Understanding Anatomy and Physiology Principles

Aug 20, 2024

Review flashcards

Principles of Physiology and Anatomy

Physiology Overview

  • Study of the functions of different organ systems.
  • Organ systems communicate using:
    • Nervous system
    • Endocrine system
  • Control exchanges of materials (nutrition, etc.).

Importance of Anatomical Terminology

  • Provides clear references to parts of the body.
  • Essential for efficient and accurate communication among colleagues.

Anatomical Position

  • Default position: standing upright, palms facing forward.
  • Standardizes references to body parts.
  • Originated from early anatomical studies, like those by Leonardo da Vinci.

Directional Terms

  • Superior/Inferior: Top/Bottom
  • Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back
  • Medial/Lateral: Center/Side
  • Intermediate: Between two structures
  • Proximal/Distal: Closer to/Farther from the body center
  • Superficial/Deep: Skin surface/Deeper structures

Body Orientation

  • Human: Bipedal (walk on two feet)
  • Comparison with quadrupeds (four-legged animals)
  • Ventral/Dorsal: Front/Back for humans.

Sectional Anatomy

  • Sagittal Plane:
    • Mid-Sagittal: Divides body into equal left and right halves.
    • Para-Sagittal: Offset from the center.
  • Frontal (Coronal) Plane:
    • Divides body into front and back halves.
  • Transverse Plane:
    • Horizontal cut, used in CT and MRI imaging.

Body Cavities

  • Major Cavities:
    • Dorsal: Contains cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord) cavities.
    • Ventral: Subdivided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
    • Diaphragm separates thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
  • Thoracic Cavity:
    • Pleural cavities (lungs)
    • Pericardium (heart)
    • Superior mediastinum (trachea, esophagus)
  • Abdominopelvic Cavity:
    • Abdominal (digestive organs)
    • Pelvic (bladder, reproductive organs)

Serous Membrane

  • Provides a double layer of lubrication to reduce friction.
  • Types: Pleura (lungs), Pericardium (heart), Peritoneum (abdominal organs).
  • Cardiac tamponade: Emergency from bleeding within the serous membrane.

Abdominal Mapping

  • Four Quadrants:
    • Right/Left Upper/Lower
  • Nine Regions:
    • Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric, Hypochondriac, Iliac

Smaller Body Cavities

  • Include nasal, oral, and middle ear cavities.
  • Each cavity has specific functions.

Chemistry Overview (Chapter 2)

  • Refresher on atoms, molecules, bonds, etc.
  • No exam questions from this chapter.

Administrative Notes

  • Reminder to complete attendance verification.
  • Checklist provided for tasks.