in this video we'll be talking about Chiari malformation this is one type of brain malformation where the cerebellum gets displaced downward through the foramen of the Magnum into the upper spinal canal and this kind of malformation could lead to severe problems this is how a normal individual's brain look like here is a skull cerebellum brain stem spinal cord and here is the foramen of Magnum in case of chiary malformation the cerebellum descends down the cerebellar tonsil actually descends down through the foramen of Magnum to the upper spinal canal if we zoom into this situation we can understand the descended cerebellum might create extra pressure on the brain stem as well as there could be blockage of the normal cerebrospinal fluid flow that might result in obstructive hydrocephalus there could be different types of chiary malformation type 1 which is the most common type and usually present during the type of birth so it's congenital there could be type 2 also known as Arnold Theory malformation and it's often associated with myeloma meningocele that means which is also a distinct feature in spina bifida there are other types like type 3 and type 4 which are less common so let's talk about the different classification in bit more detail so this is how the normal Trend look like this is the type 1 Kia email formation and this is type 2. type 2 is often associated with uh hydrocephaly and type 1 leads to a downward disen of the cerebellar tonsil but type 2 not only as gets associated with hydrocephalus but also there is a downward displacement of the cerebellum brain stem as well as the fourth ventricle this leads to our obstruction in the CSF flow which is ultimately leading to the hydrocephalus when it comes to symptoms it could be headaches that often worse with the cuffing or straining then there are neck pain nausea vomiting like situations balance and coordination problem dizziness muscle weakness vision and hearing disturbances fine motor skill problems and ultimately sometimes in difficulty in swallowing or speaking symptoms can vary So based on individual to individual but some of the symptoms are pretty common diagnosis can be done using magnetic resonance imaging MRI can reveal the extent of cerebellar tonsil descent or herniation through the spinal canal so this is a MRI finding you can see in Chiari malformation the cerebellar tonsil has descended down and it is clearly visible on A sagittal section in kiary malformation type 2 the distinct features include cerebellar tonsils the intercerebellum and the brain stem has descended down so the herniation is pretty clear also it is associated with myelomeningosil which is a pretty distinct feature of Chiari malformation type 2. Theory malformation can happen in with happen to any individual from any ethnicity but it has been seen the prevalence is somewhat more in the females the reason behind that is not really known but people think there is a genetic component associated with it when it comes to treatment it can be treated or the symptoms can be managed with physiotherapy pain medications and sometimes surgery is required for extreme cases so I hope this was useful if you like this video give it a quick thumbs up you can get more notes and flashcards in our Instagram and Facebook page support us using super thanks see you in next video foreign