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What does a productive cough in a patient with cardiogenic shock typically indicate?
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Pulmonary congestion due to left-sided heart failure.
How does jugular venous distention (JVD) manifest in heart failure?
As a result of blood backing up into the venous system, distending the jugular vein.
What does a Cardiac Index < 2.2 L/min/m² suggest in the context of cardiogenic shock?
It indicates severely reduced cardiac output.
What are the four compartments of the heart and their primary functions?
Right atrium, right ventricle (pump blood to lungs); left atrium, left ventricle (pump oxygenated blood to the body).
Which laboratory tests are commonly used to assess for cardiogenic shock?
Serum lactate & ABG, troponins, chest X-ray, EKG, echocardiogram.
What cardiovascular measurement is indicative of backup pressure in pulmonary arteries and what is the critical value?
Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP) > 18mm Hg.
What is the significance of elevated serum lactate in the context of cardiogenic shock?
It indicates poor tissue oxygenation and utilization.
Identify the reasons why a patient might exhibit cool skin in cardiogenic shock.
Blood is diverted away from the skin to vital organs to preserve essential functions.
What treatment strategies are used to increase systemic vascular resistance in cardiogenic shock?
Use of vasopressors, such as norepinephrine and epinephrine.
What are the core treatment strategies for correcting underlying issues in cardiogenic shock?
Revascularization, valve repair/replacement, and in severe cases, heart transplant.
What are the primary causes of heart failure that can lead to cardiogenic shock?
Damaged/narrowed aortic outflow tract (valvular problems), disrupted electric conduction (arrhythmias), limited contractility of the ventricular wall, and heart attacks (MIs).
What diagnostic tool is used to assess the heart's electrical activity and identify arrhythmias or heart attacks?
EKG (Electrocardiogram).
Explain the significance of elevated troponins in a patient suspected of having cardiogenic shock.
They indicate myocardial damage, such as heart attack.
What is the primary purpose of providing oxygen support in the treatment of cardiogenic shock?
To ensure proper tissue oxygenation and prevent further organ damage.
Describe the symptoms associated with pulmonary congestion due to heart failure.
Difficulty breathing and a productive cough as blood backs up into the lungs.
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