Hi Humans and Welcome Back to Humanities I am Purva and in today's video we If you are starting the pre NCERT series then What is the meaning of Pre NCERT? You have to do the first thing from NCERT in this You will get the right in the video, so this is our This is a video series, in this you will first get the chapter Why do you want to see the explanation video? Because he'll help us Prime Ming What is Prime Ming for? Example Aapne Mohenjo Daru Movie If you have seen it then you can relate to this chapter. You will find that you already have some knowledge. Similarly, all these are our video lectures When you watch these videos you will get NCERT If you read this, you will be prepared. Every line of NCERT will be understood right So in today's video we will be covering Chapter Number One of Class 12th History Bricks Beads & Bonus Complete A to Z Explanation: No topic skipped will be done so let's start so two There are things I want to tell you Since you are in class 12th, the name of history What would happen to you when you heard it? Panic. You must be scared, fear arises. Neither do we fear anywhere nor anywhere. So boring right from the top of looking at books So I totally got it when I was in 12th. I also had this fear but trust me anything This fear is not the first thing in your mind. Whoever it is, throw it out, we will knock it out. Because there is nothing to fear when you You will watch the videos and complete the series. Explanation playlist will see everything It will become clear like this, right is very easy It is very simple, history is only on keywords. We have to pay attention and stick to NCERT Have to stay, have to stick right out of waste We should not acquire knowledge because it is not useful for us. Nahi Aayegi for Boards and CU AT It is clear so there is no need to fear at all. I am very easy with history. I will get it done, everything will be right, very good Now one thing that we That is, our class 12th History is divided into three books. Enstatite Come on then Ansim is one, we'll start with that, right? Our first chapter in that is Indus. Valley Civilization Pay Based Bricks Beads And bonus right after that we're going to have an event. Time pe chalte hain right then we move on to Mahajanapadas Different Kingdom Then Buddhism And if we study Jani Jam, right then this Our Ans flow will be earlier in medieval Which foreign travelers had come to visit us? Know about them in their accounts What is written then Bhakti Movement and The rise of Sufism is seen in Vijayanagara. and in the Mughal Empire which What was society and agriculture like? You will learn about our in-depth modern It seems that ever since the British came, there have been various We moved towards gaining our freedom and what all was happening clear very good Right, let's start with our Ansis today. Chapter 1: Indus Valley Civilization One more before we start civilization. I would like to inform you that In the description, we The left overs are our bonus right bones So what is this, this archaeological There is evidence through which we have Learn a lot about civilization Let's start with The Harappan Civilization I said IVC, Indus Valley. Civilization now what is this Harappan You will know what are the different names of this If we talk about civilization then Indus Valley Civilization is also known as Harappan Civilization. They say why brother because Harappa It was the first city that we discovered through excavation. curry xk wet curry right dig xk wet Doing What Archaeologists Find Right So Harappa was the first city, the first site Right City Not Site First Site to Be Exc waited in the year 1921 so in 1921 The first site we found of civilization It was Harappa, okay, very good, now this Harappan Civilization is a Bronze Age Bronze Age Civilization What does it mean to look at the Prehistoric Era? Hey, let's go and see here, just try it. The Prehistoric Era, which was the Paleo Age which was called the Old Stone Age or Ice Age It is said that then Majolis as I Mejo i.e. that it was called Old to Middle Stone Age Neo means new stone, it was called Then came the Chalcolithic, which involved the use of copper. It started to happen which was called copper stone then The Megalithic Age was going on in the South, which Iron Age is followed by Indus Valley The civilization is called the Bronze Age Where bronze was used extensively Right Clear Gold Silver were also available There was use but the most extensive use Bronze Instruments' Tools I went, it's clear, very good, let's move ahead So we understood that this was the Bronze Age civilization. Harappa was the first site that was excavated We have also understood this in 1921. Okay, now what was the period of this Indus Valley? This is very important for civilization. The period of Indus Valley Civilization was 3300 to 1300 BC Right this period is also We will divide and break it, okay? It is clear that he will study further. 3300 to 1300 BC right 3300 means it is far away, 13300 is near, right The lower your BC, the more pass hai meaning right and then like we talk Let's do the first century's first What is the meaning of century, 100 BC means that more closer to today right now what's going on Eddie is doing very well Let's see, the Indus Valley Civilization is also Name the Harappan Civilization after Harappa After Harappa means after the name of Harappa It is also called Harappan Civilization. Why is it called Indus Valley, you will know now. Okay, Harappan civilization or Indus Where was the Valley Civilization located? Around which river Indus was spread around the Indus River Right, the Harappan period is considered the most What is this important Harappan period for? Because this was the first urbanization in India This was the first urbanized civilization in Look, along with the Harappan civilization Your Egypt Chinese and Mesopotamian Civilizations They were contemporaries, that is, all of them together She used to act at that time, at what time this right in the middle of the period Mesopotamian Which one is it, it will come next, so you should know. I want the Iranian one, okay, the one around Iran It was clear that these three civilizations existed along with Indus Valley If civilization understands clearly then we have Four civilizations that exist at the same time But which was the most urbanized? The Indus Valley Civilization urbanized i.e. How it developed clearly, we will move ahead. I hope we will see till the point where everyone understands I have come, let's move ahead, now this is the The important part is okay, look at this Indus Our Map of the Valley Civilization Right Now We will see that the Sindhu River is the Indus. Where is this from, see This is our Indus Valley Indus River is fine, not Valley It's right, clear here, it's different. Different Tributaries It is clear, okay, it is visible to everyone now. This is what you see around it in brown. Where is our Indus Valley Civilization? India is in Pakistan I am in we can see right okay And you will see here it is going up to Iran. Right then this area of Iran and Pakistan Then it was called Balochistan, now it is called Balochistan We will see further, it is clear, very good ahead Let's go, this is your NCERT The full map shows the important sites here. Very useful in map points Which is the most important thing in this, brother? Dholavira is fine, yours is Mohenjo Daro Right then, whatever is yours, Harappa is there. Right is Rakhigarhi, whatever is your right now We will read where the finds were found. Different things have been found according to that Sites become important map points So brother, for the boundaries of Harappan How far did the civilization extend above Jammu and It is in Kashmir, in India, as we have seen It is here, towards the east, where is the north? In the state, in the east, here is UP Where is it in the right south, go to Maharashtra There is Gujarat but there is also Maharashtra