Overview
This lecture explores the origins, characteristics, and impacts of Brutalist architecture, highlighting its connections to historical events, its design philosophy, and the social consequences of its widespread use after World War II.
Introduction to Brutalist Architecture
- Brutalist architecture emerged in the 1960s–70s amid political and social upheaval, particularly in the US and Europe.
- The style was partly a reaction to student protests, aiming to limit demonstrators' control over buildings.
- Brutalist buildings often feature complex, confusing designs with unconventional entrances and movement paths.
Origins and Philosophy
- The name "Brutalism" comes from the French term "béton brut," meaning raw concrete.
- Pioneer architect Le Corbusier emphasized function over aesthetics, seeing buildings as living machines.
- Brutalism is characterized by the use of raw, unfinished materials (mainly concrete) and a rejection of ornamentation.
Features and Spread
- The style focuses on efficiency, affordability, and the ability to house large populations quickly after WWII.
- Common traits include massive geometric forms, exposed structural elements, and multifunctional spaces.
- Brutalism was adopted globally, especially in post-war reconstruction efforts in Europe, the Soviet Union, and developing countries.
Iconic Brutalist Buildings
- Notable examples include the Unité d’Habitation (Marseille), Wisconsin Humanities Building, Surlic Tower (London), and the Maus Bunker (Berlin).
- Many designs drew inspiration from futuristic concepts and even space technology.
Social Impact and Criticism
- Brutalist buildings often suffered from practical issues like poor heating, bad insulation, maintenance problems, and deterioration.
- The design sometimes contributed to social issues such as crime, isolation, and a lack of community oversight.
- Some projects, like the US Pruitt-Igoe housing and UK’s Trillik Tower, became infamous for dysfunction and were eventually demolished.
Legacy and Modern Perception
- Brutalism became associated with dystopian imagery in films like "Blade Runner" and "Metropolis."
- Recently, Brutalist architecture has seen a resurgence in appreciation, particularly on social media, despite its controversial history.
- Debates continue over whether Brutalism represents bold innovation or dehumanizing design.
Key Terms & Definitions
- Brutalism — An architectural style using raw materials (especially concrete), emphasizing function, massiveness, and minimal ornamentation.
- Béton Brut — French for "raw concrete," the material and aesthetic basis of Brutalist architecture.
- Le Corbusier — Influential architect who prioritized function over decorative elements, pioneering Brutalism.
Action Items / Next Steps
- Review images and case studies of Brutalist buildings for visual understanding.
- Read about the social impacts of architectural design, especially in public housing.
- Prepare questions for discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of functionalist architectural philosophies.