Geographers get ready because in this video we are going to be reviewing everything you need to know for unit 2 of AP Human Geography! Now this video is going to go fast it's going to review everything that's listed in the course exam description for AP Human Geography. So you want to make sure that you have the study guide out that's found in my Ultimate Review Packet as the study guide goes along with the video. That way you can take notes on all the major Concepts and make sure that you don't miss any of the information that you need to know. Also when you get the study guide don't forget to check out the rest of the packet as well. The packet has unit review videos for each unit practice quizzes study guides answer keys full practice AP exams FRQ resources important vocab lists exclusive videos and other resources to help you get an A in your class and a five on that National exam. All right now that you have your study guide out and you're ready to review let's start this massive review off by examining the distribution of the human population today we can see that there are four major regions where people live in fact over two-thirds of the world's population live in these areas there is South Asia which consists of countries such as India Bangladesh and Sri Lanka East Asia where we can see countries such as China Japan and Korea southeast Asia which is made up of several different States including Thailand the Philippines and Vietnam just to name a few these three regions primarily have people located near rivers and oceans unlike our last region which is Europe which here people are located closer to Natural Resources instead of clustering solely around rivers and oceans this can be attributed to the Industrial Revolution which started in Europe and led to the creation of different industrial cities that were dependent on natural resources now we can see that the location of human settlements is often influenced by both physical and human factors of a play physical factors are the natural elements that make up a place such as the climate weather patterns landforms bodies of water and natural resources historically and today we can see that most of the major cities around the world are in regions that offer favorable physical features such as being close to a body of water that facilitates global trade or by being located near arable land and places with natural resources all of which allow for Industries to grow and prosper on the other hand human factors refer to various economic cultural historical and political aspects of a place people often choose to reside in areas that provide a variety of economic opportunities including access to various jobs and services stable employment and a wide range of amenities in terms of culture we can see individuals tend to seek Out locations where they feel accepted can identify with society and feel a sense of community we can also look at historical events and how they have impacted population distribution for example the migration of people has been influenced by past trade routes different historical events political boundaries and former Empires lastly we could look at how political factors impact population distribution with people often gravitating to areas with a more stable political environment that offer more protection and maintain a cohesive functioning Society now remember when talking about population distribution we are talking about the spread of people in an area we can see that places can be dispersed which means they have their population buildings or other features spread out or scattered over a wider geographic area instead of being clustered together if a place is clustered together it means the population buildings or other features in a place are concentrated in a specific area or region with little to no space between the different features when looking at population distribution of a place we can also examine the population density of a play population density is the amount of people in an area and unlike population distribution we are not focusing on the spread of people instead we are focusing on the number of people when looking at density we can see that there are three main types of population density that you need to know arithmetic density physiological density and the agricultural density the arithmetic density is a commonly used metric to show how crowded a particular area is this density can be easily calculated regulated by dividing the total number of individuals living in an area by the total land area of the geographic area a higher arithmetic density indicates that more people are residing in each unit of land while lower numbers suggest that fewer individuals are living in each unit of land however it is important to note that the arithmetic density does not account for the distribution of people within an area it assumes that everyone is evenly spread out across the area and also does not consider land use patterns that are not intended for residential living such as agricultural land or uninhabitable land so just because the arithmetic density is 80 does not necessarily mean that there are 80 people living in each unit of land in the area the next density is the physiological density which measures the pressure that a population exerts on the environment to feed the population to calculate the physiological density you need to divide the total number of people in an area by the total amount of arable land notice here we are not including all of the land for the area instead we are only fact factoring in arable Lane which is land that can produce food a higher physiological density indicates that more food needs to be produced from each unit of arable land thereby increasing the pressure on the environment societies with a high physiological density run the risk of damaging their arable land by depleting its nutrients which can lead to desertification this can force societies to rely on importing food from other places rather than producing it themselves the vinyl density we can examine is the agricultural density which shows the level of efficiency of agricultural production in an area and the degree of Reliance on human labor versus technology to calculate the agricultural density we need to divide the number of farmers in an area by the total