Flashcards for:
Exploring Psychology as a Science

The five pillars are Biopsychology, Evolutionary Psychology, Cognitive Psychology, Developmental Psychology, and Social Psychology, covering the biological basis, adaptations, mental processes, lifespan development, and social influences on behavior, respectively.

Independent variables are manipulated by researchers, and dependent variables are measured to assess the effect of the manipulation.

Pavlov's experiment demonstrated how a neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, can evoke a conditioned response through association.

Chomsky proposed that innate mental structures, particularly for language, play a crucial role in understanding cognition.

Psychoanalysis introduces the concept of the unconscious mind and emphasizes early childhood experiences and dream analysis.

The cognitive revolution focused on mental processes using empirical methods and questioned the behaviorist emphasis solely on observable behaviors.

Correlation indicates a relationship between two variables, while causation indicates that one variable directly affects the other.

Clinical case studies involve in-depth observation of individuals or small groups in controlled environments, while naturalistic observation watches behaviors in natural settings without interference.

Operant conditioning involves adjusting behavior through reinforcement and punishment. Skinner used controlled environments like Skinner boxes for experimentation.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a pyramid that starts with physiological needs at the base and progresses to self-actualization at the top, highlighting the motivation behind human behavior.

The Tuskegee Syphilis Study highlighted unethical practices, leading to the establishment of guidelines for ethical research.

Structuralism focuses on the structure of the mind through introspection.

The core components are unconditional positive regard, empathy, and genuineness.

The IRB ensures the ethical treatment and protection of research participants.

Evolutionary psychology examines psychological traits as adaptations, shaped by the process of evolution.