Which is at the end, right and west Balochistan Province in Pakistan Right ok to Balochistan Iran Pakistan At that time we all used to say okay Iran It extended to Pakistan and Afghanistan. Okay, great, now let's go to our box. Pay which is very important Harappan seals What were the seals brother that you see in the picture This is a seal, isn't it? This is called a seal. Okay, now you can see it, friend, clay type. It is made of and has some animals on it. There are some symbols, okay, this is called a seal. Right, very good, the Harappan seal, this seal which was found in Harappa is the most Distinctive Arch Artefacts of the Harappans Civilization distinctive different from all, okay, different, most unique Artfed means archaeological evidence which The object at that time was okay, very good. What was this Harappan seal made of? I said Clay, his name was Steer. tight okay stone kind of stone was made whose name was Steer Tight Very Important right very good seals offen Contain Animal Motives and Science Animal Motives, that is, animal symbols, are fine. And you can look at science in different ways. K Ok Science From a Script Script means we can say a language Right, like Devanagari is a script in which Pe Hindi based hai right so script pe which was their language when he If he used to write then probably this science is his. Okay, great, now as I Told that we consider the Harappan period as separate We will divide what we read 3300 BC to 1300 BCE right, so brother, in this was before 2600 BCE, that was your early Harappan culture from 2600 BC to 1900 BC That was the mature Harappan culture and after 1900 BCE Your Late Harappan Culture You have to understand this is our timeline. ok yes this is it 3300 BC is right, this is our 2600 BC This is our 1900 BC clear and this Ours is 1300 BC fine very good Let's be clear brother, this was our early Harappan Culture early okay this was our mature Harappan culture matured and this was our late Okay, clear, now what do we know about it? Mature is this period where We have found the most evidence from Most of all we need archaeological Evidence is the most information we have received. About the Harappan period clear now in this Let us know why it is called culture. This is the late period, during this time slowly This civilization began to decline Clear, very good, now we understand. He is doing very well by making a timeline. What are the sources brother, from what things do we get it? We are getting this information from what we are reading. These sources are archaeological evidence. When we did excavation, archaeologists Whatever historians found of that time When I studied it, what remained? children of houses houses some Pieces, parts, pots, millet, right as a mat pots are like pottery arts Various types of jewelry tools are available were used at that time and seals were found Here's what our sources tell us. About the Indus Valley Civilization Very good Let's move on and let's talk about that Why is the culture called Early Harappan culture? What is mature Harappan culture brother? What is culture like our Indian culture? What is culture, it is basically like this Can be traditional It has become a culture because for so many years Getting it right, the archaeologist Culture term has been used by group of Distinctive for objects that are different In style is different, in style is unique These are the styles which are available only at those places. within the same specific geographical area Let's meet at the same specific place and meet at the same time, so brother, that All objects, whether they are your pots Your jewelry is fine, your seals are x y root whatever objects where Kisses found in the Indus Valley Civilization A specified period found between periods The period of time that we read right We divided the Early Harappan culture Those who got from 2600 to A those who got from 3300 to 2600 right then your mature Harappan culture which 2600 to 1900 got and so on understand the matter So all these objects were called The term 'brother culture' has been given which is a Specific Geographic Areas in IVC met within a specific time period Very good in the case of the Harappan culture When we talk about Harappan culture, this What are the different objects that are unique? which is found there only, in the same period of time These are the seals we found, which we saw separately. the right small beads that What are weights like If you go to buy vegetables then that a There is a weighing scale and the weight is like this Keep such weights of 500 grams and 1 kg separately. If it gives then it is called right stone. Bledsoe that were made of stone and baked Bricks are baked bricks. Yours is a eat right that were used So it is clear what this is, this Harappan culture. which was found in the Indus Valley Civilization During a specific period of time, I hope Now that we have this clarity, we are The next topic is Subsistence. Strategy Subsistence means subsistence How do the people there feed themselves? We used to fill up, we used to survive, okay subsistence In what ways are these strategies Strategy means the method is right, different So mature, Harappan and in different ways Early Harappan Cultures Shared Certain Common Elements of Early Harappa and Mature In Harappa, that is, our own from 3300 By 1900 B.C., the subsistence strategy It was the same, okay, very good, what was it? Strategist Pans at a Wide Range Wide Range That means a variety of different Plant and Animal Products Rights What is Milk? An Animal The product is a dairy product, right plant. based products right that will satisfy all your veggie cravings. Tables are done, we can say fruits so Plant and animal based products I used to eat fish, including fish, okay, fish too. You saw how we came to know that they used to eat fish. There must be a picture of fish in the seal we saw. Symbol types were created by archaeologists have been able to reconstruct What have archaeologists found? Reconstruct means that you have understood the diet. Dietary practices What is diet, what are you eating? Right food, what was their diet? How were the practices and eating habits? How we've been able to find from the finds of What did you get? How did you get grace? Chad Chad means burnt right black Grains their little we got fiends Archaeologists found more seeds right So by studying these grains and seeds we What diet did those Harappans have, he could understand. Right, very good, which grains did you find? Bhai vet mili ok burle mili lent ie that I got lentils, chickpeas and sesame seeds Latil is our lentil, chickpea is our gram. Chickpeas are ours and sesame seeds are our sesame seeds ok if you can understand in hindi then this I got these greens, but where can I get millets? Millets are found in Gujarat Again Millet What happens to us Millet is very Good fines of rice were rare, i.e. Very little rice was found, but more People did not eat rice then right domestic Catted animals are domestic animals i.e. Domestic Animals You Can Keep at Home Right Domestic Kate can do Domestic It happens that your home right so domestic What were the cattle rights in captive animals? Your cow has become a buffalo, sheep, goat, buffalo and Pigs, these animals used to be wild in homes. Which animals have you met? Boar Deer and Alligator Right These Wild Animals Were Found Yes, at that time we got a bonus of fish and Bonus of fowl i.e. chicken chicken and fish The archaeologist has found it okay and it is clear Very good terms to remember Ark Who are botanists? Specialized is Enstatite The old ancients, that is, the old animals Remains can be studied very clearly Okay, let's move ahead, very very very Important Agricultural Technologies This is more important than its own topic. The answer comes straight away, okay, let's go. So brother What are the technologies in agriculture? were used because we heard This was a very developed civilization, man. It