amount of arable land a high number indicates more manual labor to cultivate the crop while lower agricultural density indicates a high degree of mechanization and more technological advancements resulting in more of the work on the farm being completed by machines instead of by hand all of which allows for more efficient production to make sure you're understanding these Concepts take some time and answer the practice problems in your study guide also if you feel like you need more help with the application of these different densities head on over to my ultimate review packet after the video where you'll find an exclusive video helping you practice these Concepts alright so now that we have an understanding of both population density and distribution let's explore the different consequences of both of these Concepts politically we can see that areas that have a higher population density often have greater political power and representation compared to sparsely populated areas with a low population density population distribution can also impact voting patterns by affecting the redrawing of voting districts or by creating divisions between urban and rural area in terms of the economy we can observe that areas with a higher population density usually have more opportunities for Citizens including a wider range of goods and services and a larger labor market on the other hand areas that have a lower population density and have more of a dispersed population often have less access to various amenities and end up relying more on larger cities for resources and services pairs with a higher population density with their people living closer together are more likely to have higher taxes and more expensive products compared to areas with a low population density and a more sparsely populated population which generally have lower home prices fewer taxes and cheaper goods and service then there are social consequences of population density and distribution which can vary based on the type of place typically larger and more densely populated areas have better access to educational and health care services a wider range of restaurants and more economic and social opportunities for Citizens on the other hand areas with a lower population density and more of a dispersed population tend to lack specialized Services as well as various social offers but have more of a community feel lastly we can look at the impact that density and distribution have on the environment densely populated societies with more urbanization often see more urban sprawl which results in the placement of green spaces with buildings and streets on the other hand areas with a dispersed population are more likely to have more undisturbed areas in green spaces these factors can also affect a society's carrying capacity which refers to the maximum population size that an environment can support without damaging it if a population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment it may lead to over exploitation of resources depletion of essential nutrients and increase the chance of desertification and also food shortages all right now that we have explored how density and distribution can impact a geographic area let's shift our Focus now and delve into population composition which refers to the various demographic characteristics of a population including factors like age gender ethnicity educational attainment income and also occupation by analyzing these different characteristics we can gain insight into the social economic and cultural factors that shape a society one tool that we can use to better understand some of these different demographic characteristics is a population pyramid and it's important that you can not only read a population pyramid but also be able to make inferences about a society based on the data in a pyramid the y-axis of a population pyramid represents different age ranges or cohorts which can be found on either the left side or in the middle of the pyramid depending on the population pyramid's Leia on the x-axis we can see the amount of people which is either shown as an exact number or is presented as a percent you can also see that the population pyramid is divided into two sides one representing women and the other representing men with each bar indicating the number of individuals belonging to a specific age range and set now we can classify the different age ranges into three main categories based on different stages of Life the first being pre-reproductive years which consists of individuals who are between the ages of 0 to 14. the second being reproductive years which consists of individuals who are between the ages of 15 to 44. and lastly post-reproductive year years which consists of people who are 45 years and above Now population pyramids can provide valuable insights not only into current trends but also past events and potential future challenges whenever we change the scale of the population pyramid we can see different aspects of a population National governments can examine demographic Trends to better understand the rate of Aging their growth rate and potential challenges for the future for instance a top heavy pyramid indicates an aging population which could lead to increased Health Care usage declining tax revenue and a decrease in the overall population population pyramids can be used to gain Insight not only at the national scale but also the regional and local scale at the regional level population pyramids can provide insight into the economic potential of a region based on the age distribution of its population regions with a large percentage of the population in their 20s may have a growing Workforce making them more attractive to business at the local level population pyramids can help us understand the dynamic of a community for instance a city with a large percentage of its population in the 20 to 24 age range may be home to different colleges and universities resulting in more of a vibrant downtown and higher demand for rental property we can also use population pyramids to gain insight into a country's sex ratio and dependency ratio the sex ratio shows us the ratio of males to females in a population to find this ratio you take the number of male births in society and divide it by the number of female births and multiply