Lecture Notes: Chapter Two - Body as a Whole

Introduction

• Chapter 2 builds on Chapter 1; ensure understanding of Chapter 1.
• Focus on terms related to the structural organization of the body.

Goals of Chapter Two

• Define terms related to the body's structural organization.
• Identify body cavities and recognize the organs within.
• Locate and identify anatomical and clinical divisions of the body.
• Understand positions, directions, and planes of the body.

Structural Organization and Body Cavities (Lesson 2.1)

Structural Organization

• Cells: Fundamental units of living things made up of atoms and molecules.
  • Major parts: Chromosomes (46 total, 23 from each parent), nucleus (the brain of the cell), cell membrane (bouncer of the cell), cytoplasm (fluid where organelles sit), mitochondria (powerhouse), endoplasmic reticulum (network of tubules).
• Tissues: Groups of similar cells performing specific functions.
• Organs: Different types of tissues combined.
• Systems: Groups of organs working together for complex functions.

Key Terms

• Anabolism, Catabolism, Cell Membrane, Chromosomes, Cytoplasm, DNA, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Gene, Karyotype, Metabolism, Mitochondria, Nucleus.
• Specialized cells: Muscle, nerve, epithelial, fat.

Body Cavities

• Spaces containing internal organs (viscera).
  • Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain.
  • Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart, lungs, esophagus, etc.
  • Abdominal Cavity: Contains stomach, liver, etc.
  • Pelvic Cavity: Contains reproductive organs.
  • Spinal Cavity: Houses the spinal cord.

Anatomical and Clinical Divisions

Body Regions and Quadrants

• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ): Liver, gallbladder.
• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ): Stomach, spleen.
• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ): Appendix.
• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ): Left ovary.
• Regions: Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right inguinal, hypogastric.

Positions, Directions, and Planes of the Body

Anatomical Divisions of the Back

• Cervical: 7 vertebrae.
• Thoracic: 12 vertebrae.
• Lumbar: 5 vertebrae.
• Sacral: Sacrum.
• Coccygeal: Tailbone.

Directional Terms

• Anterior/posterior, Deep/superficial, Proximal/distal, Inferior/superior, Medial/lateral, Supine/prone.
• Planes: Frontal (coronal), Sagittal, Transverse (cross-sectional).

Medical Terminology

Combining Forms

• Prefixes and suffixes to understand and form medical terms.
• Examples: Ana (up), Cata (down), Epi (above), Hypo (below).

Suffixes

• -iac, -ior, -ism, -ose, -plasm, -some, -type.

Practice

• Understanding medical terms requires breaking them down into parts (prefix, combining form, suffix).
• Practice identifying and defining terms with classmates to enhance understanding.