hello everybody you already know what time it is we're going for more AP review what the heck I know I said that not that many stem APS existing in the universe right now but there still are some okay AP Bio and AP stats are still coming up so while AP are going on I'm going to be making AP video thankfully for those of you guys who are here for the Olympia nonsense definitely going to last two more videos so don't worry we're going to get back to the Epic stuff after this and I completely understand APS are boring olympas are cool so yeah and don't worry I will reward you for your weight I have some cool stuff planned so don't worry about it but what are you saying the bio's not cool you know what hello everybody I'm car and today we are going to be doing unit one review of a bio now of course a bio is on Monday which is tomorrow so I'm not going to get any more videos out so it's only unit one but unit one is probably the one you remember the least so let's get into it and also if I start a series don't worry next year I will have AP Bio fully done then got to motivate myself you know what I'm saying so let us begin with the chemistry of life we're going to talk about these three bullet points it looks like very little but it's actually a ton let's do it all righty the first thing we got to talk about are the important properties of water because water is extremely important that was understatement of the Year too like literally people go to Mars to look for water just because they think that that means life okay they got so excited when they saw dried water I don't know what that even means fine no longer running streams how about that but anyway the reason why water is so important is because first off it makes up 70% of the human body so it's very important for keeping us alive and the reason why it's so good at doing that is because it has a very important property the underlying mechanism that causes all these properties is hydrogen bonding so let's draw water right how does this nonsense work so let's say this is a water molecule right you got your oxygen you got your two hydrogen very cool so for reasons that are not relevant to bio but you could learn it if you went to chemp these hydrogen atoms are not exactly opposite each other okay so this angle right here is 109.5° what does that mean well these bonds are polar right so basically because these bonds are polar that means that oxygen is hogging all the electrons oxygen is going to get a negative charge and these guys are going to get a positive charge but because it angle is 109.5 the charges don't cancel out it's not symmetrical so now there's a positive charge here and a negative charge here and what happens when you put two magnets together that's right they go slam like that so basically what a hydrogen bond is is when two water molecules come together and this o is like hey what's up man I have a negative charge you have a positive charge let's hook up okay that's kind of weird just kind of but anyway so it goes like this so there's a bond over here and then another molecule might go over here and it'll be like what up and these guys go together so basically because there are polar bonds between the water molecules and the oxygen become negative and the hydrogen become positive clearly the negative oxygen are going to be attracted to the positive hydrogen so what the heck is the point of hydrogen bonding what does it even mean that the hydrogen bond how does how is it relevant well basically what it means is that water is attracted to itself I know that's weird but it's true and this property of water is called cohesion but these Waters because they have positive and negative charge they're also attracted to other things that have positive and negative charge like let's say there's an NA plus here it's going to be attracted to the oxygen positive negative attraction so water is also attracted to other stuff so that's called adhesion and the way I like to remember it right cohesion is like cooperation is the same kind of people working together adhesion is when you glue something to another thing so they're two separate things attracted to each other so in this case sodium is one thing attracted to water which is another thing plus it's adhesion and you can see this in like a graduated cylinder right like water is attracted to the walls of the container which is why it creeps up the side so these two basic property of water first that it's attracted to itself and second it's attracted to other things lead to a lot of cool properties so the first thing we'll talk about is like hydrophilic and hydrophobic now you probably know that filia means you like stuff so hydrophilic means it likes water so that means it's attracted to water and we know this that this is possible because of adhesion so basically anything that has a charge is hydrophilic anything that's polar just think of hydrophilic as can dissolve in water hydrophobic on the other hand can't dissolve in water and you probably know a bunch of examples of this like you know oil can't dissolve in water because it's hydrophobic it's nonpolar and it can't dissolve in water and this makes sense right if something not charged or not polar how is it going to attract the water it doesn't make sense but the thing is right like a lot of things are polar like not many things are non-polar so water is called the universal solvent it's so strongly attracted to everything that it could literally dissociate anything and cause everything to dissolve of course it was hydrophilic it was hyd hoping it doesn't dissolve in water okay one more thing for water and then we are Gucci the last thing is if you've ever tried to boil a pot of water do not try it I tried it because I had nothing better to do with my life and my mom wanted me to make pasta but basically it takes forever okay it takes like eons to boil water and the reason for that is cuz the hydrogen bonds hold the water together so it takes a lot more energy in order to make it into a gas and