it by 100. if this ratio is above 100 it means that there are more male births in society but if it's less than 100 it means there's more female births in society and if you get a number that's exactly 100 it means the births between males and females are the same next is the dependency ratio which gives us insight into how many people a society needs to support the higher the number is the greater the burden there will be on the working population to find this ratio you take the number of children aged 0 to 14. and add the amount of people who are 65 years or old and divide by the working age population and multiply by a hundred now this ratio can also be broken down further into the child dependency ratio and elderly dependency ratio the child dependency ratio takes the number of people between ages 0 to 14 and divides by the number of people from ages 15 to 64. then multiplies by 100 while the elderly dependency ratio takes the number of people 65 years and older and devised by the number of people between the ages of 65 to 64. that multiplies by a hundred never the last part of this section and for the rest of the questions in your study guide I want you to practice breaking down these different population pyramids understanding how to read them is one thing but it's more important that you can connect these pyramids and Concepts to the real world you do need more help with these pyramids I've created exclusive videos and practice resources that can only be found in the ultimate review pack in order to help you practice these Concepts even more now that we have reviewed population composition the time has come to go over population Dynamics and to start let's review a couple important terms that you need to be familiar with the first term is the crude birth rate which rep represents the number of live births per 1000 people in a population within a given year the second term is the crude death rate which represents the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population within a given year now we can use the CBR and the CDR to determine our next term which is the natural increase rate also known as the rate of natural increase to calculate the nir we subtract the CDR from the CBR which will show us a rate of the population growth or decline in a society this is the percentage by which a population is changing in a given year due to births and deaths without accounting for migration countries with a high nir will take less time to double their population which often creates challenges for countries as they may not be able to keep up with their growing population resulting in a strain on the country's infrastructure and system the amount of time it takes for a population to double in size is known as the doubling time countries often will track these growth metrics to better understand how they need to utilize their resources set policies and predict future challenges or are opportunities that they might have up next is the total fertility rate which is the average number of children a woman will have a dfr of 2.1 is considered to be the replacement rate if a country's TFR Falls below 2.1 the population size will decrease while TFR above 2.1 indicates population growth lastly there is the infant mortality rate which is the total number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1000 live birth now we can see that different social cultural economic and political factors all have a significant impact on the different factors that we just talked about access to Better Health Care and Educational Services traditionally lead to an increase in the life expectancy of a society and result in a decrease in the TFR IMR and also nii if women have more access to education and opportunities in a society we start to see traditional gender roles be changed which reduces gender inequality in a society societies that consist of traditional gender roles with rigid systems in place usually have a higher TFR and Nia as women have fewer opportunities outside of the home more economically developed areas often have higher rates of urbanization with more jobs opened up in the tertiary sector instead of the primary and secondary sector which is one of the reasons why these societies often see smaller family sizes as children are no longer viewed as economic assets and individuals prioritize their career on the other hand areas that are less economically developed tend to have economies that are agricultural based with a greater concentration of jobs in the primary and secondary sector this often leads to larger family sizes as individuals require more assistance on their farms and in their home finally the impact of political policies on population growth can also be seen in a society we can see that governments have the power to implement laws and use propaganda to encourage Family Planning promote the use of contraceptives and enhance access to education for everyone all of which would decrease the population growth rate of a society however if a government restricts access to contraceptives fails to provide adequate education on Family Planning and denies women their rights the result may be an increase in the population's growth rate the time has come to go over the demographic transition model which is arguably one of the most important models in this course the first stage of the model is characterized by a high CBR and CDR resulting in a low nir in this stage the majority of the population is engaged in subsistence agriculture where people produce food primarily for their own consumption rather than for sale women in this stage typically have limited opportunities in society and lack access to education with their roles primarily being focused on household tasks and childbearing migration during this stage is often seasonal as people migrate in search of food Societies in this stage also lack access to Medicine contraceptives and medical knowledge resulting in high mortality rates which can come from almost really anything now today there no longer are any countries in stage one as they've all moved further along the demographic transition model now after the Industrial Revolution many countries begin transitioning from stage 1 to Stage 2 of the demographic transition model countries in stage two continue to have a high CBR however