Hello class! Chapter two
Chapter two, hopefully you learned a lot in chapter one and remember
this just continues to build so if you don't have a good grasp
of chapter one then you need to go back and make sure because. You've got to
build on each chapter, don't skip around stay systematic, stay disciplined.
Now chapter two terms pertaining to the body as a whole.
So what's our goals, to find terms that apply to the structural organization of
the body identify the body cavities and recognize
the organs contained within these cavities
locate and identify the anatomical and clinical divisions of the
body locate and name the anatomical divisions
of the back become acquainted with terms that describe positions directions and
planes of the body identify the meanings for new word
elements and use them to understand medical terms lesson 2.1 structural organization and
body cavities define terms that apply to the structural organization of the body
identify the body cavities and recognize the organs contained within those
cavities locate and identify the anatomic and
clinical divisions of the body so the structural organization of the
body well we start off with cells now in order to get cells we are
actually a whole bunch of atoms and molecules
so a whole bunch of atoms and molecules make up cells a whole bunch of cells
make up tissues a bunch of tissues make organs a bunch
of organs make systems on organ systems and a
whole bunch of organ systems make a beautiful creature such as yourself so
we'll break this down a little bit but knowing the
level of human organization is always important so cell
is the fundamental unit of all living things
major parts of the cell include chromosomes remember you have 46
chromosomes 23 from mama 23 from papa nucleus is like the
brain of the cell cell membrane i like to call that the bouncer of the cell
it lets certain people in and that actually lets certain things out so the
cell membrane cytoplasm is some fluid that we the organelles sit in
mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell
an endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules and there's rough
and smooth that certain molecules and proteins to
process and go through again this is not an
anatomy or biology class so i don't expect you to
know all that but we are going to know the wording
behind it so remember medical terminology we just want to know what
the words mean not really the anatomy and physiology of
the parts all right so if you look at the cell
there's the cell membrane there's the nucleus the brain
the chromosomes remember there's 46 cytoplasm is where the organelles sit
here's the little ribosomes which make proteins
endoplasmic reticulum which are the network of tubules
and mitochondria which are the powerhouse of the cell
okay study section one we're going to talk about anabolism
catabolism cell membrane chromosomes cytoplasm dna
endoplasmic genes keratite metabolism mitochondria and the nucleus
make sure you know what all those mean cells are specialized to carry out
individual functions there's types of cells include the
muscle cell a nerve cell epithelial cell and a fat cell here's the interesting
note here a side note for human anatomy did
you know that all human beings essentially have the same
number of fat cells it's just the size is different
varies so same thing with skin color we have the same number of melanocytes
which are cells in the skin but the amount of melanin
which is the color of your skin varies so really it's just the amount of
melanin that determines skin color nothing else the type of cells muscle cell nerve cell
epithelial cell and here's a fat cell we're always
finding ways how do we get rid of these suckers huh
tissues tissue is a group of similar cells working together do a specific job
organs different types of tissues combine to form an organ
and systems group of organs working together to perform a complex function
so see how it builds on each other so here's a cell a bunch of cells make
up tissues bunch of tissues make up an organ a bunch of organs make up a system what is adipose tissue what's cartilage
epithelials what's a histologist larynx pharynx pituitary land thyroid
gland trachea ureter urethra uterus viscera
make sure you know where those are in the body and what these
mean body cavities are spaces within the body that contain internal organs
of viscera and include cranial thoracic abdominal pelvic and the spinal cavity
so if you look at this the cranial cavity well what do you think sits in
the cranial cavity the brain here's the pituitary gland
okay here's the thoracic cavity what do you think sits in the thoracic cavity
the heart of the lungs there's the diaphragm the diaphragm separates the
thoracic from the abdominal cavity what do you think is in the abdominal
cavity well you've got your stomach liver all right intestines
the spinal cavity which houses the spinal cord
then we have the pelvic cavity which houses your reproductive organs
cranial means brain thoracic lungs heart esophagus trachea
bronchial tubes thymus gland and aorta are all
part of the thoracic cavity the abdominal cavity houses the stomach
small enlarged has a spleen pancreas liver and gallbladder the
pelvic cavity houses the certain portions of
the small large intestine the bladder the rectum urethra
ureters uterus and vagina and the female and the spinal cavity has the nerves of
the spinal cord all right so which quick quiz do you
ever watch speed with keanu reeves quick quiz hot shot which body cavity
contains the plural cavity and the mediastinum so is that going to
be cranial pelvic spinal or thoracic
pleural meaning lungs mediastinum so it's probably the thoracic which body
cavity contains the peritoneum where do you think the peritoneum
is okay so that can be pelvic spinal thoracic
we'll go with abdominal organs in abdominal pelvic and thoracic
cavities you've got the trachea the lung the diaphragm the liver gallbladder
pancreas colon appendix bladder thyroid aorta heart spleen stomach colon
when you look at these you always want to say okay can i point to the trachea
on my body so point to the trachea then point to
where the lungs are point to where the diaphragm is point to the liver the
liver is on your right side the gallbladder is embedded within the