this over here is called the heat of vaporization and it's high as heck which basically means that it's hard to boil it what's even worse is that it takes a ton of energy just to heat it up a little bit and that's called a specific heat now the way I like to remember the difference between heat of vaporization and specific heat is like heat of vaporization is clearly evaporating so it's energy to cause it to boil but specific heat it's like specifically how much does it take to change 1° C so specific means you're changing it by a specific amount of temperature so this basically means that it's hard to change its temperature and that's good for living things right cuz living things like to have a constant temperature and then lastly its density is high but the cool thing about water is that that water is denser than ice that's because the hydrogen bonds cause it to form a crystal structure once it's frozen and like the hydrogen bonds keep the molecules separated but really you don't really need have to know exactly why that happens but the cool application of this is if you have a lake right and you have ice at the top it's not going to free the rest of the lake because ice is less than so it floats on the top so you guys could be living down here happy happily studying AP Bio and the ice will not freeze on you well I mean you probably die from hypothermia but it's okay okay epic that's all we got to talk about water the next thing we got to talk about is elements and atoms but I'm going to very muchly brief over this nonsense because you better know what elements and atoms are otherwise I'm going to be extremely triggered at you dude if you've taken any signs you literally got to know what elements are okay get you act to get no kidding kidding but anyways so elements are all the stuff on the periodic table right they're just different types of substances and each element is defined by its atoms and atoms are the basic building blocks of elements so an atom looks like this it has a nice little nucleus in the middle cute little nucleus which is positively charged and it got an electron that's just randomly going squiggling around here and don't and remember and remember that electrons are not orbiting like a planet around the TH or anything they're literally like randomly moving around so don't say they move in a circle otherwise you're screwed but anyways electrons are negatively charged as I said but the nucleus the reason why it's positively charged is because it has protons which are plus charge and neutrons which are neutral as you might expect all right so the only thing you got to know about these partic called subatomic particles is their charge right and you also got to know that protons are what def find an element right on the periodic table the atomic number is the number of protons and then neutrons make different isotopes like carbon 12 has six neutrons but carbon 14 has eight neutrons abon is not going to ask you to do the math and preacher so don't worry about that too much also something you should probably note is that protons and neutrons weigh 1 AMU however electrons weigh like basically nothing compared to that so if you're calculating the mass of an atom you only had to add up the number of protons plus the number of neutrons but there is one element that holds a special place in our heart and that's carbon now the reason why carbon has a special place in our heart is because it literally makes up everything the definition of organic hem is having to do with substances that include carbon now what's so epic about carbon basically what's epic about it is that it forms four bonds which is I guess not that epic but these bonds if they bond to another carbon are super hecking strong and because these bonds are so hecking strong biology likes to use it as a backbone so you'll often hear the thing carbon backbone and a bunch of molecules have a carbon Backbone in fact carbon is so important that like literally in organic chemistry if they want to show a carbon they literally just draw lines they don't even have to say that's actually a carbon cuz it's so important and then just know what a hydrocarbon is you literally could guess okay why why do I even need to tell you guys hydrocarbons hydrogen carbon yeah basically it's stuff that's made up of hydrogens and carbon okay now for the fun stuff dudes I love functional groups they are my favorite if you didn't notice that was sarcastic it was okay so why don't we start easy and get progressively harder so the first thing we got to talk about is hydroxy hydroxy literally hydrogen oxygen hydroxy so it makes sense o now we know from water right this o stuff makes hydrogen bonds cuz oxygen Hogs all the electrons it gets a negative charge and it makes hydrogen bond very cool basically these guys are called alcohols but it's not very relevant and the way you remember it is look there oh damn so that's basically the important stuff you got to know about hydroxy then the next thing you got to know is methyl that's pretty easy to remember too because you probably know that methane is CH4 right but these functional groups right they're called functional groups because you could attach them to a molecule and they do a certain thing you can't attach methane to anything it already has four Bond on the carbon so methyl you just take out one of the hydrogens and then the carbon now has three bonds and it's three to bond to something else so see like if you draw it like this C H3 and then you can pull whatever you want there epic now this guy is the only hydrophobic one and basically the way you remember that is that all hyd carbons are hydrophobic and it's literally hydrogen and carbon epic then we got self hydral pretty self-explanatory and this is basically sh and the important thing about s Hydro is that they form D sulfide bom Bridget sorry and you can probably remember that because there sulfur and everything the sulfur in the name the sulfur in the bridges and sulfur in the formula what what else