Understanding the Toulmin Schema for Argument Writing

Purpose of the Toulmin Schema

• Use when writing your own argument, not for analyzing others.
• Consists of six parts: Claim, Grounds, Warrant, Backing, Qualifier, Rebuttal.

The Six Parts of the Toulmin Schema

1. Claim

• The argument you are making.
• Teachers may refer to it as a thesis.
• Example: "Hot dogs are better ballpark food than hamburgers."

2. Grounds

• The reasons or evidence supporting the claim.
• Equivalent to the 'because' or 'why' of the argument.
• Example Grounds:
  • Hot dogs are more portable.
  • They are less messy.
  • They are more iconic.

3. Warrant

• The underlying value, belief, or assumption that the argument is based on.
• Important for the opponent to agree on the warrant.
• Example: Valuing convenience and portability.
• Discussion on importance of aligning warrants in argumentation.

4. Backing

• Additional information to logically convince the audience.
• Can be research-based or logical reasoning.
• In some cases, it's derived from personal logic and not research.
• Example: Details on why hot dogs are more portable.

5. Qualifier

• Specifies any limits to the claim.
• Example: Adding "at a ballpark" to limit the scope of the argument.
• Recognizes exceptions, such as dietary preferences.

6. Rebuttal

• Understanding and addressing the counter-argument.
• In school: Anticipate possible counter-arguments.
• In real life: Actively ask and understand the opposing view.

Application in Writing

• When writing, the argument isn’t just a list; it needs to be fleshed out with logical details.
• Qualifiers and rebuttals help refine and target the argument effectively.
• Adapt arguments based on the audience's values and beliefs.

Conclusion

• Toulmin Schema provides a structured approach to constructing arguments.
• Essential for clear, logical, and well-supported argumentation.