their CDR starts to decrease resulting in a significant increase in their nir all of which causes a population boom countries in stage two start to see their IMR and CDR decrease thanks to advancements in technology increased agricultural production better sanitation and increased knowledge in medicine during stage two women start to see slight expansions of their role which allows them to occasionally participate in the formal economy however women's access to education remains limited and they continue to serve as primarily caregivers in their home countries also observe changes in their migration pattern with more individuals leaving rural areas and relocating to Urban region all which happens as people continue to search for more economic opportunities located in urban areas and due to changes in agricultural production as production now is transitioning from subsistence agriculture over to commercial today we can also see increased rates of emigration Mission as well as more migrants seek economic opportunities in core countries and more economically developed areas we're looking at the world today we can see countries like Afghanistan are in stage two of the demographic transition model as seen here in their population pyramid notice that the majority of their population is in the pre-reproductive years and reproductive years which shows a country with an expanding population now as countries progress into stage three we can start to see their CBR Decline and their CDR continues to decrease as well all of which makes their nir more moderate part of which is due to improved medical technology which leads to a higher life expectancy and a reduction in the infant mortality rate ultimately resulting in smaller family size urban areas also start to become more dominant economic centers in the state with jobs focusing and Manufacturing as more people continue to migrate from rural areas to urban areas we start to see people have fewer children due to a lack of space and also due to economic changes during stage three women also start to gain greater access to Education Health Care and economic opportunities which contribute to the declining CBR and nir the society continues to advance economically we start to see a rise in job opportunities in the secondary sector of the economy along with also growth happening in the tertiary sector as more economic opportunities open up in the country we also start to see shifts in the amount of migrants who are emigrating from the country as more people continue to migrate to urban areas for economic opportunities today we can look at Mexico as an example of a stage three country notice when looking at Mexico's population pyramid the middle of the pyramid is starting to fill out more people in the country are now in their reproductive years and post-reproductive years we can see that Mexico is still growing as a country but not as fast as it would have been if it was in stage two moving on to stage four we can see countries that have a low CBR low CDR and also a low to Flat nir during this stage countries may experience zpg which stands for zero population growth this happens when a CBR and a CDR are essentially the same causing the nir to be zero during stage four we can see women play an active role in society and the economy with greater access to education being able to pursue careers and more control over their reproductive choices countries in stage four also have access to specialized medicine and doctor as well as a robust Health Care System we also can see migration patterns start to shift as urban areas start to experience counter urbanization as more people start to move into the suburbs additionally countries in stage four witnessed increased immigration from less economically developed States as more individuals seek economic opportunities in the country today we can see countries like the United States and China are good examples of a stage four country we look at their population pyramids we can see they form more of a box shape notice that the population is spread out between the different age cohorts and while the countries are no longer seeing a large population growth they are also not seeing a large decline finally there is the speculative stage five is characterized by a low CBR a low CDR and a negative Nar in this stage the country's births fall below their debt resulting in a decline in the population countries that could be in stage five would be Japan or Germany notice how the majority of their population is located in the post-reproductive years on their population pyramid both of these countries have a negative Nar which means their overall population is decreasing it's also important to note that migration can impact these Trends and when discussing CBR CDR and Nar we are only looking at births and deaths that occur within a country immigration is not factored into these metrics the last part of this section is the epidemiologic transition model which focuses on the causes of death for each stage of the demographic transition stage one is characterized by high mortality rates from pestilence famine and other causes people are vulnerable to a range of diseases including parasitic and infectious diseases animal attacks pandemics epidemics food shortages and contaminated water sources just to name a few essentially if you can name it you can die from it one of the most well-known killers in this stage was the Bubonic plague stage two is categorized by fewer deaths and a reduction in pandemic during this stage Society gains access to new technology that not only improve the standard of living but also increase the amount of food that is produced people start to see an increase in their caloric intake and there is an improvement in the sanitation as societies continue to progress they eventually reach stage three which is characterized by an increase in degenerative diseases during this stage people start to live longer and begin to die from diseases that are either caused by human behavior or are related to age examples include heart disease from eating unhealthy foods and various types of cancer next to stage four which is categorized by fighting degenerative diseases and overall longer life expectancy your medical advancements can often delay the onset of different diseases