was urbanized and what do we understand by urban? I think that there is a lot of technology in it. So it will be right according to that time. Let's see brother, Oxen were used for plying So to understand plying, first understand the plow. It has to be understood that plankton is such a Those brothers who have done farming have gone to the village. They will know that this is a tool. Don't spread the soil that is right for you. It is done so that seeds can be planted in it. Go and this plying that happens is either Is it done by tractor or by any animal? If it happens then there will be an auction at that time. This was used which we call terracotta We have found figures of Ox and Buffalo from this I understand, okay, representations on seals that have his drawings on them and Terracotta Sculpture Fine Terracotta Burned It was clay, when clay was burnt it became terracotta. That is called and these figures are ox And from these of Buffalo we know that Oxon was probably used for Plough See terracotta models of ploughs below. Bhai Plough Ka too which is Terracotta Burnt Clay Models have been made from Wright clay like We have also found these sites Where in Cholistan and Banawali now You have to make a table, write it there quickly. Two terracotta models of Plough Location Dal There are two Cholistans in Pakistan which are Banawali Haryana is fine, map point is also available The match goes and the following also comes. ET is important in boards It is important that the table should be made next. See Evidence of a Plough Field Found one that was already plowed, right where Dig up the soil that is already there. Types were given so that seeds could be sown Right, so where did you get this black? BanganINANetworkMarketing Very good plough field at Kali BanganINANetworkMarketing Evidence of canal has also been found, where did the noise go? which is in Afghanistan okay this is Photo of Tragedy of Canal is right here Pay Kanalda Way Water Reservoirs i.e. Like from A V Can that which is A Wells Similarly, water in square shape Reservoirs have been found in which water is stored could be ok where Dholavira Gujarat Your table should be ready in no time. Put in a little effort, okay, very good. So our one tooth four four a Joe four Joe There are activities and their places The table is ready, let's move on now. Mohenjo Daro Pe Mohenjo Daro An Urban Center There was a place like Harappa. That was Mohenjo Daro which is very famous for this A movie has also been made, so Mohenjo Daro. If you know about then who Mohenjodaro was divided into two sections. The okay it was divided into two Sections clear one was that's up but small okay small but at a height and The second is It Is Big But at Lower Height Let's be clear, what is this that is ours? That is Citadep, which means it is above and small. Right smaller but higher clear hai ye to Why is Citadep Citadep at a height? Because his buildings are that mud Built on mud and brick platforms It has happened, that is, first a platform was created And a building has been constructed on it, it is clear. That's why Citadin is higher edge compared to lower Town it was walled walled that is. Fortifying from all sides, that is, it was physically different was separated from Lower Town, i.e. Lower Town is different from those we find Evidence of structures that were Probably used for special public purposes Now in the Citadep there are such Some different types of buildings have been found which Historians have said that this friend was someone It was used for special occasions. Hey So This Was About Citadin Now Let's Go Lower Town Pe Lower Town Like This One is lower town okay this is lower town this Citadin It was larger, it was bigger but it was lower in age Compared to Citadin, it was also wold This was also walled, it also had walls, it was different. Several Buildings from Citadel Were Built On Platforms are many buildings that platforms were built on which their Similar rights served as a foundation. The building is built on the platform. has it provides examples of Residential buildings, brother, I agree It is said that no people lived in the Lower Town. Resident's Right to Remain Buildings and Citadels It was believed that for some special purpose There were buildings here for public purposes. Let's see how, see what was special Structures found at Citadep Number one is warehouse, what is called warehouse Go-down types for storage It is used nowadays, isn't it, so is the warehouse? Also called The Great Granary What is a granary where grace is kept? We go to store food Grain's right, okay, this is a huge massive That means it was a very large structure. The lower part, which is the lower part of it It was made of brick remains and which was above The part was made of wood which That it got decomposed many years ago, that is, Again it got spoiled, it is okay, used to preserve To store grains Probably this was a warehouse, okay this is it Pictures of the Great Granary are fine as found It is fine, very good, now the second structure He is the Great Bath who Have you seen the movie Mohenjo Daro, it relates to this? If you haven't seen it, then look at it which is a little bit of the structure of the Great Bath It is shown but this is the actual photo Okay so Great Bath Earliest Public Water Tank Inn Ansitite OK A Large Rectangle Tank in a courtyard courtyard means a Large Rectangle Water Tank in Open Space Surrounded by corridors on all four sides What is on all four sides, the corridor around it There's a place to walk, there are two flights of steps Flights of steps There are two staircases on the north and south sides. Ladder number one Ladder number two okay tank was made water tight so that water Leak proof by setting bricks on edge end Using a motor of gypsum You understand that cement is fine, so whatever is made from cement Bricks have been placed on the edges so that water The corridors should be tight so that water does not go out. It is fine towards the side, there are rooms on all three sides. The washrooms could probably be anything Maybe water from the tank flows into A huge drain is a large drain that is All the water used to go through pipes connected to each other. As it happens nowadays, across a lane to the Take North, so what about North now? Another small building on the other side of the north There was a small building inside which At bathrooms, the right probably for changing It is clear what the scholars say that This great thing is of a special kind of ritual thing right its no religious is significant and this was some ritual which The people there used to make it clear, so these two Special Structures is now a part of Citadep Whatever the concept is, whatever the question is, that comes what are the things that show that in the Indus civilization, first Planning used to happen, that is, someone would sit together and We used to plan that we have to do this and that and then used to implement it, used to implement it, okay What evidence is there that there is any common There was authority, like the school's authority. There is a principal who oversees everything. Right, this is the timetable, right, all these There will be subjects, let's plan everything and Implements similarly, okay? What is the proof brother, the first proof is BRICS which There were two types of bricks, sun dried and Baked Sun Dried And baked means cooked right this is These were bricks, all of the same size. The standardized ratio is the ratio, that is Bean size is fine, standard means bean The size was of standardized ratio what was the ratio it was 2:4 okay the length and Breath is length and bread is over four times End Twinton And the bread is twice as high as the height of the person Okay, clear height means this one This is how our height will become our cubic id. It's done, okay, I hope it is clear now Let's move ahead, so this is BRICS. Used in every Harappan settlement At all Harappan sides