do you want now what's cool about the D Sufi Bridges is basically what makes your hair curly if you have curly hair and when you like straighten your hair you're basically breaking the dulfi brid all right another one that's pretty easy to remember is phosphate because it's literally like phosphate phosphorus right or you can think about it as a phosphate ion which is like P4 and it basically looks like this you got your One o you got another o you got another o and basically all these O's could bond to other things now this one's not that important except the fact that it's like on your DNA or whatever okay iic we filled one screen let's fill another I love functional groups so much go dang it dude I got to take off my jacket this so sad too iconic okay now we got to talk about the carbo guys so the first guy you got to know is carbonal and basically it looks like Co and this guy is pretty boring basically the only thing that Campell talks about is that this is what defines a sugar so basically sugars are going to have a carbonal group then carboxy so carboxilic acids are a thing right so this got to be an acid but it also has carbo in it so it got to have a carbon and then it also has like the same thing as carbonal except you got to add something acidic to it and you do an O so basically what happens is this H gets spit off H+ o minus and C it's acidic right it's giving off H+ ion and the most important thing to know is acidic and then the last one we got to talk about our Amino now unfortunately I don't have any good way to remember this one but like Amin anything that starts with a like am i n is going to be nitrogen based so there's for sure nitrogen well of course you remember using amino acids and you know that amino acids have to have nitrogen in them so basically this is going to be amino group it got a bond so you could attach it to something and then you know that n basically wants to form three bonds so that basically means that you only have two more H's now the coolest thing about Amino groups is that they're basic and that makes sense right because you know that NH3 which is ammonia could become nh4 plus so in the same way this guy can snatch up a hydrogen become H+ and hooray you're basic you snatch some hydrogens out of solution all right epic functional groups done with the only reason why you would have to know functional group for the AP is like if they ask you like given this structure of molecule what properties does it have and you could basically say it's an acid or it makes hydrogen bonds if have an o that kind of thing all right now we have to talk about different types of bonds James Bond that's right and basically the first type is ionic bond and as you might expect it basically means that Things become ionic as in their ions get it huh okay anyway so basically the most common like example of this is sodium and chlorine so basically sodium has an extra veence electron chlorine is missing one electron so what happens is that sodium give this electron to chlorine so this guy becomes positive this guy becomes negative and now they're attracted hoay ionic bond and the only thing you got to know about ionic bonds is first off they're pretty strong and second off they are between eyes so the positive guy is called a cat ion cuz cats are positive get it h okay I'm done and then the chlorines are an I very cool n you got an N negative get it okay cool that pun was not even close to a b and then you got coent which basically means if you have like a c in it H they share two electrons between them and now they're connected so one calent bond is two shared electrons if you had a double bond they be four shared electrons so Each Bond is a pair of electrons and the two types are non-polar right because carbon and hydrogen have the same electr negativity so they don't hog the electrons very cool now o is going to be polar because oxygen is a big fat greedy little piece of what oxygen is just a bad boy okay it Hogs all the electrons and that's why it gets a negative charge all right now we got to talk about IMS the two bonds we were talking about previously were between two of the same molecule now we're talking about between different molecules inter means between molecular means molecules forces means forces wow that was some big brain stuff so the first thing you got to talk about London dispersion forces basically the only thing you got to know about this is this is just random and because they're random everything has it it's just based on random movement of electrons so all molecule and basically a specific type of these are called Vander wall forces right so you probably heard about gecko feet right they come so close to the wall that these random things there's so many of these random things that it ends up holding them to the wall it's really hard to like just put your hand and expect it to stick I wish I could climb a wall just by using my hands but the reason it doesn't work for us is cuz we have too many bumps on our hands so like our hands are not that close to the wall so the random interactions don't help that much okay and then the other type of IMF is hydrogen bonding which we've talked about so hecking much it's not even funny but basically what they are is O bonds and the they're so polar that they attract each other and the reason why they're relevant is because they basically hold together every single molecule in the universe hold together biomolecule I can spell molecules pretend that says molecules all right now we got to talk about macro molecules and we are done let's do it macro molecules basically these guys are big one of the common misconceptions is that macro means like really big it basically means that there are a lot of parts that come together a lot of molecules come together so basically those things that come together are called monomer monomer right mono one and then they come together to form what you think did yeah that's right polymer cuz poly means multiple so what type of biological macro