Lecture on Identity and Personality

Introduction

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Chapter 6: Identity and Personality

• Objectives:
  1. Self-Concept and Identity
  2. Formation of Identity
  3. Personality

Objective 1: Self-Concept and Identity

• Self-Concept: Internal response to 'Who am I?'
  • Shaped by self-schemas (abilities, traits, roles, values)
• Identity: Roles in social contexts
  • Examples: religious affiliation, sexual orientation, social group memberships
  • Different identities might not always be compatible
  • Types of identity: gender, ethnic, national
  • Gender Identity: Appraisal of masculinity and femininity
    • Androgyny: Simultaneously masculine and feminine
  • Ethnic Identity: Shared ancestry, heritage, language
  • National Identity: Based on political borders, shared history and media
• Hierarchy of Salience: Prioritization of identities based on context
• Self-Evaluation:
  • Self-Discrepancy Theory: Consistency among actual self, ideal self, and ought self
    • Higher consistency = higher self-esteem
  • Self-Efficacy: Belief in ability to succeed, varies by activity
    • Can be diminished by repeated failures
  • Locus of Control: Internal vs. external influences on life
    • Internal: Control own fate
    • External: Life events caused by external factors

Objective 2: Formation of Identity

• Freud’s Psychosexual Development:
  • 5 Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
    • Each stage has a key conflict related to libido
    • Fixations in stages can lead to adult neuroses
• Erikson’s Psychosocial Development:
  • 8 Stages: Trust vs. Mistrust, etc.
    • Each stage has an existential question
• Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning Theory:
  • 3 Levels: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
    • Each level has 2 stages
• Vygotsky’s Cultural and Social Development Theory:
  • Internalization of culture, Zone of proximal development, Role of more knowledgeable other

Objective 3: Personality

• Categories: Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Trait, Behaviorist
• Psychoanalytic Perspective:
  • Freud: id, ego, superego
    • Unconscious motives and defense mechanisms (repression, projection, etc.)
  • Carl Jung: Personal and collective unconscious, archetypes (shadow, self, etc.)
• Humanistic Perspective:
  • Personality from conscious feelings
  • Key figures: Maslow (self-actualization), Rogers (client-centered therapy)
• Trait Perspective:
  • Eysenck’s PEN model, Big Five Traits (OCEAN)
• Behaviorist Perspective:
  • Skinner: Operant conditioning
  • Social Cognitive Perspective: Interaction between individuals and environment