so this is common for you as a person let's say then it is called then we can use can as well now number three possible at some moment there might be certain situations that it is possible not always so you can use can for that purpose let me show you some examples for you to understand it we can go for dinner to not tonight so that means only for tonight it is possible that's why we use can we can go for dinner tonight next one i can't come to meet you today you see it is just about today i can't come maybe it's possible i might come right in there i say didn't say can i say i might so here i can't come to meet you today only for today i can't last one we can try asking him for money so only for this situation when we are stuck we can ask him for money so we use can in this situation the fourth one or the fourth place where we can use can is ask and give permission ask for and give permission let's see some example can i ask you something yes you can see we have tried we have tried to make it easier for you by providing both of them in one go itself first one can i ask you something is asking for permission and second one yes you can is giving permission second example can i have more wine no you can't so negative positive both are possible in using can asking permission giving permission i hope this is clear fifth one is offering something or you offer them something can i help you you offered help second one i can write the essay for you you offered the person that you can write the essay for them i can write the essay for you and last we can bring the food when we can win the food when coming that means you offer them food when you're coming to the place okay this is offer you can use ken for offer number six is orders this is a little bit impolite or informal please use it when you are with your close ones or at least close friends the first one is can you put it down so let's say you're holding their most important phone or something you ask them can i put can you put it down second can you not do that you're annoyed by something so you ask someone and you order them can you not do that and last one can we leave now let's see you're in a party you're getting bored you ask them can we leave now or in a theater you just hated the movie you asked this question all of these are orders remember seventh is little bit tricky these are the verbs that are connected to your senses and hence we cannot use them in present continuous tense when we use ing we use can instead of it or just directly the warp an example i can see him running right here we cannot say i am seeing him running or her running it's incorrect because see these are the senses see hear smell taste we cannot do that we cannot use ing all we can use is can i can see him running you might think that this is not continuous but it is continuous though we are using can second i can hear the knock there's someone at the door he or she is knocking that means it is continuous happening you know then still we are not using i am hearing the knock i can hear the knock or i hear the knock and the last one can you taste the ginger in the food it's so good so you can you taste the ginger again we didn't say are you tasting the ginger you say can you taste the ginger okay now what we can do with can is talk about chances remember initially i told you few other sentences are incorrect number three and number four were incorrect let's see the first one there can be a seminar next week it's incorrect the reason is and the second one we'll also see together we can go running tomorrow both of them are incorrect because they're talking about chances there's a probability there's a chance which is not possible here so in that case we're going to use there may be a seminar next week or there might be a seminar next week my may and might will be discussed in another class but both are correct can cannot be used in this case because their chances second one we may go running tomorrow it's possible but can you know cannot be used in this situation all right that was your can and we gonna just rewind it quickly that it is used for ability common or typical things that might be happening with you possible at some moment at a certain time asking and giving permission offers orders certain warps because they are connected with your senses and finally you cannot use can for chances moving on we should use um [Music] moving on we're gonna talk about uh now we're gonna talk about good we have already finished about can could is actually very interesting in my opinion more interesting than can so let's continue the first thing is ability in the past cairn was used for ability but not in the past an example i could read english when i was five it was possible for me to read english when i was five it might be or might not be possible now so it is you we use good for past abilities my father could run 10 kilometers in a go now he might be it might be not possible for him but earlier it was so we say my father could run 10 kilometers in a go in a go means in one run two years ago i could code i was a good coder let's say two years ago but not now so i say two years ago i could code but i can't do it now right second one is polite version of can if you want to be polite to someone use could let me show you an example we could go running tomorrow we cannot say we can go but we could go running tomorrow is like politely saying it is possible when you when you're here we could talk you don't want to shout at them you don't want to have a fight on phone you just say you know when you're here we could talk it's a polite version of can you could get a better of assume so just to make other person feel better that you know there's something wrong going on with this job you can get a better offer instead of that you can say you could get a better offer this gives them console so this is polite version of can number three you can but you didn't try this is interesting you were able to do something but you didn't try that's why we use could an example i could have made it anytime i wanted that means