Principle of physiology is study of the function of different organ system and because we have a lot of organs throughout the body and each one cannot sustain on its own, cannot live on its own, they have to talk together, you have to work together and in order to work together they have to communicate with one another and they do so by using the nervous system and endocrine system in order to do so. We have the different control exchange you know of the material with the nutrition and so on and so forth as well. Now we're going to talk about the terminology of anatomy.
So why do we have to study these terms, different parts of the body, different terminology? It's because you want to provide a clear reference of the different parts of the body. You want to be able to clearly communicate what you want to say to another colleague as succinct and efficient as possible. So, for example, like say if you get lost. Somewhere in the new city, you could go and ask a stranger down the street to help point you to the right direction.
And that person will basically tell you that, hey, go down a couple blocks, turn right over here, and then go one block, turn left over here. You know exactly how to get there. Same thing with the anatomy.
If you want to clearly communicate exactly what's going on in different parts of the body, you need to learn these terminology. So. Anatomical position is kind of default position of human body that everybody adhere to. Why? Because the human body can be moved around, right?
You can curl into a fetal position, you can turn around, you can twist your different parts of the body. So when you want to convey information of different parts of the body, everybody has to be on the same page. So back in the day, you know, in the early century, we have Our talented Leonardo da Vinci who drew this picture over here and he gives us the early foundation of human anatomy. Nowadays, modern anatomy we use the picture on the right over here.
So when people talk about anatomical position, they talk about a person standing upright with palms facing forward, thumbs out and this position over here. is how we're going to learn the different terms of the body. This is the different anatomical landmarks starting from the top to the bottom.
Here's the front side of the body. Start getting yourself familiar with these terminology as we move on throughout the semester because some of these terms you're going to see that again like say the femoral, patella, fibula, tarsal and so on. This is the back side of the body. Now we're moving on to the directional terms.
Start off with the easy one first. So the superior and inferior is simple enough. So what is superior and inferior is when you have things that are on top or things at the bottom.
Anterior, posterior, front and back, medial and lateral is basically in the middle of the body or off to the side. So that's lateral. Intermediate is somewhere in between the two.
Proximal and distal, this is what kind of trips a lot of people. So Proximal refers to the parts of the body that are closer to the center of the body, the origin of the body. The distal, distance, things that are further away from the body still attach to the main body.
Superficial and deep is straightforward enough. Superficial is something on the skin, deep is deeper to the body, like say the bone. Here's the table, gives you the visual representation as well as description of each one of them. And here on the proximal and distal, I have a good example over here that we have time to visit a little bit that the elbow is proximal to the wrist. So, and if you think about it, the proximal is closer, the elbow is closer to the center of the body.
And, you know, it's part of the body. This elbow is a part of body attached to your torso, right? And the elbow is closer to the torso. compared to the wrist.
Same thing with the distal when you say the knee is further away from the thigh you can also say the knee is distal more distance from the thigh from the body from the center of the body. Next one is the body orientation so there's a relationship between the human body and you know other animals for in the rest of the animal kingdom so and we have a privilege of having an ability to walk on two feet so we are biped whereas the rest of the animal kingdom are quadruped most of them so and with the biped comes in a little bit of the complication with the different terms of the human body so when people talk about the eventual or the dorsal side of living organism say for example a dolphin You know, if you know the dorsal fin of the dolphin is on the backside, right? Whereas the ventral is the belly side that they swim in the oceans. And the dorsal fin is the one facing the sky. For us humans, because we walk on your two feet, we are biped.
Our ventral becomes the anterior as well. The dorsal becomes the posterior, the backside. So next one, the sectional anatomy.
We live in a 3D world. We have length, we have width, we have depth, right? But a lot of imaging techniques that we use in medical community, whether it's x-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, a lot of them have kind of 2D dimension. The newer machine you can do, you know, 3D mapping and whatnot, that's a lot more complicated. But Most people, most imaging techniques have 2D plane of section.
So because we use 2D plane of image to represent 3D living organisms, you have to have a set plane of section to tell other people when they view at it that, hey, this is the picture taken from this plane of section. This is a picture taken from that plane of sections. And we have three different types.