molecules do we have that's right we got our carbohydrate molecule and those basically are the c h dudes so like glucose a C6 h126 that's going to be a carbohydrate and there basically three types right there's monosaccharide which is like glucose there just one little hexagon looking boy then there's disaccharides which are the two hexagon looking boys and then you guess that there's the polysaccharides very cool and because I'm getting tired of drawing hexagons I'm not going to draw hexagons but basically these are just a bunch of the monosaccharides chained up in a very long thing on a so there's a bunch of different types of polysaccharides basically the thing you got to know is that there's glycogen and starch and these guys are similar because they have the same type of bond they're called Alpha bonds I w't worry too much about what Alpha bonds are it basically means that they're all in the same orientation none of the guys get flipped but it's not really important basically just know that glycogen is very Branch starch is not as Branch but they both have the same type of Bond and then cellulose and um kiten are different because they have beta bonds now way I like to remember is like glycogen and starch are for storing stuff right so they have to be easy to break down and that's why they have Alpha bonds cellulose and Kaiden are structural right like cellulose is for your cell wall you don't want that to break down easily kiden for the exoskeleton of bugs why would you want that to break down easily so they have a different type of bond called beta bond that are harder to break down all right epic and then we got proteins and basically these are just the guys that are made up of am me amino acids and what the heck is an amino acid well if you look at the thing you got acid you got Amino so what were the two functional groups that had acid and which one had Amino so there's Amino right Amino is a thing and that's nh2 right and then we got a bunch of random carbon stuff here and then what is acid that's right carboxy group cuz carboxilic acids are the thing just remember that that's a thing so this is going to be C and the only thing that's different between amino acids there's 20 of them right the only thing that's different is this R Group over here this thing changes for different amino acids like glycine is like this alanine is like ch3 and it keeps changing and basically what happens is if you want to connect them you basically take another one prend there's an amino acid there and then basically what happens is the very important fact pay attention of this one is in order to combine two monomers you got to do something called dehydration synthesis just wrap that really fast before your test so you know that it's dehydrogen synthesis because basically if you know that then you could say how does this bond form you got to get rid of an H2O right so you get rid of one of these H's and then you get rid of an O here so these guys come together and beautiful you got a bond between these two so if you have dehydrated synthesis how do you break it down instead instead of synthesizing you got to break it down instead of taking out a water molecule you got to put in a water molecule and that's called hydrolysis so I'll do right here dehydration synthesis versus hydrolysis hydraulis is easy to remember right cuz you're breaking it down but dehydrated synthesis is not as easy to remember but do remember that one is breaking down so the other one got to be synthesis and basically proteins the important thing to know about proteins is that they're used for every single important thing like enzymes are proteins and enzymes literally catalyze everything in biology so proteins are your tool boxs basically all right we're almost there two more to go first we got to talk about lipids then so the one thing you got to know about lipids is that they're the most hydrophobic trolls in the universe these guys are the guys who don't want to hang out with water at all and the reason for that is cuz they're all basically hydrocarbon so the General shape for a lipid is you got a glycerol molecule and attached to it are a bunch of fatty acids over here and the way you can remember this is it's literally called a triglyceride right so you got glycerol and then you got three fatty acids hanging off of it now the most relevant of the lipids is phospholipid because it basically has a phosphate call this a phosphate group and then it has our glycerol molecule and then it has all these fatty two fatty acids instead of three so we know that this part is going to be hydrophilic right but then this part is phobic so this is very useful for a cell membrane right because in a Cell right you have water on the outside right and then you got cell stuff on the inside which is also made up of an aquate solution so it's basically water as well so you want a membrane that keep stuff out but you also don't want your membrane to hate water and just die when it's next to water so the reason why this is cool is because your phosph lipid line up like this you got your phosphor lipid epic epic epic but if you just had one layer of phos lipid right on this side but these guys hate the water they're literally want to kill the water so this is not going to work so basically what happens is that you make a double layer and hoay these guys are not next to water they're happy these guys are next to water they're happy everybody's happy so that's good and as you might expect this is called a fossil liid B bio is very good at naming things descriptively that's the one thing I could say about bio okay just a couple more things to remember about lipids lipids also include like steroid hormones and includes like cholesterol and everything and there's also a bunch of different types so the first type is saturated which basically means you have no double bonds and that makes sense right cuz if you have no double bonds like you can have as many hydrogens as you want but unsaturated means that you have a double