it is possible or it was possible for me to marry but i didn't so it was possible but didn't try or didn't do it second one i could have won if i hadn't fallen you were in a race or you won anything you just fell and that's where this happened you could win it is possible for you to do that but you didn't now remember in this case you have to use good have not just good always could have and because of the have you have to use part participle i mean past participle that you have to use married in one okay number four is criticize you can use could have to criticize someone let's see how do we criticize using could have number first you could have helped me i was stuck in a situation you didn't help me you could have helped me this is like criticizing or telling someone you did something wrong next you could have told me about that something you know and let's say today i didn't have to come to class and you didn't call me that there's no class you could have told me about that so could have is used to criticize someone all right next one permission that is a little bit polite version then can we can give an offer for a given you know take permission could i ask you something is permission of course so we have a polite version of can could you come to pick me up because see this is what we asking for ourselves that's why we have to use could the next version next thing you can use with code is requests request as in could you lend me some money this is a request that you're asking someone you're not ordering the polite version of order is called request right do you think you could help me because it's for you you always request them you can't order them remember polite version of order is request now this is something more interesting could can be used for indirect speech of the same sentence same situation you have to use could can you help me is direct speech but i asked if you could help me is indirect speech when the subject is not important the object is important direct and indirect are being discussed in the grammar playlist or in the you know the whole session in the playlist of spoken english you can get it but for now let's understand for indirect speech we use good great what we cannot do with good is we cannot use it for past some time remember i told you for can it is for present but for past we use good but certain spaces we cannot remember this first and second sentence initially we said i could throw the stick 10 feet yesterday something that happened in the past just once we cannot use good it same thing how many chocolates could you get there was some you know just once that happened for if it happens once in the past we cannot say good for that what we have to see say is i managed to throw okay or you can say were you able to you able to and manage to these are the words you can use in this situation rather than good because it happened once in the past not every time it was not a habit or a manner kind of thing and the next one is a revision of your good ability in the past polite version of can you can but you couldn't try that means you had the ability but you didn't try criticize someone or saying something bad about someone permission request indirect speech and this is also interesting and you cannot use it for past because it happened just once all right that was your canon code and the modal auxiliary box we're gonna talk about may and might which are also called modal auxiliary verbs for them we have total four names the first one modal auxiliary verbs second one modal verbs modals or modal auxiliaries you can call them anything you want now there are total 10 of them let me show you all of them can could may might will would shell should must ought to among these we have already finished can could today we gonna finish may might in the coming video it should be will wood shell should must and r2 will go together so let's get started with may may is used for chances for future and present now let me show you an example to make it clear to you the first one is we may go hiking today there's no guarantee that we will definitely will but we may there's a chance second one you may be right about this there's no guarantee again that you're right but the chances are that you are right but if you want to create higher chances if you don't make it even more sure you say you may well be right about this that means chances are even higher so well is added to show higher chances next one is contrasting ideas if you want to show contrasting ideas which are a good thing to do when you are exaggerating things you should use may let me show you an example he may be strong but he won't win that means he is strong but the chances are that he's not going to win so may is showing that he may be strong but no winning strong and win opposite i mean not winning and strong are opposite qualities second one you may be my superior but that doesn't mean you are the you're better than me so what does it mean here superior equal to better than me but because we use may it shows that opposite ideas but remember when you use the sentences please use along with me but but shows opposite sentence third one is nothing better this is really interesting when you have nothing better to do do something else so there's no one here we may as well go home it's always with as well so when you say there's no one here there's no one left in the party we may as well go home it is too late we may as well have something to eat so it is too late there is nothing left you should eat now so may as well shows that there's nothing better eating is the best idea right now fourth is permission in the first person first person is i and we let me show you an example may i come in so this is a permission but for i not for anything else maybe leave now this is permission right they're asking so we and i are first person if you ask for second person you may you leave now doesn't make any sense could you leave now make sense right in this case please don't use may in the case of second person or third person which is they right or him or his better