that are like this This is BRICS, this was used, okay look at this Here is the photo of BRICS, it is very clear. Okay, now the second feature is the most The most important and well developed one is this What makes an urban civilization is The drainage system is fine. What are drains? The drains you saw in the street okay they're dressed okay Brother, whatever water is in it should drain. So clearly this is a photo of Mohenjo Daro. How is the drainage system there now? Tha look at the well plan in Harappan City The drainage system was very well planned. It seems the drainage system was built from Why is it brother because Joe Rhodes is and Streets are that approximate grid The patterns intersect at right angles Basically, roads and streets are at 90 degrees. If we made right angles then this would be a grid pattern. used to form grids like you've seen which Maths graph paper is those grids If it happens then do it like this, streets and dreams The grid patterns that form your The keyword is important to write in the answer. If you have to come, brother, first of all the streets There are streets made with drains used to go and then built houses used to go, that is, the streets that were there earlier and These drains and sewers are formed together. and then houses were built right and brother if the house All the waste water goes into the street drains. When I used to go, every house At least one with Wall Street It was connected right through the pipe That water will go right into that drain, so all Houses were connected with a street drain Clear Every House Was Connected to the Street drains, drainage channels, head sumps What are cleaning sumps basically? Such a system is installed underground In which water is collected for your Drainage Cleaning Clear Very Good Ahead Let's move on to another important topic, domestic. Architecture Domestic Kya Told How This is Haas's architecture, that is, which The houses were built in a very good way So the houses had courtyards with Rooms on all side courtyard you can say which is like a drawing room in the middle And the rooms are on the other sides, okay. The courtyard is what happens in the middle. Come on brother, what all is there in the courtyard The activities were cooking and weaving. It's okay to do weaving sewing cooking It's okay to cook any Windows There were no windows in the walls along the Ground floor brother, on the ground level where There are no windows on the street. It was that no one should peep, that is, privacy. Understand the thing which is the main entrance This is the door of the house, so this is some road. If he is going then he has a main entrance or something. You won't see much of what's going on inside. who is sitting there then the main entrance is also a Did not give direct view of the courtyard Why brother, there was a concern about privacy, right? Maybe this is the main entrance and here But going ahead there is a wall and from here inside Go to the courtyard, understand that it is very good. There was a lot of concern about privacy Everyone knows about privacy in today's times. Every House Had Its Own Bathroom Right: Every house should have its own bathroom was made of brick right some Houses Have Remains of Staircases Some of the stairs in the house We have found remnants that show That friend, there are many houses on those There were probably floors, well that one Was there a second floor or a terrace? This gave us an idea. It turns out that many houses had wells many All the houses had wells, right wells, these were Look, you must be seeing this photo and this The wells were in an open room, brother, The passerby is the one who is going on the road The total number of sam Wells in Mohenjo Daro at Mohenjo Daro Almost 700 wells are estimated to be that time pe the so this is the picture of a How the house was built and this It's kind of like the bathroom structure was fine. It's very good, let's move ahead now. The topic is tracking social differences. Social means society The differences that exist i.e. discrimination right If there were some, you know, we would have tracked them down. If you know them, there are two ways in which The first way we will learn is to look at the baryel Burial means when someone has died. He has been acquitted, so dig them up and see. what is it, okay so the brother who is dead They were made to lie down in those pits, okay? The wooden coffin contains a barrel. Okay in Harappa, very good, that means So dig the pits i.e. the ground a little. that there dad has been made a enemy, okay Clear Differences in the Burial Show Social Brother, we archaeologists have found the differences. what did was dig up different barriers and See, friend, what is the difference between rich and poor? What if we get something different, brother? I got a social difference and what a difference it was. Look, there were some graves among them Hollow out spaces are those bricks I had lined up you will see that you are around I have laid bricks, right? I have laid bricks. There are some graves around here, and some of them were Pottery and arts have also been found. Look, these are pots, arts and some jewellery. The type is clear, so what can we understand from it? It is being said that jewellery has also been found and pots also. Both men and women have barriers So one more thing gets decoded from this that Harappan does not believe in life after death They were not allowed to go alone, some I left the material, right, so brother, a member One piece of jewelry found was three shell rings. Okay, one made of three shell rings. There was a jasper bead and lots of small There were micro beads that were a skull Found near the skull of a male in Harappa Right So such arts have been found in some instances of The dead were buried with copper mirrors that that are made of copper along with them also Buried right but on the hole, I got it. Or if some gold and silver is not found then a little more pressure If the stos are not found then this makes sense Raha Hat They Do Not Believe In Very Precious Things with the Dead Are Okay Clear Enough Okay, let's go ahead, right, look at this. This is our pottery and this is a copper mirror Clear, very good, let's move ahead, now the second one what is the way it is Classifieds as Utilitarian and Luxuries So there are two types of artifacts Utilitarians by the name of Utilitarians It is known that it is used in daily use There are utility usage and luxuries Brother, those are luxurious items, expensive items. and some people have the right What is in Utilitarian Objects Daily Right to use material which is a cheap material Made from ordinary materials such as Stone has become clay, right now in this What all comes in your quad pottery what are needles, flash rubbers, etc. Brother, it is like a mill from which the grains are ground. Let the pottery be ground, your pots have become needles Your Needle Done Flesh Rubbers Body Scrubbers right to rub the body It should be used while bathing, very clear Good archaeologists have said that if If there are luxuries then these luxuries are enough Rare, rarely available, very costly And it is made of rare material, brother. Rare Materials Costly Materials and Non-local material Non-local material means That which is not found around here, from far away Has he come from outside, has he come from abroad or Then there is some material which is prepared with great effort. Complicated technologies are made It is okay that it goes through different processes If it is right then this is the classification Steer clear of luxury items that are rare Made from expensive materials or are they made from non-local materials and are of complicated nature Technology process happens in them now here Look at the little ports of view, look at this French pottery is an example of a material made What is off fence brother, made of ground sand or made of silica which is used for color mixed with