Basic Networking Commands Lecture Notes

Introduction

• Overview of basic networking commands:
  • ipconfig
  • ipconfig /all
  • nslookup
  • ping
  • tracert (Trace Route)

Accessing the Command Prompt

• How to open Command Prompt:
  1. Click on Start Menu
  2. Type CMD
  3. Select Command Prompt from the programs list

Color Command for Readability

• Change command prompt text color:
  • Command: color <color_code>
  • Example: color B (Light Aqua)
  • Use help color for color codes

Command Descriptions

1. ipconfig

• Displays IP configuration details of the computer.
• Example Output:
  • IPv4 Address: 192.168.29.173
  • Subnet Mask: Accompanies the IP address
  • Default Gateway: 192.168.29.1
    • First router the computer hits

2. ipconfig /all

• Displays detailed IP configuration, including MAC address.
• Example Output:
  • Physical Address (MAC): 94-39-E5-A7-4C-4D

3. nslookup

• Queries DNS server for IP address corresponding to a domain name.
• Example Command: nslookup www.nesoacademy.org
• Example Output:
  • IP Address: 192.169.217.12

4. ping

• Tests connectivity between computers.
• Command Example:
  • ping 192.169.217.12
• Can also ping by name: ping www.facebook.com
• Example of successful reply:
  • Sent 4 packets, received 4 replies (no packet loss)
• Example of unsuccessful ping:
  • Sent 4 packets, received 0 replies (100% packet loss)

5. tracert

• Traces the path a packet takes to reach a destination.
• Command Example: tracert www.nesoacademy.org
• Shows details of each hop, including intermediate routers.
  • Example hops:
    • Default Gateway: 192.168.29.1
    • Other routers up to destination
• Maximum of 30 hops allowed, shows IP addresses and timings.

Conclusion

• Covered basic commands: ipconfig, ipconfig /all, nslookup, ping, tracert.
• Encouraged practice and understanding of these commands.