use i and we along with may now the fifth one is not for asking about chance remember initially in the first one we said it is used for chances but for asking about chances may doesn't make any sense an example may you go shopping today not a good sentence but if you want to use for similar sentence you use likely to are you likely to go shopping today you see that it is making sense now one more thing if you use it indirect way or indirect sentence you can still use may do you think you may go shopping here again we asked about chances but indirect sentence so let's make it clear asking about chances but in a direct way may cannot be used for that you use likely to but in the case of indirect way you can ask them do you think you may go shopping make sense you can see yourself sentence first one doesn't make any sense second one and third one are making sense number so these are the things that you should understand about me the first one about chances second contrasting ideas nothing better permission and not for asking about chances yes you can ask about chances but an indirect way so the next one is might now might is considered the past of me but there are other things might can do let's start with the first one smaller chance so may is like 50 chance i may go to pune today it's like 50 i have given an approximate value to show you difference between may and maid but might means almost 30 percent lesser than my mate he might come with us this is lesser than me chances are low that he he might but he will now second one is conditional meaning now conditional meanings mean there's a condition then only then the other one follows example if you rest for an r you might feel better so the first condition is that you rest for an r second one it might happen right so if you rest for an hour you might feel better second one don't play with the fire you might burn yourself so this is like first condition second condition in the second condition you use might okay then we have indirect speech for direct speech you use mei i may go to goa but if you want to say this same thing in indirect speech you use might and somebody ask excuse me i didn't hear you i said i might go to google so this is indirect first you use about you and then you talk about goa hear directly about goa so i may go to goa is the direct speech excuse me somebody said or didn't hear or you know somebody joined and then you said again i said i might go to goa so direct indirect all right next one possible but didn't happen this is i think my most favorite i said my favorite here so something that was possible previously but didn't happen why did you do that you might have killed yourself so that was possible that you might die there but didn't do it right second one if you hadn't been so annoying i might have dated you that means there was chance of dating but because you did something that's happened though it didn't happen dating didn't happen because of something else so it was possible didn't happen and in that case you use might these eminence will make you make the concept clear for you permission i wonder if i might have a little more wine this is like asking for permission in a formal way now remember this thing sounds more natural when you use a question might i have a little more wine you might have heard the sentence many times in movies or in real life this is not incorrect but this sounds little bit weird but it's not incorrect okay now this is also an interesting one when something is true but makes no difference okay there's no difference in the concept but it is true first one she might be nice but she didn't win same as me this is true but doesn't make any sense he might be to he might be talented but he failed makes no difference to the main concept the main output doesn't matter what he or she is last one in this case you have to use although or let's say this these are denoting although though or even if i mean if you want you can replace might in this case although he is strong he didn't win although he is talented he failed in this case you can replace mike with although though and even if okay number seven criticize this is what we are doing right all the time this first one you might ask before you take mike or take the car or take my car so somebody took your car without a permission you criticize them you might ask before you take the car he might have told me that he was going to be late so somebody is late you're angry or mad at them you're calling them they're not picking the call in that case you should have you should use might have he might have told me that he was going to be late now remember might have is used for past form this is already passed this is present you might ask that means every time you have to take my car you ask okay so this is the summary of might smaller chance conditional meaning indirect speech possible but didn't happen permission true but makes no sense and to criticize i hope the might and may are clear to you these modal verbs i understand a little bit annoying a little bit confusing i'm trying my best to make it clear to you if you like the video give us a thumbs up and if you have not yet subscribed please do that now because more is coming have a nice time goodbye well now will is used as future auxiliary what does it mean by future auxiliary you can create a sentence for future tense for anything simple or perfect i will be happy when my exams are over future tense second one this time tomorrow i'll be at home so this is like for future again she will have finished the project by this evening now you see here what we are talking about this is a perfect tense this is a present tense everywhere you have to use will it just have is added in this case that is perfect tense certainty or confidence that means you're sure about it you use will let me show you an example i'm sure you will understand this see again we use will for being sure tomorrow will be a pleasant day that you're sure about because today was a bad day so tomorrow will be a present day there's someone at the door that would