and a gum added and then it was fired through which a noose is formed and this again Pots are made through this trap on the right These Are Probably Considered Precious It was considered valuable because it was hard to find. It used to be made, I told you there was a lot of process Clear is very good in making these things This is a very precious artifact Lapis lazuli stone, which we will discuss further Let's read it very very very I would Super Important Topic Craft Productions Okay, which places are which ones? materials that were used Where did craft production take place? They will know, okay, so these things We studied all the artifacts, arts, pottery. Beads Right: Where and How They Were Made What material was used to make it, we know that You will know here, okay, so this is different. Craft and how it was produced Look, Chanu Daro, this is the place where Craft production was where everything happened. Right so exclusively devoidly that is Sara Jo Craft Production's Hum Baat Will do it exclusively in Chanu Daro Everything was fine, very nice crafts What does the production include? Bead Making Beads in Craft Production Cutting the Making Shell Shell Cutting Metal Working Right Metal Have You Seen How Seal making is fine Making seals, weights that are placed on the scales Were making them, all this craft production Part of the materials used to make beads What were the beads made of, brother, how were the stones made? Carnelian, a red colored stone Stones such as carnelian Jasper was as green in colour as I Meditation is Right Crystal Stone Quartz And steer tight steer tight we read Seals were also made from it, aren't they very good? What metals were used? Brother copper bronze and gold is fine very Jaggery and what else was used for shell The pottery we saw in Phansa, the terracotta of Phansa The one I described as Burnt Clay Right, this is the material that was used. Shapes These Beads in Craft Production which were made from these materials What was its shape like? It was disc shaped. What is a disc, it's like this, it's a cylinder Yesterday the shape was cylinder, tomorrow it was cylinder Like the spherical sphere our globe is Okay, what is your barrel shaped barrel? Bend the cylinder slightly from the middle like this I'll give it to you, okay, so this is the barrel, okay. The barrel shape has become clearly segmented, that is These are all the shapes after divided cuts. What were the techniques used to make beads? Let's zoom in and see how to make beads. Techniques for Making Beads what were some beads were molded out of a Paste made with stear tit powder to bhai Stir tight powder used to make a paste Like toothpaste, it has a creamy taste. Used to take stear tight powder, its paste They made and molded beads into them Well, that paste is then turned into beads. The red color of carnelian carnelian which That it is red in colour, how can it be red in colour? what did you do with him was observed by Firing the Loish Raw Material Yellow Raw used to burn the material okay and beads at Various Stages of Production Which the red color of carnelian was obtained How does carnelian get its red colour? When burning yellowish raw materials When we used to fire, this red colour came out. These nodules were chipped into rough shapes and Then finally flaked into the final form. What does this mean, listen carefully. Nodules, that is, you can say small Stones Fine Small Stones Rough Shapes was put into and then to that which is used to be shaped into final form okay Grinding, Polishing and Drilling Completed the process, then what happened Grinding used to happen, okay, grinding. Polish it properly and then drill it. There were steps that were used to make beads Yes, right, so we are talking about beads here. Bead making is ok very good Nageshwar And Balakot, two more locations we have found that there were specialized centers for Making Shell Objects Including Bangles So when we talk about shell objects Put Nageshwar and in the same table of yours Balakot will come and main center which craft Which one is our Chanu, which one is of production Daro very good let's move ahead now brother How are archaeologists and historians There are centers of production like Chanu Daro Right, how did you find Lothal Balakot? He said that craft production here What happens is what they did with the raw materials. to find the presence of raw materials that Brother, wherever raw materials are available such as stone nodules right stones that Shells, copper and all these were used You will not get the raw material from which things were made. There we can understand that friend here There used to be some activity because so much There is more presence of raw materials now Brother, if agriculture is being done somewhere If farming is going on there then what do you have to do You will get seeds right there. You will get all those tools which are useful in agriculture are used similarly right here tools right on the things that There used to be craft production, they used to look for So let's look at number one raw material. Another thing archaeologists look for is tools. Then there's the Presence of the Unfinished objects you can sew You are right, mostly in everyone's house, grandmother Or does mom know how to stitch? There is also a machine so when any dress is made I'm cutting the sleeves of your dress So her sleeves remained there, what is that? They are rejects, they are waste material. while stitching and maybe some Unfinished material remained, some scarf remained Anything left over is unfinished material. So these are the four things historians look for. to identification This catchy, all this is fine, the third thing is unfinished. Objects rights that are not yet complete There is kept the fourth thing which remains Right, some threads, some cloth Done, these four things are searched for. Clear, very good, most important thing Very very very important for your CET Age Well As Your Boards Is Okay Most Important child, you have to make complete tables Whenever I have said this, please make tables. Look right, where is which material? What material was available and where was it available? Right where we found him Remnants have been found from which we have identified Metal Lothal Copper Khetri Region of Rajasthan Copper came from the Khetri region of Rajasthan And Gold South India got the right Most Important Very Very Very Important Very Very Very Very Very Very Very Very important, okay, most important table clear very good everything your book I mention that everything is from that, this is Pure based on NCERT, let's move ahead now what are the methods, what is the strategy by which Used to procure these materials I used to go to different places, it could be right Do you need that material somewhere else? what happens is What was the strategy, what were the methods? through which you brought the material or Then procure means go and get it brother What is the number one strategy? Settlement used to establish if there is such a place Where that material is available like Lothal Balakot Nageshwar, what did you do? They went there and started living there and settled there. Right so by establishing settlement such as There are a lot of job opportunities in Delhi. So what do people do when they leave their villages? Come to live in Delhi similarly what is the second thing by sending expeditions expeditions Sending to areas such as the Khetri region of Rajasthan for Copper and South India for Gold is what Sending Expedition means Hey, you go and get this thing, okay, travel It's also done and you also have a goal that I have to go to that place and get this thing, right? Very good what is the third strategy bye Establishing Trade Relations with Others Civilizations Now what did you trade? I made relationships that look, I want this. You send this and if you want this then I I will give this in return, I am trading. That is, exchange of Goods and