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Identify the primary function of the sarcomeres in skeletal muscles.
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Sarcomeres are the structural units that contract to produce muscle movement.
Name the three types of neurons and their functions.
Sensory (afferent) neurons carry impulses to the CNS, motor (efferent) neurons carry impulses to muscles, and interneurons facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons.
What muscle type is responsible for voluntary movements and is striated?
Skeletal muscle
Describe the process of bone formation and growth involving osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Osteoblasts build new bone tissue by secreting collagen and other materials, while osteoclasts break down old or damaged bone tissue to aid in remodeling and calcium regulation.
What is the anatomical term for the forehead?
Frontal
What is the difference between the roles of the parathyroid hormone and calcitonin in calcium homeostasis?
Parathyroid hormone raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption, while calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting bone resorption.
Describe the role of Helper T Cells in the adaptive immune response.
Helper T Cells activate other immune cells, including cytotoxic T cells and B cells, to respond to infections.
Describe the sagittal plane.
The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.
What hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of enzymes and bile in the digestive system?
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Explain the function of the renal medulla in the urinary system.
The renal medulla concentrates urine and helps in the reabsorption of water and salts.
Explain the function of insulin in the digestive system.
Insulin regulates blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake into cells.
What is the primary role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
The diaphragm contracts to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, allowing air to flow into the lungs and facilitating gas exchange in the alveoli.
Identify the structure that serves as the primary pacemaker of the heart.
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Explain the functional difference between the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, acts as the control center, processing and sending out instructions, while the PNS consists of nerves that transmit signals between the CNS and the rest of the body.
How do histamines function in the inflammatory response?
Histamines increase blood flow to the affected area, causing blood vessel dilation and recruiting white blood cells to fight infection.
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