hello my name is elena and today we're going to be looking at word classes so i'm going to be showing you uh some key terms related to the main eight word classes as shown here this might seem very basic to be doing but it's very important to cover these very foundational key terms because examiners want confirmation that you know your stuff so this is one easy way to show that and you should be using these k key terms everywhere in your essays analysis and stop saying that the word and you should be seeing the coordinating conjunction and it just sounds so much more informed and better and examiners want to see that i'm going to be analyzing a bit of an example text so this is an extract of alice in wonderland you might want to screenshot this or get a copy somehow to annotate this but this is a great practice to be doing anyway with any extracts you find and just pick out uh with all your key terms examples of them in different texts because it means by the time you come to the exam and you'll sort of know naturally you'll have been in practice you've got it flowing so that when you get to exam you know it's very easy for you so first of all nouns these are objects um but to be more specific you can have proper nouns and common nouns proper nouns are capitalized generally in english and their names of places and people and other things like that and then there's common nouns which are everything else concrete nouns are physical objects so for example table chair pen abstract nouns are intangible objects such as love happiness and truth and collective nouns are objects made up of a group of objects so for example parliament school crew gang some of these are specific to particular kinds of things um for example an unkindness of ravens which is actually a book of collective nouns well not all of them but interesting ones which i highly recommend i've got it myself it's not an ad by the way um it's just a great fun read and then let's look at the extract so let's look at some proper nouns so we've got dormouse and alice i just want to point out i'm not going to point out every single example of these key terms in this extract um but you can if you want to i'm just going to give you a few examples something to note though is that dormouse is generally a concrete noun but here it's made into a proper noun which is perhaps typical of children's books which would relate to mode now for concrete nouns we've got teapot trees table mushroom and fountains abstract nouns we've got rudeness uh collective nouns um i haven't actually got any highlighted but i think perhaps the word would be one in the second paragraph here uh the others in the first paragraph might also be a collective noun just want to point out as well that in no wise should you be in your essays just pointing out every single example of every single key term you've ever learned um in the text but you should be picking out those things that are relevant to answering the question in relation to mode field function and audience if you're doing the ed excel specification for verbs then we verbs are doing all action words we have main verbs which describe the main action so for example play sing and kick and auxiliary verbs which are um inflecting the main verb so they set the tense mood aspect and voice there's types of auxiliary verbs the first one is primary verbs which are be have and do uh modal auxiliary verbs are could or can word should will must they express modality so they assert or deny the possibility the certainty the ability the obligation of future intention and other sort of similar things of an action now to look at some in the extract so main verbs uh i've got examples here walked hoping picked manage and thought this is another example which is to put this verb is in the infinitive form so the infinitive is uninflected at work in that it doesn't have a particular tense and now for auxiliary verbs so we have some primary verbs here here i think it's more of the main the was here is more of a main verb because it describes the action of her being um at the party but here um is perhaps is also it's contracted but it's probably perhaps also a main verb so probably we're not a good example i'm sorry for that um but contractions um relate to the formality of the text actually um and we have one also here with a modal verb i'll this is a better example of auxiliary verbs um helping accept the tense or the modality but informal texts generally have contractions you're unlikely to see them the more formal the text is here we have a better example of auxiliary verb so had kept um it's kept is the main verb and had here is an auxiliary verb it's a primary verb here and it's setting the tense and the voice perhaps also perhaps the mood and aspect now for adjectives these are modifiers so they modify the nouns properties or qualities and you can also have comparatives which compare the properties and qualities of two objects or multiple objects they generally end in er for example prettier superlatives are um sort of also a kind of i suppose they compare things but they say something has the most of a particular quality they generally end in est for example prettiest now let's look at some in the extract so some adjectives are great glass little golden beautiful bright and cool an example of comparative is better and stupidest is a superlative now for adverbs which are also modifiers in that they modify the verb in terms of they sort of set it in a time place and manner in which it was done and they can also modify adjectives for example delightfully pretty they generally end in ly but they can be whole phrases for example on the boat so here are some in this extract so instantly um obviously modifies and what tells you how quickly the dormers fell asleep there is an adverb because it tells you so where she will never go again um then is an adverb as well because it tells you when um alice did stuff now for pronouns now it's very important remember pronouns replace nouns and they're very easily confused with um certain determiners as well but i'll be covering the terminus in a minute so here's a table of some pronouns um personal pronouns you'll notice have different forms for the first and third person singular and plurals this is regulated by case or thematic role depending on language it's not necessary to know what these are you just need to know that they're personal pronouns and now for some demonstrative pronouns which point to object and so for example that or this um lots of contextual is required here to know what it is exactly that you're pointing at and also to note it's not that cat it's that so again this is context dependent showing dijksys referring