services right here specially it was goods right to trade We made relationships based on what we had read. There was a civilization that was moving along with the Indus Chinese Egyptian and Valley Civilization Your Mesopotamian so brother Mesopotamian who Iran side civilization was with Harappan Trade relations of civilization were understood Yes or no, let's see how it goes. Was Right with distant distant means that which is far away Right, okay, the country is far away, How to contact them if they are civilizations Hota Tha Right So Harappan Had Trade Relations With Mesopotamia number one we've seen Iran Wali Civilization Number Two Oman and Number three deaf okay so remember the mob Mob is okay clear mob mob fine Mesopotamia Uma Behren Clear Ab Ye Where are Mesopotamia, Oman, Bahrain, where do you find them? I have my NCERT, you will see the map on it. Let me zoom in once, this one There is a map, you will see this small one in it. This is Oman which is written as Dilman and this This is the best one which is written as happy okay and this is our Mesopotamian Civilization is clear and here what This is our entire Indus civilization. What we have seen is clear, very good. Just see what are the evidences of this On what basis of evidence are we saying that The relationship with the mob was a trade one. Harappan seals have been found from these places. Different weights we have 500g 1 cage Those weights that hold dice in the balance Okay, dice we all know and beads beads Description of ships brother ships became It has happened and boats are built on seals These symbols tell us that the C route is probably Trade used to be done on behalf of Okay Copper Vaz also probably brought from Oman Copper used to come here, what is this Oman, now we are here But we will see what different names we have A distinctive type of vessel seen on the map Brother, a special and different type of vessel What is a vessel that stores something? Such pot types are a large Harappan jar. Harappan Jar Jar Ok Hai Coated With Thick Layer of black clay. Look at this Harappan jar. The exterior is coated with black clay. It is made of It has been found at Omani sites That is, it has been found in Oman and this Harappan Jar If it is there then it is clear from this that friend tray A trade takes place between the two in Harappan Exchange the contents of these vessels for Omani copper, so friend, it is understandable that Harappan would definitely have carried something in it. And when this stuff was there, there would have been a water system. used to exchange it with Omani copper Because where does copper come from? It comes from Oman. It was in Harappa, okay, very good. Mesopotamian text dateable to the Third millennium bce third millennium millennium what happens 1000 right then 3000 Mesopotamian text from the BCE There are records in which it is written that copper which It's coming from a place of joy, okay? Where did Mesopotamia also get copper? It used to come from Magan, so brother, we did it at par with him. So friend, are Magan and Oman the same thing? Brother, what do you call Oman? Magan Your map is given, it's very clear. good the round Persian Gulf seal so this Look at this seal, this is the Persian Gulf Seal round this is found in the deaf right and this There are Harappan motives and Harappan symbols. which were in the seals of Harappan civilization What does it reveal that with Behren The trade of Harappa was also clear. What is written in the Mesopotamian text? Brother, there are some products that come from Meluha. And these are Meluha and its first products See what carnelian is all about Lapasya of Woods so brother probably this This is Meluha of Harappan civilization. Talking about these Mesopotamian texts now Brother, how is this contact a trade? It used to be from C because we had ships And have you seen the symbols of boats on seals? Contact with Mob Mesopotamia Behren and Oman was by sea and because Mesopotamian Meluha is referred to as Land in the text. of Seafarers' Right to Sea has been mentioned That's why this is anpan, let's move ahead in the map You have seen Magan, what is there is Oman, Dilman The one who is small is very good and Mesopotamian civilization is also clearly given It's very good, let's move ahead, so First let's talk about the seals we saw Seals were made of steer tight now seals What was the work, friend, so look at seals and sealing were used to facilitate long distance Long distance communication That means how would it be useful in trade? Look, if any goods are to be traded then Made a bag of it and attached the seal here okay clear very good like nowadays you amazonflex.in Ka deta used to write the ceiling also convey the Identity of the center to brother seals ceiling Both are the same thing, what did she say? The identity of the sender also told that brother Who sent the right to communicate? These symbols were used to tell The right now the second thing is The script is fine, the written language is right brother Till date it is undecided Undeciphered means undecoded, we call it I have not been able to understand it, right, I have not been able to decode it. We have been able to do it not alphabetically, we understand this I wondered if alphabets were used in this. It has not happened, we have seen it, it is about symbols. There's something like a fish on the right, there are different symbols. Too many science is science brother 375 to 400 There is a different science which we cannot decode. I have got written, well one thing is that this It was written from right to left Thi from here to here how do we write from left Wright writes, but this is from Harappan Wright. Left side used to be written right like in Urdu If it also happens then brother animal symbols animal Motives were used by those people For those who could not read the script Right to animal motives like when you vote When we go, each party has a symbol. It is right so that the illiterate can read it. I can't write it right, I can't even understand it. It will be clear, very good, let's move ahead I explained to you the weights on the right weights. The weights in the scales are different A grams to kgs exchange rate Regulated by system of weight so brother weight The exchange was done according to the quantity Made of a stone cold chard to these who waits These were made of a stone whose name was The shapes were made of chard stone. Generally cubicle with no markings There were no marks and the cube shape was fine It is dice shaped and clear like dice. Fine clear here see the lower denomination That is, the small light weights that were In binary zero to one numbers they would have And the higher weights were the bigger ones Decimal system followed by decimals Clear in points, just keep this in mind Don't be too confused about this, it's very right. Well, this is the system of weights, you can see it. There are small cubes, big cubes, and these scales. Very good, let's move on now It is anxious not to plan things first It is happening and then it is being implemented, so why? There was an authority and Administration is indirect evidence To which we can say yes friend, there is something common There was authority, someone planned things and Then everyone followed so what is it ah jo There is evidence brother, the artefacts are also the same. The methods are similar but different Objects found are from the Harappan Civilization In It's All the Same, Right Labor Was Mobilized brother, labor was mobilized Meaning that labor used to work right a labor Was in the movement for making bricks and for construction of massive walls and Platforms now brother labor has no He will give instructions and tell you what to do. So they will be able to work with the right evidence for The plan settlement was a settlement plan such as We know from our own drainage system Follows standardized ratio of bricks Size Right Brick Size Same Ratio All over the civilization