leading to increased life expectancy during this stage people generally continue to improve their diets and make better health decisions such as by avoiding drug use however advancements in society can also lead to negative eating habits such as the consumption of junk food and a sedentary lifestyle which can contribute to new health problems like obesity and diabetes the fifth and final stage is characterized by the Resurgence of infectious diseases including parasitic and infectious diseases that become more prevalent again this can occur due to the evolution of different diseases which can lead to mutations and the development of antibiotic resistance another reason is the increase in poverty and urbanization as densely populated areas make it easier for diseases to spread while at the same time we can see that people living in poverty often have limited access to health care which can result in a higher CDI lastly globalization and the ease of travel can also contribute to the spread of pandemic such as the covid-19 pandem as people share ideas and germs across the world now one thing I want to Quick point out is the first four stages of the demographic transition model pair pretty well with the first four stages of the epidemiologic transition model however the fifth stage age does not connect moving into the next part of the unit we have malthusian Theory Malthus was an English Economist who lived in England during the Industrial Revolution when England was in stage two of the demographic transition Malthus became concerned over the population growth of society he argued that while society's population would continue to grow exponentially its ability to produce food would only increase at an arithmetic rate this would eventually lead to a malthusian catastrophe in which the population would surpass the carrying capacity resulting in famine War disease outbreaks and the collapse of society to stop this Malthus believed that an intervention was necessary to prevent uncontrolled population growth for example governments could start implementing anti-natalist policies that would motivate people to have less kids how this was criticized during his time his ideas of smaller family sizes came out during a time where people had larger families ultimately we can see malfoots turned out to be wrong as countries develop economically their growth rates start to slow resulting in their popular relation rate no longer being exponential and due to the agricultural revolutions and advancements in farming technology we can also see food production increase at a faster rate than what Malthus predicted nevertheless there are still people out there who believe in mouth they are known as Neil malthusians and they believe that the world supply of Natural Resources will deplete as population continues to grow malthusians have expanded on maltus's original idea to not just include food but resources in general essentially the world has a finite supply of natural resources and as our population continues to grow we will continue to deplete those resources an example of a Neo malthusian would be Thanos who believed that killing half of the world's population was the solution to this problem all right geographers you're over halfway done with unit 2 and I know it's a long one but you're doing great make sure you keep following along with that study guide and if you need to you know take a little stretch break stretch it out all right now we're going to be moving into 2.7 though where we're going to be talking about governments and their ability to influence population we can see that governments have the power to influence demographic Trends and migration patterns all by using various tools we can divide government policies that impact population growth into two categories pronatalist policies are designed to encourage people to have more children and larger families these policies often involve propaganda tax incentives for families with children resources for Family Planning and the removal of economic or political barriers for families these policies are typically implemented in a country with a low or negative Nia on the other hand we also have countries that have a high nir where we can see the implementation of anti-natalist policies which seek to reduce the amount of births in a society for example China's one child policy which set limits on the amount of children individuals can have this was a controversial law and was put in place to prevent overpopulation from occurring now I do want to note that recently China has doubled back on this policy and started to modify this is because this policy was so effective at limiting family size that China's population growth fell on almost too much in addition to population policies migration policies can also impact as society's growth governments often base their immigration policies on their economic needs National Security priorities and cultural value when immigrants are allowed into a country it tends to increase the economic output of the country increase the amount of diversity in the country and can lead to new inventions and ideas for society all right now comes the time to talk about women and demographic changes as economies develop opportunities for women tend to increase in economically developed countries women have greater access to Quality education participate more in the workforce have better access to health care and have more control over their reproductive Choice with increased education women tend to delay having children resulting in a lower total fertility rate and infant mortality rate this is because as women get educated they end up spending more time in school and in the workflow leading to fewer children being born on average additionally as both men and women gain education they learn more about how to keep children safe safe healthy and happy resulting in a lower IMR this increase in Economic Development and opportunities for women also leads to a decrease in the maternal mortality rate which is the annual number of female deaths per 100 000 live births from any cause related to pregnancy in countries with greater gender inequality women tend to have fewer opportunities less access to education legal protection and are often limited to traditional gender roles as caretakers which