be my brother you know for sure that it that he will be your brother that's why you use well here look at this carefully it's a shortened form of will that's called detail so you don't say that will they say that will so you shorten it you don't say that will but that'll all right number third is giving orders or asking for something that is request will you be quiet this is kind of an order the way you say it also a request come with me will you definitely a request phone number number four voices what will you have this is like you're asking someone for their wish second example what will you drink tonight so again you're asking for someone's wish what they will have tonight number fifth is willingness and their decision so it says example to make it clear about willingness can you help me somebody ask you this question and you say i will this is your willingness that is you're sure gonna help them all right number six will versus warn for wishes remember previous slide we talked about wishes now there are two ways to talk about wish want and will remember will is an action board if you say i will that means you're gonna do it right for an example will you open the door right second one want are like thoughts that means they're just gonna be in imagination do you want me to open the door she's like you know it's not sure i want to be healthy it's like your wish to be healthy but you're not going to do anything for that i will be healthy means you're going to do something right now you're going to go to gym so this is the difference between want and will so these are the things that we talked about for will future auxiliary certainty or confidence orders or requests wishes willingness and decisions and will versus one for wishes all right so we're going to jump to the next one what now wood is the polite version of will we talked about will so we're going to see an example of that as well will you open the door it's a little bit informal to make it formal what you do is add a wood here and a piece here so think of a sentence when you add wood definitely please will be there would you please open the door it becomes formal and polite so wood is a polite version of will second one pass action which didn't take place all right you talked about something but didn't take place he met the woman whom he would date in the future now he met someone but he didn't date the person at that time he dated the person later so that's why it didn't happen at that time but that happened in the future you use would okay again he met the woman whom he would date in the future next one past of will very simple it's good i wish he wouldn't take me for granted few months ago that means you wish at that time that he wouldn't take you for granted otherwise you know definitely the result was bad that's why the sentence came into being i wish he wouldn't take me for granted few months ago fourth indirect speech so for direct speech what we do is we take will in use tomorrow the weather will be fine this is direct speech for indirect speech what do we do the weather experts said that tomorrow the weather would be fine here the weather experts are important rather than the main thing the weather this is called indirect speech all right typical behavior in the past so somebody behaved same way in the past you use wood for that when i was a child my dad would bring me a cola every day right so there's something that's used to happen every day in the past you use wood for that when i was a child my dad would bring me a cola every day when he was old he would lie on that bed so this was typical behavior of someone in the past you use would conditional so let's see an example i would tell you the truth if you calm down so there's a condition if you come down as a condition the output will be i'll tell you something so i would tell you something if you calm down we would go out if we could collect enough money so collecting money if we could do that we would do this so we would go out if we could collect enough money so these are the things we understood in wood the first one was polite version of phil pass action which didn't take place past of will indirect speech typical behavior in the past and conditional sentences i hope you understood will and wood which are also called modal auxiliary bobs if you have any doubt please write in the comments so we have collected 10 mistakes and we're going to discuss them each in detail so let's get started a mistake number one is the usage of there and there they sound similar but their spelling is different so let's focus on the spelling there is t-h-e-i-r and there is t-h-e-r-e make your guesses let me know what is your understanding of there and there so there is used for people on the other hand there is use for places so whenever you want to make a reference to a person you will use there and when you want to refer to a place you will use there the example would be they picked their bags big is i'm talking about them i'm talking about a lot of people and hence i have used their bags on the other hand when i have there i'll say she was there now i'm referring to a place where this lady might be there next is percentage and percent isn't it a very common mistake and let me know how many of you know the difference between percent and percentage percentage is used when there is no number on the other hand percent is used when the number is present so let's get under let's get the understanding with an example large percentage of people didn't attend the seminar when i say last large percentage i mean that there's a fraction of people i'm not sure how many of them on the other hand when i have 100 percent i'm sure about the quantity and hence i'm sure about the number of the percent and hence i'll say hundred percent so the mistakes that we do in this we say hundred percentage or we say i scored 96 percentage in my exam which is wrong you would say i scored 90 percent in my exam the third mistake that we'll discuss in this class is do and us it's the most common made mistake ever we are so confused between the