Establishment of settlement near Sources Of raw material brother, like we have strategy I read where the raw material is There's copper where you're getting a shell. You are going to settle there, right? So brother, someone will have the right in this too. A large building found at Mohenjo Daro Was labeled as a palace by archaeologists So brother, there is a big one in Mohanjodaro The building was found by an archaeologist He said it looks like a palace and it could be That brother, from here some authoritative person should inform everyone. You give a message, you give an order, a stone Statue A statue has been found from Mohenjo Daro He who is called the Priest King, right so which is labeled as priest king this one So brother, maybe he was the one having authority this is only a fraction because we Nothing is known about actual history. What happened in Right Opinions of Scholars Brother Scholars Historians what do you say brother, some say that There may have been a single ruler at Harappa. Some say there was no single ruler, friend But Several Rulersongs of the historians right very good whenever Enstatite The answer is correct All points are included in this Perfect Answer Right Perfect Let's move ahead Now let's move towards the end of civilization Okay, how about The End of Civilization? Civilization that moved towards late culture And then the evidence for the end of What is the evidence of Harappan Civilization? tells us that the Harappan civilization Declined then by 1800 BCE most of The mature Harappan sites var aban aban ie that it became empty, okay, it was empty, okay People have left clearly, very good. Expansion of population into new settlement So brother, the population increased in the new settlement. Such as Gujarat, Haryana and Western UP I write a very good few Harappan sites After 1900 BCE shows the disappearing Artifacts of the Civilization Now brother you You can see that this is of Late Harappan culture. If we are talking about what happened after 1900, then brother Yes, 1800 will come right brother, from 1900 onwards. The same culture that was there, the Harappan culture, is also there now. All these artifacts are gone. Objects that were different are now different at this time. Till the ageists stop being clear okay Disappeared Seals and Special Beads Clear writing long distance trade and Craft specialization also disappeared. House construction is fine till this time Technics Deteriorating: Earlier you were advanced, now you are poor. Gay and Large Public Structures Were No Langar produced now any large public Structures not found this time overall Proof that civilization is over now. The artefacts and settlement indicate a Rural way of life ki yaar 1900 ke baad na woh The urbanization that was there is no longer there. Adopted primitive backward rural way of life and this is called Late Harappa or successor Culturesall has been clear 1900 onward which This is our perfect, very good brother What could be the reasons due to which The Harappan Civilization was the first to end. The climatic conditions of climate change Yes, she had changed a lot, that's why The people there have changed their location. done and they adopted the second one was called Is there a deforestation right that too much Forests were cut down, okay, and Joe There are natural resources, they get depleted The third one is excess floods, the flood has come, okay. There has been a natural calamity, this is the fourth one. It is okay in your natural calamities There's an earthquake, there's a flood, there's an epidemic. It's right, some disease has spread, okay? Shifting of reverse reverse has its own He changed his direction to the right and started flowing in the other direction. Or a little change came and went around there Then people settled down and the river dried up, brother Sindhu. Nadi and it is also said that this is the time When Aryans evaded Aryans who are right They came and they invaded and and removed the people Aryans Var Da Migrants Who Came from Central Asia Right place countries today's date Okay, very good, let's move on from there. Now comes the part that you have been Waiting for it seems a bit boring but it is No, Simple Points is Keep It Simple work I will tell you something, so look, we will do something. You will read important personalities whose Right Harappan Civilization has contributed Discovering okay so first of all V Have Alexander Cunningham okay Alexander Who was Cunningham, he was the first Director General Archaeological Survey of India is ok If so, Archaeological Survey of India All the archaeological finds would have been under hai right so what was Alexander Cunningham The first Director General of ASI was ok very good he is also known as the father of Indian Archaeology is very good for this reason. Let's go further Cunningham's main study was in the Archaeology of Early Historic So Dekho Cunningham was interested in early history which is from the sixth century BCE to the fourth Century CE means your 600 BC Was interested in 400 CE right? So that's why he uses the accounts left by Chinese Buddhist Pilgrims to Foreign Joe were travelers who were Chinese Buddhists Pilgrims came to the Indian subcontinent He tried this from his account. Decoding the Early Historic Period Okay now Cunningham's confusion is the most This is a very very important topic. The important thing is to understand this carefully. What problem was there, was there confusion? Cunningham that okay so about Alexander Cunningham Now we know that Look at Cunningham's Harappan artifacts. They searched and found it but they found it I don't understand how old these are. He Did Not How old were you in reality, this is not artificial. was able to find out Clear He Unsuccessfully Tried to Place it with in the time frame with which he was Familiar, he kept these artifacts in this Try to keep it within the time frame Probably he came at this time but he was wrong. Why was it because they thought the same way was and like the Indian history It starts from the Ganges Valley, which Earliest city is that starting from Ganga Valley It happens but it was not like that, that was it Unaware of this, he misplaced Did these findings only student successfully Place Them in the Right Order in the Right Age Of history is clear, very good ahead Let's go now and we have John Marshall. Okay, so first read Alexander Cunningham, John. Marshall okay so let's go John Marshall as the Director General of ASI marked a major Change in the Indian Archaeology so brother when John Marshall becomes Director General The Archaeological Survey of India then had many A big discovery happened, it was the first Professional Archaeologists to Work In India was his profession. If there was archaeology then it was the first Professional Archaeologists to Work In India in 1924 It Was John Marshall John Marshall was the one who announced who discovered that brother is a new Civilization is Non Age Indus Valley Civilization did not begin in the Ganga Valley. There is also the history of Indus Valley Civilization When did he announce this in 1924? Who said John Marshall, let's clear up here now. We have another character here, S N Roy. So S.N. Roy in his book The Story of It is written in Indian Archaeology that brother Marshall left India 3000 years older than He found it here, brother, what did S.N. Roy do here? It is said that Marshall did this 3000 years ago Also discovered right, first told Ganga Starting with Valley but then found out it was 3000 India is years older than we thought It was clearer than that, so this book is much better. It becomes important that the author is important. Head experience of working In Greece and Crete to the field then brother John Speaking of Marshall, he and worked in Crete So this is also a Greek island in Greece. Okay Marshall tended to now look Marshall What was the style of Marshall's one we can say negative What was Aspect, what