hello everyone and welcome to organic chemistry now why am i trying to make this so exciting well in the past i've realized that a lot of students struggle with organic chemistry and in fact it's a worldwide issue with students and organic chemistry have a look at the following so here's the first one that i found which i found quite funny so yes organic chemistry is not the favorite for students but i know why organic chemistry has a lot of terminology that you need to know it's a lot of memorizing things and so if you don't put in enough time with it then of course it's going to be a horrible subject it looks absolutely terrifying if you look at it from the outside but if from day one you just start learning how to name the things it's probably one of my favorite chapters simply because i learned how to master it and once you master it you realize there's actually quite a nice structure to it no pun intended and you'll see that it it's actually quite a nice chapter so let's get started so what is organic chemistry the word organic stands for molecules that consist of carbon it's all about carbon okay carbon is the backbone of organic chemistry carbon has this amazing ability if you remember from grade 10 and 11 if you don't it's absolutely fine it has four valence electrons meaning it's got four electrons on the on its outside electron shell meaning it can form four bonds with surrounding molecules so for example it could attach to another carbon over here it could attach to a hydrogen and a hydrogen and another carbon and then this carbon could repeat the process and eventually you end up with chains that could go into the thousands of carbons and that is the primary phenomenon that we will keep seeing in organic chemistry it's these long chains made up of carbons and then it's also going to have other atoms attached to it atoms such as hydrogen that's the most common one oxygen and then also a lot of the halo alkanes which is your your halogens so things like f or or fluorine should i say chlorine bromine things like that these are the common things that you are going to be seeing together with carbon and so those molecules that i just showed you all those atoms they're going to combine into various kind of combinations and we in grade 12 we're going to be studying nine different types of combinations those combinations are going to be the following the first one and the most common organic molecule are the alkanes now the alkanes consist of carbon and hydrogen only next will be the alkenes which are almost the same as the alkanes however they have a double bond so notice we can see two lines over there next will be the alkynes now the alkynes also consist of carbon and hydrogen only but what they have is a triple bond okay notice that alkanes had single bonds whereas the alkenes have a double bond and then the alkynes have a triple bond next is the halo alkanes now the name tells us everything the halo part stands for halogen so it's the things in group 7 on your periodic table such as chlorine fluorine bromine iodine then you've got the alkanes which is these guys notice single bonds only so here we've only got single bonds everywhere plus we have a halogen so we call them halo alkanes very original next we're moving on to the alcohols now what makes alcohols unique is that they've got this o h bond okay you see that they've got an o h together that is what makes something an alcohol the rest of the molecule just looks just like an alkane but it's got that o o-h and so that's an alcohol in the word alcohol we also have an o-h next to each other next will be the aldehydes i must say it's making me very upset knowing that i'm not going to fit all nine into this one screen but anyways here we have the aldehydes what makes aldehydes unique is that they've got a carbon well the carbon at the end has an ox a double bond oxygen attached to a hydrogen we'll get more into all the details of each molecule in later videos but aldehydes have a double bond oxygen and a hydrogen on the side so aldehydes on the side if you can just remember that little rhyme for now we all good next will be the ketones what makes ketones unique is that they've got a carbon attached to a double bond oxygen just like we saw with the aldehydes but what makes these ones different is if you look to the left and if you look to the right there are carbons whereas with the aldehyde if you look to the one side there's a hydrogen and if you look to the other side there's a carbon but we as i said we're going to get more into the details of each type later on but for now we're introducing ketones next the carboxylic acids what makes carboxylic acids unique is that they've got a carbon with a double bond oxygen just like we saw with these ones and these ones however on that same carbon they also have an oh which is what we had with alcohol you see so the types of bonds we're getting are very common and so you'll quickly see the patterns that are evolving ha and if i zoom out i can fit in number nine which is going to be the esters and what makes them unique is they are the only ones that have a random oxygen atom in between two carbons if you look at all the others it's just carbons the whole time sometimes we get an oxygen but it's at the end or it's a double bond or it's at the end like with this one but with esters the oxygen is actually in between two carbons like that but as we said you're going to get more comfortable with these but these are the nine different types that you have to know in the next videos we are going to go and examine each of the different types more with more detail and so very soon you'll start to become more comfortable with them but i hope by now you're already feeling comfortable with them because there they are those are the nine those are the ones you're gonna have to know and over the next couple of lessons we will familiarize ourselves even more thank you for watching guys