AP Human Geography Unit 2 Review

Introduction

• Review of Unit 2 for AP Human Geography.
• Importance of using a study guide for note-taking.
• Ultimate Review Packet includes:
  • Unit review videos
  • Practice quizzes
  • Study guides and answer keys
  • Full practice AP exams
  • FRQ resources
  • Important vocab lists
  • Exclusive videos

Human Population Distribution

• Four Major Regions:
  • South Asia: India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka
  • East Asia: China, Japan, Korea
  • Southeast Asia: Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam
  • Europe: Influenced by Industrial Revolution
• Influences of settlement due to physical and human factors.
  • Physical factors: Climate, landforms, resources
  • Human factors: Economic, cultural, historical, political
• Population Density:
  • Arithmetic Density: Total people/land area
  • Physiological Density: Total people/arable land
  • Agricultural Density: Farmers/arable land

Consequences of Population Density and Distribution

• Political: Affects power, voting patterns
• Economic: Access to services, labor markets
• Social: Access to health, education
• Environmental: Urban sprawl, carrying capacity

Population Composition

• Demographic characteristics: Age, gender, ethnicity
• Population Pyramid:
  • Y-axis: Age ranges or cohorts
  • X-axis: Number or percentage of population
  • Classifies age ranges: Pre-reproductive, reproductive, post-reproductive
• Sex Ratio and Dependency Ratio:
  • Sex Ratio: Males to females ratio
  • Dependency Ratio: Support burden on working population

Population Dynamics

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR): Live births per 1,000 people
• Crude Death Rate (CDR): Deaths per 1,000 people
• Natural Increase Rate (NIR): Population growth from CBR and CDR
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR): Average number of children per woman
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Demographic Transition Model

• Stage 1: High CBR & CDR; subsistence agriculture
• Stage 2: High CBR, decreasing CDR; population boom
• Stage 3: Declining CBR & CDR; more economic opportunities
• Stage 4: Low CBR & CDR; potential zero population growth
• Stage 5: Low CBR, low CDR, negative NIR

Epidemiologic Transition Model

• Stage 1: High mortality from infectious diseases
• Stage 2: Reduction in pandemics
• Stage 3: Degenerative diseases increase
• Stage 4: Fighting degenerative diseases
• Stage 5: Resurgence of infectious diseases

Malthusian Theory

• Predicted population exceeds food supply leading to catastrophe
• Neo-Malthusians expand this to include all resources

Government Influence on Population

• Pronatalist Policies: Encourage births
• Antinatalist Policies: Limit births (e.g., China's One Child Policy)
• Migration Policies: Can affect economic output, cultural diversity

Women and Demographic Changes

• Economic development increases opportunities for women
• Education and workforce participation lead to lower TFR and IMR

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

• Migrants often move short distances, young adults migrate more
• Migration leads to economic and cultural changes

Migration and Its Effects

• Push and Pull Factors: Economic, political, social, environmental
• Types of Migration: Forced, voluntary, transnational, chain, step
• Impact of Migration:
  • Political: Affects immigration policies
  • Economic: Brain drain, increased talents
  • Cultural: Mixing of traditions, potential anti-immigrant sentiment

Conclusion

• Importance of reviewing study guide and practicing questions.
• Use Ultimate Review Packet for additional resources.