did Marshall do? Axc weight digging which is regular horizontal Ignore the straight in units graphy of the site wo y y ok to straight First of all, what is graphy? Understand that this is the surface, okay, now you will see what The topmost layer of soil is the newest. There will be fresh soil and these leaves What do you call them? They are called strata. Strata It is called right strata and this is Straight graph is called right above this The soil is new, then what is beneath it It's old, then it's older, then it's older The rest of the decayed things are here. If it comes right then it is in this order What was said that John Marshall was Let's make this stat graphy here I would take the whole thing together and group it. I thought it was similar, but actually this one Soil is new, this is old, this is even older So how will you know the time, understand that's the point. Use to ignore this strategy and this whole used to make one group and the same wheeler Wheeler said that Strat Graphigraphy is very important because it is what gives us It tells us about time that first it There's Finds, after that there's this Finds, right So you will have to take these separately, right? This is group one, this is group two, this is group three After doing this, you will have to compare it straight. Graphy is very important, understand this. The difference is clear, very good, like the The context is where did you get this brother? Right, he used to get lost, now let's go. E.M. Wheeler Per E. Mortimer Wheeler Bim Director General of Archaeological Survey of India Inn 1944 Right so he was another Director General of ASI what did they do, they did this Recognized that brother straight graphy If it is necessary then what John Marshall said Wheeler did not do that, he did it straight. Recognized the importance of graphy Told that it is necessary to be clear then straight graphy of the Mounds right you have to see the layers Clear instead of just digging horizontally He brought with him military precision to the Practice of Archaeology Right to Military So because he is a because he is ex army He was a Brigadier, so his jo Military Ah A We Can Say A Preseason Was The way he worked was also If you bring it to archaeology, brother New What are Techniques in Harappan Archaeology? So brother, we saw that from 1980 onwards There was a lot of international interest. Right in Harappan Archaeology, there are many Which International We Can See Countries There are archaeologists and organizations. He is also interested in Harappan archaeology. When did she start taking it, right from 1980, so she Use of modern scientific techniques doing things like surface exploration From where those traces i.e. some remains Clay Stone Metal Plants and Animals I have been able to find the remains as well as He analyses minute by minute detail. uses every resource, whatever evidence No matter how small it is, it is meticulously Let's analyze, so now one of our The topic of classified comes up that brother, when When archaeologists find finds How do they find out about them? They classify finds to the right which If you have also received an artfed, then classify it. How do we do it? First of all, the material What material is that stone made of, right? Material Made of Clay Made of Metal It is made, let's see its material. Material Class Specifies Second Thing Let's find the function of that, okay, now what is that Is it a tool, is it an art or Both are fine and there are two ways to do it. The first way is to compare it to the present day. If we find any pot, we know it. It's pot because we're using it for today. For example, use it like a pot or If you make it through clay, then from the present day This is the first way to connect to the past. Another way to find out the function What is the context of where he was found? What kind of place is this? I have found it right, in some house. Found it in the drain, found it right next to it Accordingly, we can find the third The method is indirect evidence We will have to relate indirectly Things as archaeologists example That brother cotton finds have been found but it is less How can it be confirmed that the clothes are made of cotton? were or how cotton was used to sculpture Look at how he is dressed, he is also wearing Whether it is right or not, then by indirect evidence Historians join all the dots. Right now what they do is they reframe make of reference and keep in reference are right they know that together a Three more civilizations of Harappan civilization If so, they would compare things with each other. different artifacts to understand and Will place everyone in a cultural sequence that first I got this, then after this I got this and Then we will connect it, is it clear this is all about Classifieds Now let's move on to our last topic pay which is evidence of religious What do you believe in brother religion? Was it significant? Did people believe it or not? What proof do we have of what we believed? Brother Mother Goddess Mother Goddess means goddesses The terracotta figures are on the right As you can see, so terracotta Figuring of Women Haveli Joulded They Wearing heavy jewellery and head Dresses like a crown, right? We've got it, so this is evidence number one. okay the second thing is rare stone statuary of Men Like Priest King Brother Priest King We have also seen the statue of that stone The statue that was made of standardized Same was in the poacher and seated with one hand on The knee right, so this is the second evidence because When Ever We Believe in a Religious Superpower We try to give them a little human form. Let's try so that we can connect with Them the great thing great thing ritual thing If it is believed then brother can be from religion Relate to what the fourth thing is, the fire Altars found at Kali Bangana and Lothal to Write it in your table brother fire alters Where have they been found? Kali Bangana and Lothal What are fire altars? Your havan Kunds ok very good let's move on Ritual scenes we got to see in the seals We have seen rituals many times in the seals which is the figuring which is the motives Unicorn the One Horned Animal Depicted on We have unicorns with a horn on seals Have you seen this animal, it could be right? If there is any religious significance then we Plant Motives Plant Symbols On the seal it shows that nature is worshipped. I used to worship nature at the seventh end. Most importantly, Proto Shiva or Pashupati is one such figure in seal which Sitting cross-legged in a yogic posture Surrounded by animals, he is called Proto Shiva. Or is it considered Pashupati and finally Conical Stone Objects Linga Vashipa You see conical stone objects, right? Shivling is fine then conical stone Objects referred to as Linga worship It is said that it is probably like a Shivalinga. They used to ask what is called Linga, clear Very good I hope everyone read the complete chapter I have understood it very well I tried very hard to pronounce each word. I will explain it in a simple way so that you don't miss anything. Now as I told you this is pre NCERT series if you still read NCERT Even if you are watching, there is a lot of clarity You must have understood it right if you have seen this video earlier. If you see, read NCERT now or even before. You have read NCERT, now read it thoroughly. After watching this video you will know one thing It will become clear like butter if you help it. If so, please leave your feedback quickly in the comments. Please let me know so I can make more videos. Keep bringing it soon and obviously subscribe Do it because everything is free and Subscribing is also free right from that I will get motivation to do it for you. Keep bringing great content, right so Guys that is it for our today's video I Hope you liked it and if you did please Like, Share and Subscribe to the channel you are At Humanities Happy Learning and I will See you in the next video