often results in these countries tending to have higher TFR countries that offer women less opportunities and protections tend to be countries with less economic development we can see that Economic Development and greater opportunities for women not only change the birth and growth rate of a country but can also change migration patterns as well to understand migration patterns we can look at ravenstein's laws of migration's laws of migration provide insight into migration patterns but it should be noted that some of these have started to change in recent years due to different political cultural and economic shifts in society haven't seen observed that most migration happens for economic reasons and is often undertaken by young adults this is because young adults have fewer ties to a specific geographic area that are more flexible to take advantage of economic opportunities in other places ravenstein also noted that migrants often travel short distances and will travel in Step migration which ties into our next law which is that migrants are more likely to move from a rural area to an urban area as migrants travel towards their final destination they tend to settle in different towns and cities before reaching a larger urban area the farther the migrant is traveling the more likely it is that they are migrating to a larger urban area this pattern is also observed in the gravity model which helps to explain migration flows between different Geographic locations the gravity model is based on the assumption that migration flows are influenced by the population size and distance between the migrants origin and destination notice here even though City 2 and City 3 are closer together both are more likely to migrate and interact with City one ravenstein also noted that whenever migration happens a counter stream would be created this means that when a person migrates to a new place they connect their original location with the new location the next law stated that large urban areas tend to experience population growth primarily through migration rather than by natural birth now Robinson also observed that migration can lead to increased development as it often brings new Goods Foods ideas and businesses with it lastly ravenstein noted that women are more likely to migrate internally within a country while young males are most likely to migrate International this was because traditionally men were the only ones who had access to more wealth and were seen as the provider of the family however in recent years we have started to see this change as more women enter the workforce and gain Financial Freedom right now we've talked about changes in Economic Development and also birth rates but we also need to talk about what happens when a population starts to Aid as countries experience Economic Development their populations tend to eight leading to new challenge one major challenge is the increase in the dependency ratio when more people start to retire putting a greater burden on the working population a higher dependency ratio means less people are working and paying into the system while at the same time as people retire we can see more people starting to access their retirement funds and need more Health Care Services resulting in more money being taken out of the system this shift in demographics may lead to a reduction in economic growth as countries raise taxes to support their aging populations health care and retirement needs aging societies may also see shifts in family structures with family members taking on the responsibility of providing care for their elderly relatives countries with an older population Also may experience a decrease in their growth as a majority of citizens are now in their post-reproductive years resulting in shortages of workers to support the economy now to try and combat some of these Trends some countries may start to implement pronatalist policies to boost their nir and reduce their overall dependency Ratio or we can countries Implement more pro-immigrant policies to try and attract a new Workforce by now changing gears and moving into migration we can see that people migrate for a variety of different reasons when looking at migration we can see different push and pull factors whole factors refer to the positive conditions events and factors that attract people to a particular geographic location while on the other hand push factors refer to the negative conditions events and factors that motivate people to leave their current Geographic locations every place has different economic political social and environmental push and pull factor economic push factors for example could include a lack of job opportunities in a person's Home Country economic instability high taxes or a higher cost of living all economic pull factors could be more business opportunities less taxes or greater variety of goods and services political push factors may include political persecution discrimination lack of political Freedom or an unstable political environment while political whole factors may include better access to government services protection of individual right political Freedom or political stability social push factors may include religious or cultural persecution rampant discrimination or a lack of social services such as health care or education on the other hand social pull factors may include positive situations like access to Quality Health Care increased access to education acceptance of different cultures or desired to be close to other family members lastly environmental push factors may include negative situations like natural disaster environmental degradation increased air and water pollution or undesirable climate while environmental pull factors may include favorable climates better living conditions with less pollution or more access to arable land and natural resources now if a person is moving out of a place it is known as emigration and if a person is moving into a place it's known as immigration to make sure you don't mix these terms up think of immigration as e for exit and immigration as I for in two other Concepts that you will want to be familiar with when it comes to migration is intervening obstacles and intervening opportunity intervening obstacles are negative situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination