AP World History Lecture: Units 4-6 Review

Introduction

• Night two of review for AP World History Exam, covering Units 4 through 6
• 90-minute session, recording available afterward
• Super Chat shoutouts until 9:30 p.m. ET
• Humor break:
  • “Daughter asked for bookmark, doesn’t know my name is Steve” joke

Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections (1450-1750)

Big Idea 1: Maritime Technology & Empires

• Maritime technology facilitated transoceanic trade and seaborne empires
• Key technologies: astrolabe (Greeks & Muslims), magnetic compass (Chinese), latine sail (Mediterranean)
• European developments: Portuguese caravel, Dutch flout ship
• Importance of ship design in establishing maritime empires

Big Idea 2: State-Sponsored Exploration

• European state-sponsored exploration expanded trade and transatlantic contact
• Reasons: Wealth-building, spreading Christianity, state competition
• Portuguese trading post empire; Spain’s exploration and colonization in the Americas
• Impact: Increased transatlantic sailing interest

Big Idea 3: Columbian Exchange

• Transfer of animals, plants, foods, and diseases between Europe and Americas
• Major transfers: maize to Europe; wheat, rice to Americas; smallpox to Americas
• Changes in societies and demographics on both sides of the Atlantic

Big Idea 4: European Empires & Mercantilism

• European empires grew through mercantilist policy and coerced labor
• Portuguese in Brazil for sugar cane; Spanish in Americas with encomienda and hacienda systems
• Impact of mercantilism: Establishing colonies to enrich the homeland

Big Idea 5: Impact of Maritime Empires on Societies & Economies

• Expansion of joint-stock companies (British East India Company, Dutch VOC)
• Economic disputes: Moroccan-Portuguese conflict, Suni Empire
• Triangular trade system and African slave trade

Big Idea 6: Resistance to Imperialism

• Forms of resistance: Maratha Rebellion, Pueblo Revolt
• Japan’s restrictive policies against European influence (Tokugawa Japan)

Big Idea 7: Social Changes

• Social categories and roles change: Qing Dynasty's policies, Spanish Casta system
• Resistance movements and social hierarchy transformations

Unit 5: Revolutions (1750-1900)

Big Idea 1: Enlightenment

• Enlightenment principles: empirical data, observation, natural rights (Locke), social contract (Rousseau)
• Reforms: Women's suffrage (Seneca Falls), abolitionism, serfdom abolition in Russia

Big Idea 2: Enlightenment & Nationalism Leading to Revolutions

• Nationalism and Enlightenment led to revolutions: American, French, Haitian, Latin American
• Key documents: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, Bolivar's Jamaica Letter

Big Idea 3: Industrial Revolution

• Began in Britain, leading to mass production by machines
• Factors: waterways, coal/iron/timber, urbanization, agricultural productivity, private property protection

Big Idea 4: Industrialization Spread & Decline of Other Manufacturing

• Spread to Europe, USA, Russia, Japan (Meiji Restoration)
• Decline in Asian/Latin American manufacturing; British pressure on Indian textiles

Big Idea 5: Technological Advances

• First vs. Second Industrial Revolution: steam power vs. internal combustion engine
• Key technologies: railroads, telegraph

Big Idea 6: Economic Shifts: Free Market Capitalism & Transnational Businesses

• Shift from mercantilism to capitalism (Adam Smith)
• Rise of transnational corporations (Unilever)
• Increased standards of living for some; rise of the middle class

Big Idea 7: Industrialization Reforms

• Labor unions, Marxism (Karl Marx, proletariat vs. bourgeoisie)
• Impact of industrialization on work conditions, labor laws

Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)

Big Idea 1: Ideologies & Imperialism

• Cultural ideologies: White Man's Burden, Social Darwinism, missionary work
• Nationalistic motives: European and Japanese empire-building
• Economic motives: raw materials and new markets for industrial powers

Big Idea 2: Empire Expansion & Control

• Nonstate to state control: Belgian Congo, British India
• New powers replacing old empires: US in the Philippines, economic imperialism in China
• Scramble for Africa: Berlin Conference, settler colonies

Big Idea 3: Resistance to Imperialism

• Direct resistance: Tupac Amaru in Peru, India’s Sepoy Mutiny
• Creation of new states: Balkan states, religious resistance movements (Ghost Dance, Xhosa Cattle Killing)

Big Idea 4: Transforming Global Economy

• Shift from subsistence farming to cash crop farming for export
• Colonial economies serving European/imperial demand

Big Idea 5: Economic Imperialism

• Example: Opium Wars in China, US investment in Mexico and Cuba
• Economic manipulation to benefit imperial powers

Big Idea 6: Migration Patterns

• Migration for labor: indentured servitude, contract laborers, penal colonies
• Migration due to poor conditions: Irish Potato Famine, India's poverty
• Impact: urbanization, ethnic enclaves, new transportation technologies, discrimination

Conclusion

• Final shoutout session with various student messages
• Reminder for the next review session covering remaining units
• Encouragement and good luck to students for their exams