liver the pancreas is deep to the stomach
colon appendix is in the right side bladder thyroid gland aorta heart
spleen is on the left side stomach is on the left side right so
knowing where these are is very important
so if you look at this here's the right side here's the left side anatomical
position okay i think the his hands are in the
fundamental position i can't really see it got cut off but
okay there's your lungs here's the aorta here's the liver
gallbladder pancreas see how it's deep to the
stomach there's the spleen that's behind retro to the stomach
here's a small intestine there's the colon you have a sending transverse
descending colon here's your sigmoid colon
here's your bladder okay here's your appendix
so knowing this is actually very important again this is not a human anatomy class
i won't test you on this but knowing where each organ is in the body or what
a spleen looks like or a stomach looks like it would be
helpful abdominal cavity cranial cavity
diaphragm dorsal mediastinum pelvic cavity peritoneum pleural
pleural cavity spinal cavity thoracic cavity and ventral meaning anterior
now here's something that's very important knowing what organ
is in what region because in from a medical terminology standpoint
you might read the medical chart and say oh imaging done of the epigastric region
imaging done of the right inguinal region well you probably should know
what organ sits in what region okay
so let's take a look at this here's the right hypochondriac region you see where
the liver sits in there the gallbladder can sit in the right
hypochandric region the left hypochondriac region you've got
little parts of the stomach but majority of the liver and the
stomach are in the epigastric region right lumbar region you've got the
ascending colon in the umbilical region you've got the
transverse colon you've got the small intestine you've
got little parts of the pancreas in the left lumbar region you have the
descending colon okay and the hypogastric region well
you've got parts of the small intestine large intestines the urinary bladder the
sigmoid colon the right inguinal region you've got the
appendix so if they say let's mri done of the right inguinal region
you might suspect that they were looking for appendicitis
or a ruptured appendix all right so this is why medical terminology is important
this is why the regions knowing the regions are important remember
you know whether you're going to be a medical assistant a pa a
md a do whatever initial you have behind your net medical terminology
is the foundation for any kind of graduate school
so you must have a good grasp of this like i said
if you spend the time and really learn medical terminology
every single class after this will be that much easier because it'll just
build on your ability to understand medical terminology alright
the right barber quadrant now you have quadrants these are regions
but you also have quadrants four quadrants that contains the liver the
right lobe gallbladder part of the pancreas part of the small
large intestine left upper quadrant contains the liver left lobe stomach
spleen part of the pancreas parts are small large that so
if you had pain in the left upper quadrant you might have pain in the
stomach if you have pain in the right upper quadrant you might have
pain in your gallbladder or liver if you have pain in the right lower quadrant
that might be small right ovary but the appendix is in
the right lower quadrant and the left lower quadrant you've got
your left fallopian tube left here left ovary so here's the difference between the
right upper quadrant left upper quadrant so knowing what organs fi
fit into which quadrant and which region is important okay let's look at some positions
directions planes and terminology locate and name the anatomical divisions
of the back become acquainted with terms that
describe positions directions and planes of the body
identify the meaning for new word elements and use them to understand
medical terms cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal
cervical you have seven cervical thoracic you have 12 vertebrae
lumbar region you have five sacral and then coccygeal which is your
tailbone if you ever go snowboarding or do uh skateboarding you probably have
fallen on your coccygeal area which is your tailbone
and it hurts like heck okay now again
reviewing the abdominal pelvic regions you have the hypochondriac
epigastric lumbar umbilical inguinal and hypogastric
and the abdominal pelvic quadrants right upper
left upper right lower and left lower divisions of the back you have the
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral and coccygeal
and the related terms to that are vertebra or vertebrae
spinal column the spinal cord and the discs name the abdominal pelvic region that is
located in the central region near the navel you think that's inguinal
umbilical lumbar or hypochondriac
okay well it's probably the umbilical region
naval umbilical umbilicus okay name the abdominal pelvic region that's
located in the lower middle below the or inferior to the
umbilical region inguinal hypoepigastric lumbar
or hypoglastric okay lower middle okay so if we go back if you look at lower middle here's the
umbilical region and the lower middle is known as the
hypogastric region okay
so your answer is the hypogastric some positional and directional terms
this is very important to know what does anterior mean posterior what
does deep mean superficial proximal distal inferior
superior medial lateral supine and prone so spend some time on this
all right so if you look at positional and directional terms
where is anterior where is posterior what's deep what's superficial so
an example would be the stomach is deep to the
skin the heart is deep to the rib cage
but then if we go reverse it superficial we can say the skin
is superficial to the stomach the skin is superficial to the
rib cage and then as we get if you were to break
down skin a little bit more again you don't have to know this but
you would say the dermis is deep to the epidermis and then the
hypodermis is deep to the dermis
if you have tattoos you have it either in the epidermis
dermis or hypodermis what do you think well if you had in the epidermis then
that would be a henna tattoo it would get washed off
