Appendicular Skeleton Lecture Notes

Overview

• Focus: Appendicular skeleton including bones and surface markings.
• Axial Skeleton Recap: Skull, vertebral column, rib cage.
• Appendicular Skeleton Components:
  • Upper appendages: Forearm, arm bones, shoulder blade (scapula), collar bone (clavicle).
  • Lower appendages: Leg, thigh attached via hip bone (coxal bone).

Upper Appendages

• Pectoral Girdle:
  • Includes humerus, scapula, and clavicle.
  • Clavicle:collar bone Identify acromial and sternal ends.
    • Acromial end: Flatter, contacts scapula at acromion process.
    • Sternal end: Blunted, articulates with sternum.
• Scapula: Shoulder blade bone.
  • Humerus: Arm bone.
• Forearm Bones:
  • Radius: Runs from elbow to thumb.
  • Ulna: Runs from elbow to pinky, identifiable by U-shape.
• Wrist and Hand:
  • Carpals: Collectively known as wrist bones.
  • Metacarpals: Long bones in palm.
  • Phalanges/Digits: Finger bones.

Detailed Bone Features

• Scapula:
  • Spine, acromion process, coracoid process, glenoid cavity.
  • Fossa: Supraspinous, infraspinous, subscapular.
• Humerus:
  • Head and necks (anatomical and surgical), greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity.
  • Distal end features: Olecranon fossa, coronoid fossa, capitulum, and trochlea.
  • Medial and lateral epicondyles.

Lower Appendages

• Coxal Bone: Pelvic bone-Hip bone, innominate bone- consisting of ilium, ischium, and pubis.
  • Ilium: Iliac crest, iliac fossa, greater sciatic notch.
  • Ischium: Ischial tuberosity.
  • Pubis: Pubic symphysis.
  • Features: Acetabulum, obturator foramen.
  • Comparing Pelvises: Male vs. female pelvis differences.
• Femur:
  • Head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, medial/lateral condyles, linea aspera.
• Tibia and Fibula:
  • Tibia: Medial condyle, lateral condyle, medial malleolus, and tibial tuberosity.
  • Fibula:little bone- Lateral bone, head, lateral malleolus.
• Patella: Kneecap.
• Ankle and Foot:
  • Tarsals: Ankle bones. calcaneus- heel bone: Talus- not heel bone
  • Metatarsals: Foot bones.
  • Phalanges/Digits: Toes.
    *tuberosity-rough patch on bone

Joints and Movements

• Functional Classes of Joints:
  • Synarthroses: Immovable.
  • Amphiarthroses: Slightly movable.
  • Diarthroses: Freely movable, associated with synovial joints.
• Structural Classes of Joints:
  • Fibrous: Sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses.
  • Cartilaginous: Synchondroses, symphyses.
  • Synovial: Features synovial membrane, fluid.
• Types of Movements:
  • Gliding, angular (flexion, extension), rotation, circumduction.
  • Specialized movements: Supination/pronation, plantar/dorsiflexion, inversion/eversion.
• Types of Synovial Joints:
  • Plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket.

Common Joint Issues

• Sprains: Ligament stretch/tear.
• Cartilage Tears: Requires surgery if severe.
• Dislocations: Bones forced out of alignment.
• Arthritis:
  • Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear.
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis: Autoimmune condition affecting joints.