Frontal, sagittal, and transverse. Here are some examples, starting with the sagittal. this example here that they show you is the mid sagittal why is it called mid sagittal because if you follow this uh picture over here it cut right uh this person right in the middle cut this person in the perfect left and right half and when you look at the picture down here it looks like you know a little salt section with the vertebral column right in the middle as was the internal organs right in the front and so on there's different types of the sagittal plane as well we call the pala sagittal so instead of having this sagittal plane that goes right in the center right in the middle they're called the mid sagittal pala sagittal kind of offside a little bit so if you have another plane of section that cut right through say the shoulder that goes right all the way down to her hip to the leg all the way to the foot so when you look at the picture you're not going to see the picture that stopped over here you're going to see the picture with another leg all the way down so That's the palasagittal plane of sections. Moving on to the frontal, another term for it is coronal plane of sections.
So this is the plane of section that cut the body right into the perfect front and the back half. So when you look at the picture, this is a picture that you're looking at. So a lot of, say, if you ever had a chest x-ray before, it's very similar to that. It's a plane of sections.
Moving on to the last one, the triceps. transverse planar section so this one is horizontal cut basically so we use a lot this imaging section for ct scan and mr scan so if you never had the m r scan or ct scan in the past uh it's basically a gigantic machine that looks like a big donut hole and in the middle is the basically have the bed that you're supposed to lay on it and the bed will slide into this donut hole while the machine is working and taking a picture of different section of your body so when the imaging technique the CT or MI scan cut your body it basically take a picture of different section of your horizontal section and so on and so forth so when you're looking at the picture it looks like this one over here so you got the spine in the back your internal organs up at the top as you lay on the bed faced up so next one is the body cavity we have two major body cavity throughout the body and the function of body cavity is to house your organs your internal organs your heart your lung your pancreas and whatnot are delicate those cannot protect themselves you have to have this cavity for them to house in you have to have the skin the bone to help protect them so you got two major cavity of the body you got dorsal and eventual body cavity the dorsal is on the back side further subdivided into the cranial cavity that contain the brain and the vertebral cavity that contain the spinal cord at the bottom. On the front side, you have the body cavity, your ventral body cavity here in the red color. The ventral body cavity further subdivided into thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavity. The thoracic and the abdominal pelvic cavity separate together from one another by this thin muscle called the diaphragm.
If you look at the front side, let's start from the top we have the thoracic cavity that further subdivided into smaller cavities so start off from the side we have the plural cavities one on the left one on the right these are housing for the lungs we have one in the middle over here called the pericardium for housing of your heart we have one here at the top these are called the mediastinum the superior mediastinum for your trachea for your esophagus you know the passageway to get to the heart and lung and so on. Getting lower, go past the diaphragm right here you have the abdominal pelvic cavity, you have the abdominal cavity at the top and pelvic cavity at the bottom and each area carry and contain protect different organs throughout the body so you have the abdominal cavity that helps in your digestive system like say your stomach intestine whereas your pelvic cavity housing mainly your bladder and your your reproductive organs continue with the serious membrane we have a lot of different organs throughout the body each of these organs has to work all the time 24 7 your heart has to be 24 7. Your heart cannot take 5, you know, not take a 10-minute smoke break, you know, what's going to happen if your heart do so? It's not going to be pretty, right?
So your heart has to be 24 7 whether you sleep or awake. In order for heart to work, your heart has to pump the blood. With the heart pumping the blood, it has to move all the time.
With movement comes friction. If you imagine yourself, like say, if you're uh ever play a musical instrument like say a guitar for example you know you use your finger to plug the strings and whatnot what's going to happen after a couple weeks of practicing a guitar you can start getting what callus on your finger right your skin getting thicker that can also happen with your heart right so when your heart's beating all the time 24 7 4 whatever however year old that you are gonna get a lot of callus if you don't have some kind of protection that's where the serous membrane comes in it provides a double layer lubrication so that your internal organs can work function properly and with little friction as possible so let's have a look at some description and some terms of the service membrane the service membrane has different name for different organs of the body like say your lungs has the term called puri. Your heart has a term called pericardium.
Your abdominal organs, you know, your stomach, your intestine has another term called peritoneum. All of these SIRS membranes are double folded membranes. Why is it double folded membrane? Here's a visual representation of analogy of what a SIRS membrane looks like.
Imagine if you have a water balloon, for example, that's filled with water. You try to put your fist into the balloon without getting inside of the balloon. So how do you do that? Is when you have a water balloon over here.