to something in the discourse context which requires assumed knowledge um of the reader or the audience indefinite pronouns don't refer to particular objects so for example anything everything nothing something relative pronouns form relative clauses and so these describe objects they're placed after the object or the noun that they describe so for example the girl who is crossing the road and the chicken that crossed the road um is not to be confused with subordinating conjunctions which i will be covering as well interrogative pronouns are wh words so who is crossing the road what when where those wh words so let's look at uh noun phrases just quickly this is also a bit of extra detail which you don't really need to know it's just to help demonstrate um exactly what i mean by pronouns replace nouns because this is the pronoun test for noun phrases noun phrases can be substituted by a pronoun so for example the red matte is a noun phrase it's consists of a modifier the red and noun which is matte also no note that cynthia here is a proper noun so we can replace these with various um pronouns and also we can equally replace the pronouns in this chewed and that with other noun phrases such as jeremy chude the chocolate bar which are equally noun phrases so it's important to note again the dices of these pronouns we really need to know the context um to know which now phrase applies here so to look at the extract so some personal pronouns are she them and i um possessive pronouns um i couldn't find any when i looked but there might be some uh hair pocket for example is not a possessive pronoun um technically it's a possessive determiner but again i said i would be covering them in a minute some reflexives herself demonstrative this and that um notice that this piece of rudeness at the very first sentence and this is not a demonstrative pronoun it's actually a demonstrative determinant which again i will cover um compare it to justice you said this we don't know what this is unless we refer to the context and again that's very curious and it's replaced the entire noun phrase so some indefinite pronouns so we have everything and some relative down here that led into garden i couldn't find any interrogative pronouns in this extract but again there might be some but they're just wh words now for conjunctions conjunctions are essentially connectives but you can also have coordinating conjunctions uh which connect to clauses of equal value so and and but and subordinating conjunctions which i mentioned are not relative clauses they connect main clauses and subordinate clauses so for example the people prayed that they would cease so they would cease is a subordinate clause and it's connected to the main clause the people prayed by the subordinating conjunction of that it's not about describing the noun which is what relative clauses do but subordinating clauses don't modify the noun it's very tricky to get your head round it took me a while um but if you just sort of keep thinking about it and keep looking at examples it will help now to look at the extract so we have some coordinating conjunctions here um i suppose you could just generally call them conjunctions when at the beginning of the sentence um but they do connect they're all about connecting two ideas some subordinating conjunctions here though is this ordinating conjunction that until now for prepositions these um relate to objects to each other either by direction position or relationship they generally form a prepositional phrase to describe exactly what the relationship is so some examples up in off into the teapot after her at in close to and to and down uh just to note that the two in to put which we looked at earlier is not any preposition it's marking that the verb is in the infinitive now to determine is now remember don't confuse these with pronouns so first of all some definitely indefinite articles different definite article is the and the indefinite article is a or and depending on whether the following word has begins with a vowel or not indefinite articles generally refer to new objects or a general typical example whereas definite articles refer to a specific thing and sometimes it depends on an introduction to the discourse context or if it's expected in the discourse context so for example um if i was writing about how i went on a picnic with my friends and a sentence that i wrote was and i pulled the tea bags out of the hamper the tea bags have not been introduced before in the discourse contact but you kind of assume they are there because you might be wanting tea bags on a picnic i could have said like the sandwiches they haven't been introduced before um but i can still use the definite article there because i assume you as a listener or a reader have the sort of knowledge or experience to realize that those kind of things might be expected to come out of the hamper now for possessive determiners um so these are like possessive pronouns but they don't replace the noun phrase so compare my watch versus mine mine is the pronoun my watch my is the possessive determiner after demonstrative determiners these are light again like dimension pronouns but they don't replace the np or the noun phrase sorry um so for example that versus that cat now for the extract so let's look at some definite and indefinite articles again thinking back to what i said about whether it depends on an introduction to discourse context um we have one of the trees and because the wood has been introduced we assume there is going to be trees in the wood um but there's not an assumption of a door being present in a tree so we have here introduced using an indefinite article this new information is not assumed some possessive determiners here my life her pocket and her way and demonstrative determiners this piece of ruinness and this time these are things i've commented on before now here's just a summary slide of all of the things i've highlighted in previous slides obviously there is more examples of these features um but i hope this was sort of a helpful introduction it's important you could go away and do your own research as well uh look at examples if you feel unclear on certain things but you can always leave leave a comment below asking questions adding details or just a general comment so that's it from me i hope this has been helpful if so please leave a like and subscribe to my channel remember these do require practice and so do try this exercise with other short extract and it will soon become a habit so that when you're in the exam it will just flow naturally and it will be very beneficial in your essays so thank you for watching and i'll see you in the next video