bond so it's like that you got a double bond but carbon can only make four things right so if it has three things coming out of it that means that it could only have one hydrogen but if it only has two things coming into this one carbon over here then it could have two hydrog that's why this is called unsaturated Lally the only thing you got to know is that I have a double bond just remember that un saturated has a double bomb and then the last thing is trans fats and you probably know if you have any idea what you're eating that trans fats are bad for you and the reason for that is because they literally take unsaturated like fats that are from like plants and stuff or fish they have unsaturated fats and they basically make it saturated they put hydrogen into the thing so that's why they're really bad they artificially saturated saturated fats usually come from humans no no no no we're not eating human saturated fats usually come from animals and that kind of stuff so that's why like butter or all the like really thick stuff that are solid at room temperature those are saturated right and then fish oil and all the liquidy stuff like canola oil and all that are unsaturated but then trans Fant you literally take the normal like unsaturated liquid stuff and you turn it into solid stuff it's nasty it's like shortening I had no idea what shortening is until they search it up search it up it's kind of nasty but people use it but it's still like really bad for you all right epic that's all we got to talk about lipids nucleic acid now these guys are the most important guys to even be talking about and basically the way that they're unique is that they have a phosphorus in them so basically nucleic acids are called nucleic acids cuz they're a bunch of nucleotides which are the parts that make them up monomers and they kind of look like this you got your ribos sugar you got a nitrogenous base and you got a phosphate group these are the three things you got to remember nitrogenous base ribos sugar phosphate group that's all you got to know and it's pretty easy to remember if you think about DNA and RNA right DNA stands for d oxy ribonucleic acid so you got ribos right that's sugar makes sense the N for nitrogen and then fate you're just going to have to remember but phosphate is really important right it's the defining characteristic of nucleic acid it's the only polymer that we're talking about here that has a phosphate and the reason why these guys are important is they carry genetic information and stuff okay well actually this should look a little bit more like this okay the reason why I did that is cuz the carbon is here and then there's the oxygen over here okay so now let's talk talk about how the nucleotides come together right basically how it works is you got your triangle here not a triangle Pentagon I know math and then this is over here and then you got a carbon you got a phosphate and then this one's attached to another one which is like this and then you start your Pentagon again and then this guy over here is attached to another phosphate from a different one and then that's over here now the reason why this is relevant is that there's a now the reason why this is relevant right is there's a directionality to it right this flag over here is pointing up this phosphate is up so let's think about this a bit right so this carbon seems special right it's holding the nitrogenous base so we start 1 2 3 four five this is a carbon right here so we have five carbons and this guy a five carbon this is three carbon so the way we refer to the different sides of the DNA spand this side over here is going to be your five Prime n this side is your three prime n so if we went downward we're going in the three prime direction if we go upward we're going in the five Prime Direction the reason why this is relevant is that DNA can only be built in the three prime direction also the two strands of DNA are opposite each other they're called anti-p parallel and that basically means that one is this way while the other is parallel but it's going the opposite direction all right epic also these two things they're parallel right then you twist them around each other and you get a double helix like something like that I don't know how to draw double helixes I'm not a double helix Master but that's how DNA looks very cool now the last thing we got to talk about is how it relates to RNA so you got to DNA right now the main difference is that DNA is double stranded it literally has a DN it double stranded and RNA is typically single stranded now of course you can have single stranded DNA you can have double stranded RNA but they're not as common the other difference is in nitrogenous bases right DNA has atcg probably drill this into your head enough because a pair is T and C pair the G but then for RNA you got Al I don't know how to pronounce that but you got aucg T got yeed out of there and the U stands for you and basically if you just want to say what is damper a is adenine T is thyine C is cytosine G is guanine U is Oso and then the one last thing you got to know is purines versus pyam medines the way I like to remember it is pure as gold right so Pines as gold you got Adine and guanine and the purin are heck of weird dude they got like a pentagon and then they got a nice little hexagon the pyramidan are a lot more sensical and they're just like this and these are the remaining ones a T and C wait what no no no no no no no know UT andc very cool okay I think we are done let's go we made it through unit 1 that was so long what the heck I thought unit one was going to be a walk in the park but apparently not all right I hope it helped thank you guys so much for watching if you enjoy the video leave a like subscribe to the channel do all that cool stuff let me know what other kind of vide you guys want don't worry we're going to get out of AP mode soon enough but until APS are over we are on the grind boys okay that's enough thank you guys for watching see you guys next time