usage of do and does that we kind of confused in using them for example do is used when you have plural forms of nouns and pronouns on the other hand does is used when you have a singular form of noun and pronoun what i meant with plural form and singular form of noun and pronoun is i they do not like the t-shirt so i is the only pronoun that is singular but still we have to use do after that so the example would go like this i do not like the t-shirt other examples in this category would be they we all are plural form of nouns and hence i can use they do not like the t-shirt on the other hand does is used when you have a singular form like he she or it and we will say she does her work so if you're not clear just focus on the examples they do not like the t-shirt she does her work enhance please ensure that next time when you use do and does you are sure that it's a singular form or a plural form of a noun or a pronoun next is accept and accept so there's a difference in the way they are sounding and hence please focus on the way i say them except accept when you say accept you say to agree to take something i accepted your gift so i'm agreeing to take your gift on the other hand accept is used when you want to leave something behind for example i will accept the gift because i'm happy to take your gift i'll accept the gift also i can say all my dresses are new except this one so when i want to indicate something that i left behind i'll say accept this one their spellings are different but their way of way of sound or pronunciation is almost similar with a slight difference and we have to capture that next is sins and four very important concept of english grammar and very often used as will so since is used when you have a starting date or time for example india got us freedoms india is free since 1947. so i mean that starting from 1947 till date we are free so i had a starting point i have a starting date or a year from then india is free and hence we used since on the other hand for is used for a period of time for example i'm free since 26 december 2019 because i had a starting date and hence i'll say i'm free on the other hand i was free for four hours four hour it is equal to four individual hours or one individual hour into four times and hence i have a period of time i'll say four hours next is gone and went if i'm speeding up please don't mind go back to the previous slides and understand each concept individually if you are clear let's continue gone and vent are most often used mistaken words because we have an understanding that both are the past form of go but there's a difference in the usage gone is used when you have an auxiliary verb or it is mandatory to have an auxiliary verb after gone instead vent is used when there is no auxiliary verb required what do i mean by that what i meant is she had gone to manali last year so i said had gone if you notice here there's a hand which was an auxiliary verb and then i have gone so gone is always used when you have an auxiliary verb before it on the other hand vent is used when you want to say past form of go she went to her home that means she's not here anymore so that was the difference between gone and went let's jump to the next slide which is it's and it's their sound is same their pronunciation is same but their spelling or the way to write them is very different it is used when you want to refer to a possessive pronoun on the other hand it's is used or it's a short form for it is examples the cat heard its power so you're referring to cat that she hurt her paw if you focus here cat is singular and we have not written hertz because we are referring it which was a possessive pronoun because of that hurt will remain as hurt it will not become hurts on the other hand the example of it would be it's a beautiful day so instead of writing it is you're writing it's so as i was saying both of both the words are pronounced almost similar but there's a slight difference in the way they are written for example its is written its its is written it apostrophe s apostrophe here means it is next is our blunder and mistake since we are discussing the 10 common mistakes so we'll understand what does this mistake actually mean blunder refers to a mistake you can say that happens due to your carelessness on the other hand mystic individually means something that happens accidental so the examples would be a last minute blunder cost them the match so the players were careless and hence they lost the match but i called him on his phone by mistake so when i say i can explain the situation that the phone was in my pocket and by mistake the call happened so it was not because of you it was accidental but when it was because of your carelessness it's a blunder next and the second last from our 10 common mistakes we have when we introduce ourself these are the words that we use more often the incorrect use is we say myself ash and i have seen it most of the time or i have heard it many times people saying myself ram and i come from bangalore instead you should be saying i am ash or i am ram and i come from bangalore so next time when you introduce yourself instead of saying myself start saying i that's the correct way of introducing yourself this took us to the last slide or the last mistake that we make and that is stop using short forms you are not writing a paper that is based on abbreviations and you know most of our viewers and people who connect with us over the mails or over the whatsapp they have this ha they have this habit of writing everything in short in their messages and their emails in their real life so what i meant by that is good night instead of writing good night they say gn instead of writing how are you they say h are you i mean that's funny so please avoid using that i understand when you have an informal conversation with your friend you can say h are you good night that means they will understand your abbreviations but if you are actually in the path of learning and improving your communication skills or writing skills in english stop using short forms