for example if a migrant ran out of money to complete their migration or are denied entry to an area due to immigration policy while intervening opportunities on the other hand are positive situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination for example if you're on your way to your destination but find a job offer in an area you were driving through and decide to take the job now when it comes to migration we can see that migration can either be forced or voluntary let's start by reviewing Force migration which is when the migrant has no choice but to migrate human trafficking Force child labor child soldiers slavery are all examples of force migration Force migration happens when individuals are compelled to leave their country due to reason such such as War political oppression or environmental disaster migrants who have been forced to leave their home country and have crossed an international border in order to escape War persecution or natural disasters are known as refugees oftentimes refugees May seek asylum in another country if a migrant does not cross an international boundary then they would not be classified as a refugee I would instead be classified as an internally displaced person idps have been forced to flee their home in order to protect themselves and their family just like a refugee but they have not crossed an internationally recognized State boundary so they remain in their home country now unlike Force migration voluntary migration happens because people are choosing to leave their current location on their own free will transnational migration occurs when people choose to leave their country of origin and seek residents in a different state typically transnational migrants maintain ties to their home country and settle in areas with similar cultural value chain migration is a type of migration that is part of of a country's family reunification policy this type of migration is a process in which legal immigrants who have become naturalized citizens sponsor a family member to immigrate to the country that migration refers to migration that occurs in stages where migrants make stops at different locations before reaching their final destination oftentimes we can see migrants who are migrating by step migration be impacted by intervening opportunities or intervening obstacles which may prevent them from getting to their final destination now sometimes migrants may temporarily migrate to a new country for work or for educational reasons these migrants are known as guest workers oftentimes these migrants may send money back to their home country which is known as the next type of migration is transhumans migration this migration is cyclical meaning that it occurs in regular intervals or patterns transhumans migration revolves around the seasonal movement of livestock between two different locations livestock has led to Highland areas in the summer months and lowland areas in the a winter months then there is Rule to Urban migration which is the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas this most often occurs because people are seeking more economic opportunities in the larger urban areas lastly you also want to be familiar with both intra Regional migration and Inter Regional migration two terms that honestly are really easy to mix up intra-regional migration refers to the movement of people within a particular region for example a person moving from an urban area to a suburban area while inter-regional migration refers to the movement of people between different regions for example if I moved from the Midwest to the United States down to the southeast of the United States just remember intra Regional migration is the movement of people within the same region while inter Regional migration is migration from one region to another and this is also a great reason why you need to take your time on your unit to test or the AP National exam you always want to read every question very carefully you skim questions or answers you're more likely to miss small details I could cost you points if you need more help with the different types of migration and causes of migration you can find more exclusive resources and videos inside my ultimate review pack I run to the last part of unit 2 and it's important now that we examine the impact a migration can have on a region the political ramifications of migration can be seen in everyday conversations and media discussions as Citizens debate issues such as citizenship for migrants which immigration policy should be priority we can see that individuals who wish to reduce the number of immigrants entering a country May support immigration quotas that limit the number of immigrants emitted in a year on the other hand those who want to increase the number of immigrants May endorse policies such as family reunification or Diversity Lottery programs which allow individuals from specific countries worldwide to enter a country economically we can see increased immigration often leads to increased Talent pools as societies gain new skills knowledge and expertise from their new migrants all of which leads to more economic output for a country on the other hand countries that do not have as much to offer their citizens might experience brain drain which is when skilled labor leaves a geographic area in favor of another area that offers more opportunity culturally migration leads to the mixing of different Traditions languages and value leading to acculturation assimilation or syncretism as more migrants enter the country we often see the cultural diversity of the country increase but at the same time we also may see anti-immigrant or Refugee sentiment develop this often happens when individuals are worried about losing certain aspects of their life culture or unique cultural landscape our geographers you have done it we are done with unit two now comes the time to check your answers to the study guide and also practice what we have learned in order to make sure that you are ready for your unit test head on over to my ultimate review packet and take the unit practice quiz alright that's it for today as always thank you so much for watching if you found value in this video consider subscribing and I'm Mr. Sinn and I will see you next time on online