The Biopsychosocial Model in Psychology

Introduction

• Biopsychosocial Model: Explores the dynamic interaction between biological, psychological, and social factors in overall health.
• Historical Context: Mid-20th century healthcare in industrialized societies was dominated by the biomedical model, which focused primarily on biological components of disease.
• Limitations of Biomedical Model: Linear and reductionist, led to dehumanization of patients and ignored subjective experiences.

George Engel's Contribution

• Engel introduced a holistic alternative: the biopsychosocial model.
• Emphasized the interplay between biology, psychology, and social context in determining health outcomes.
• Highlighted the mutual influence of mind and body.
• Aimed to bring more empathy and compassion into medical practice.

Components of the Biopsychosocial Model

Biological Influences

• Genetic Makeup: Inherited genetic vulnerability (e.g., schizophrenia).
• Physical Health: Disability, history of trauma or infection.
• Neurochemistry: Levels of neurotransmitters or hormones.
• Other Factors: Drug effects, diet, lifestyle, immune and stress responses.

Psychological Influences

• Personality: Individual traits and characteristics.
• Cognitive Factors: Perceptions, self-esteem, attitudes, and beliefs.
• Emotions: Irritability, sadness, coping skills, social skills, grief, and trauma.

Social Influences

• Socio-Economic Status: Impact of financial stability.
• Life Events: Job loss, relationship issues, stress, and illness.
• Cultural Factors: Differences in belief systems and societal norms (e.g., beauty standards).
• Other Factors: Education, family circumstances, abuse, and neglect.

Interactions Between Components

• Overlap of Factors: The interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors determines overall health.
• Examples: Genetic vulnerability and negative thinking; psychological factors exacerbating biological predispositions.

Application to Depression

Biological Influences

• Genetic Inheritability: Depression can run in families.
• Neurotransmitters: Low levels of dopamine and serotonin.
• Physical Health: Disability, chronic illness, substance abuse.

Psychological Influences

• Personality: Traits like neuroticism and negative affectivity.
• Cognitive Patterns: Negative thinking, low self-esteem, impaired emotional intelligence.

Social Influences

• Traumatic Situations: Early separation, lack of social support, harassment.
• Socio-Economic Status: Low income, job instability.
• Social Norms and Stigma: Expectations regarding achievement, sexual preference, and mental illness.
• Cultural Beliefs: Influence of cultural expectations on mental health.

Importance of Integrated Care

• Holistic Approach: Address all factors (biological, psychological, social) for a complete explanation of health conditions like depression.
• Patient-Centered Care Plans: More likely to engage patients in health-promoting behaviors.
• Example: Treatment plan for chronic pain might include patient education, medication, acupuncture, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and mindfulness.

Conclusion

• While there are limitations, Engel's model has significantly changed the perception of illness, suffering, and healing among clinicians.

End of Lecture