so the tattoos are embedded they're deep to the epidermis so they're in the
dermis there you go learn something new today
some of you knew that already you're smart
you have proximal and distal okay so proximal means closer to the trunk
distal would be further away so the ankle
is distal to the hip but the hip is proximal to the ankle so
make sure you know that okay inferior so the knee is inferior to the hip
superior the shoulder is superior to the elbow
lateral means to the outside so the wrist
is lateral to the hip medial the chest or the sternum is medial to
the shoulder okay supine means this position right
here so you're lying on your back and prone means you're lying on your
stomach so if you ask a patient to lie supine uh here's a you know pet peeve of
mine you know english if you ask a patient to lay down that
that's incorrect chickens lay people lie so you ask a
patient to lie down because you can't say oh yes uh
mr smith go ahead and go into the supine position
like what the hell are you talking about right so you're gonna say
please lie down not lay down remember chickens lay people lie so
lie down again that's just english 101 all right frontal coronal sagittal
lateral transverse cross-sectional so these are
important when you're doing a medical imaging
do you have a coronal cut do you have a sagittal cut or a transverse cut
so if you were to look at this okay so number one
is a coronal cut so that's what you would see
so coronal image whether it's a mri or a radiograph you'll be able to see
lungs heart liver and you'll be able to see
them all in a sagittal section here's
mid-sagittal cuts it between right and left
a frontal cuts it between anterior and posterior but a sagittal section
would divide it between right and left okay so you might only see in a sagittal
section you might only see the liver you might only see the stomach
depending on what side you're looking at whereas the frontal section you'll be
able to see all of it and the transverse cuts it from anterior
or superior to inferior so you're only going to see certain parts of it
okay so you're looking down from it so each
has its pros and cons and the physician or the pa or
the do will pretty much order different sections whether it's coronal
lateral axial transverse sagittal making sure you know that
based on what they're trying to find anterior deep distal frontal inferior
lateral medial posterior make sure you know what
those mean prone proximal sagittal superficial
superior supine transfers all medical terms that you should it should be
automatic all right now we go back to what we
learned the first chapter what's medical
terminology all right so let's look at this all right abdomino ato
and antero what does that mean abdominal means abdomen adipo means fat
antero means front cervical chondrochrome coxa so cervical
means neck chondro means cartilage chromo means color and coccyx means
coccyx okay chondrocyte
cervical crani cyto distal dorsal hey cytokine again
cranial skull cytomini cell distal means far
distant dorsal means back portion of the body
histo ilio inguinal cario so histo histology
means study of tissue ilio ilium inguin null groin karyo
means nucleus karyotype lateral lumbo media nucleo so
lateral means to the side lumbo means lower back
medial means middle nucleo pertaining to the
nucleus pelvic pharyngeal postural proximal sacral more
combining forms okay so pelvic means pelvis pharyngeal means
pharynx postural means back proximal means
nearest and sacral means sacrum so knowing these combining forms and then
knowing suffixes and prefixes depending on how we combine them
will pretty much break down the word for you okay
sac spine filial thoraco tracheo so sarco means flash spino
means spine fel filio means nipple the rack means chest trich means trachea
or windpipe umbilic ventral vertebral visceral
and bila ko means navel ventral means belly side
vertebral means vertebrae visceral means internal organs
okay so these are the combining forms that you should know now here's the prefix okay so now you
combine a prefix with the combining for our suffix with
the combining form so ana cata epi hypo intro intra and meta
so ana means up catamines down epi means above
hypo means below entero means between intra was within and
meta is changed so there's a difference between
inter tester reliability and intra tester reliability right
so make sure you would know the difference between
intra versus inter so an example let's say we were doing
blood pressure cuffs and we had five people do it
so that went and they get different reading so that would be inter
tester reliability but if i had the same medical assistant or the same nurse do
the blood pressure that would be intra tester reliability
so if one person did it repeatedly that's intra
tester and if different people did it that would be inter tester it's always
good to see you know do inter tester reliabilities
because if you got 140 over 100 and then the second medical assistant
gets 120 over 80 well that's a big difference
so that would be inter tester reliability intro tester is you're doing
the same thing over and over again so if you're making the same mistake well
then your intra test reliability isn't that great eel yak your ism o's
plasmasomes and type these are suffixes so suffix means pertaining to iac means
pertaining to and your means pertaining to
look at that all these mean the same meaning pertaining to so you can add
that at the end of any word and that would mean the same ism means a
process or condition oh says full of so adipose
right plasm formation somes bodies chromosomes
okay bodies type picture or classification
so which term means the process of cutting the skull all right so you gotta know well arthro
means what joint dis dis thoraco means thoracic so
craniotomy pro autome meaning cutting and skull
means cranial so craniotomy see now you're learning to
break it down break down remember the o is just the
connector okay this is dottomy meaning to
dissect or cut and cranial meaning skull easy make sure you practice practice
practice read the book do flash cards and
practice this so that you understand all this it'll be
it's easy now but when you get tested on it it might seem
a little foreign so start to practice practice with each other make some
friends do what you can to practice practice practice