Notes on Organic Chemistry Lecture

Introduction

• Organic chemistry is a challenging subject for many students worldwide.
• The struggle often stems from extensive terminology and memorization required.
• Mastery of organic chemistry can lead to appreciation of its structure and concepts.

Definition of Organic Chemistry

• Organic Chemistry: Study of molecules that consist of carbon.
• Key Concept: Carbon is the backbone of organic chemistry.

Properties of Carbon

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons, allowing it to form 4 bonds with other elements.
• Carbon can bond with other carbons and elements like hydrogen, oxygen, and halogens (e.g., fluorine, chlorine, bromine).
• Results in long carbon chains, crucial in organic chemistry.

Types of Organic Compounds

1. Alkanes

   • Composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
   • Have single bonds.

2. Alkenes

   • Similar to alkanes but contain at least one double bond.

3. Alkynes

   • Composed of carbon and hydrogen only.
   • Contain at least one triple bond.

4. Haloalkanes

   • Have carbon and hydrogen, with at least one halogen (e.g., Cl, F) attached.

5. Alcohols

   • Contain an -OH (hydroxyl) group.

6. Aldehydes

   • Have a double bond oxygen attached to a carbon, with a hydrogen on one side.

7. Ketones

   • Feature a double bond oxygen on a carbon that is between two other carbons.

8. Carboxylic Acids

   • Contain a double bond oxygen and an -OH (hydroxyl) group on the same carbon.

9. Esters

   • Unique in having an oxygen atom between two carbons.

Conclusion

• These nine types of organic compounds will be explored in detail in future lessons.
• Understanding these fundamentals will help students become more comfortable with organic chemistry.
• Encourage continual learning and mastery of terminology and structures.