But instead of getting your fist into this opening valve over here, you instead just punch your way right into the skin of the balloon itself. So that the skin of this balloon over here basically continues with the skin of the balloon inside. So when you see this guy over here, now you have two layer right so you have one layer over here which by the way called viscerous and you have the layer over here on the outside that's called parietal so i'm just just going to put the letter p because i can't write uh with my mouth so this is why we call it a double membrane and inside the serous membrane you have fluid right in the middle called the serous fluid over here so these fluid is there to help with the lubrications now if you substitute your fist with any internal organs in your body like say your heart for example this is how the serous membrane help protect the heart when the heart is beating 24 7 it beats inside of this lubricated water balloon serous membrane if for any kind of things that happen to the heart like say you have trauma happening like say it's saturday night now friday night people get drunk people get into fight People got stabbed, comes to the ER, they got stabbed into the heart. There's something called cardiac tympanol and what happened is the heart got stabbed with some kind of object that penetrates the serous membrane and also the heart itself. So let me draw this knife over here.
here and kind of as good of a knife that I can draw with my mouth. So what's going to happen is once your heart is got stabbed, your heart has a function of beating right so it's going to do its job it's going to do its thing of keep on beating over and over again but what it doesn't recognize is anytime the heart is beating it bleeds onto the serous membrane because of the puncture wound because somebody got stabbed so the heart will bleed over and over and over again. until the CERS membrane is filled with its own blood.
And eventually, within minutes, the heart will be drowned in its own blood. And people with cardiac tympanide, most of them die on the spot. Most of them do not really make it to the ER. So this is one of the real emergencies in the ER. People who come in with cardiac tympanide, if they make it into the ER, this is a good...
things to remember in the future you go you run and go help that person because that person has already one leg in the death door so next one is the parietal and visceral pula this is same idea but for the lungs so you got the inner layer called visceral the outer layer called parietal continue with the abdominal pelvic mapping so human body particularly the abdomen is the major area uh have a lot of surface on it so a lot of clinician likes to break the abdomen into four quadrants so right left upper and lower why because when people come in with pain in this particular location like say for example the right upper quadrants if you understand the human anatomy you know that hey we have the kind of diaphragm the liver the gallbladder in that area is which by the way gallbladder is this green looking guy Then you start thinking about, hey, there could be something going on with those organs in the body in that location. Same thing with this right lower quadrant. You have these guys over here in the bottom. So you have something called this guy called appendix.
You have something called, say, this guy over here, the cecum or this part of the intestine, small intestine and whatnot. So these are just things that you want to start thinking about when people complain of pain in that location. If you want to be more detailed, you can.
divide your abdomen into a tic-tac-toe board so instead of having four quadrants you have nine different regions so each one has their own name epicastric, empirical, hypogastric, hypochondriac or iliac and equinox and whatnot. Next one is when you keep when you start studying about this anatomy you want to keep in mind of different organs and the location in all the different quadrants and all this different area of the body. So continue with other body cavities, the smaller body cavities. And throughout the body, we have all these small pockets of different cavity throughout the body. So we have the nasal cavity, oral cavity.
Each one of them has their own function. Like say the middle ear cavity is there in order to amplify the sounds and then transmit the sound throughout to your auditory center and whatnot. Here's an example of the... body cavity so we have the nasal cavity of course hang out on the inside I got the oral cavity help with chewing your food before you swallow in order to break down your food so that your body can obtain the nutrients better and more efficiently with the smaller you know chunks of food that's chapter one I have the chapter two over here the thing about the chapter two it goes into more the chemistry general chemistry territory so if you had Take the general chemistry, you already learn everything about the chapter two. Your school is, if you have been out from the school for a while, you know, you come back to school, chapter two is a good refresher for, you know, learning about the atoms, the molecule, the covalent bond, the hydrogen bond, things that you learned back in your middle school and high school and you kind of forgot over the summer.
So the thing about the chapter two is there's no questions on this chapter two on my exam. It's only there. for your refresher if you want to read it so all right that's all i have for the lecture for this today and the first day of class and i hope i hope that i don't bombard you with too many information just try to get you ready for anatomy physiology so if you have not tried to respond this lockdown already you might welcome to do so try to do that by friday because i use this as the attendance verification for your fast if you watch this in the future go ahead and do it i have the checklist uh for you so completed you know that you've finished everything that you need for today