Lecture on Identity and Personality

hello everybody my name is Iman welcome back to my YouTube channel I have missed you all it has been a while since I&#39;ve uploaded a video but school work life have been extremely hectic and demanding however things have been calming down a little bit so I&#39;m excited to be back and I am so ready for us to cover chapter 6 for our MCAT Behavioral Science playlist now before we get started I have two quick announcements first announcement to all my Muslim brothers and sisters Ramadan Mubarak I hope your month is going well and may all of your duas be accepted second announcement a lot of you have been asking for MCAT resource recommendations and I want to point you to blueprint blueprint has customizable study schedules access to all of the aamc resources they have ai powered question banks with over 4,000 questions as well as indepth exam and analytics in addition they have both free MCAT resources and paid MCAT resources some of my favorite free resources from blueprint are the MCAT question of the day the free equation sheets they share and occasionally free live classes they hold with that let&#39;s get started on chapter 6 chapter 6 is titled identity and personality and we&#39;re going to cover three objectives in this chapter the first objective is titled self-concept and identity our own internal list of answers to the question who am I forms our self-concept in this objective we&#39;re going to learn the difference between self-concept and identity we&#39;re going to discuss different identities and we&#39;re also going to cover self- evaluation which involves discussing self-esteem self-efficacy and locus of control in the second objective we&#39;re going to talk about formation of identity we are not born with our self-concept and identity in place and fully developed several theorists have proposed stages through which we develop and we&#39;re going to discuss those theories here in this objective we&#39;ll talk about Freud and his psychosexual development theory Ericson and his psychosocial development theory Colberg and his moral reasoning Theory and finally vigotsky and his cultural and B Social Development Theory then third last but not least we&#39;ll discuss personality personality describes the set of thoughts feelings traits and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and across different locations we can categorize theories of personality into four areas psychoanalytic perspective the humanistic perspective perspective type and trait and behavior perspective with that out of the way we&#39;re going to go ahead and get started with that first objective self-concept and identity and again our internal response to the question who am I constitutes our self-concept this self-concept is largely shaped by self schemas these are cognitive structures that represent our beliefs about ourselves they can include our abilities personality traits social roles and values now distinguishing between self-concept and identity is really crucial while self-concept is very much a broad understanding of the self identity pertains more to the various roles we assume in Social context each identity whether it be our role in a family or a workplace or within a cultural group contribute to our overall self-concept therefore identity is defined as the individual components of our self concept related to the groups to which we belong another way to say this is whereas we have one all-encompassing self-concept we have multiple identities that Define who we are and how we should behave within any given context this includes religious affiliation sexual orientation personal relationships and memberships in social groups these are just a few of the identities that sum up to create our self-concept now something that&#39;s interesting is our individual identities don&#39;t always need to be compatible so think to yourself are you the same person when you&#39;re interacting with your friends as you are when you interact with co-workers or with family or with your partner for most people the answer is no they take on a particular identity in different social situations now further exploring identities we&#39;re going to talk about three primary types very quickly gender identity ethnic identity and national identity gender identity describes a person&#39;s appraisal of themselves on a scale of masculinity and femininity while these Concepts were long thought to be two extremes on a single Continuum theorists have reasoned that there must be two separate Dimensions because individuals can achieve high scores on both the scale for masculinity and for the scale of femininity androgyny is actually defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine now ethnic identity this refers to one&#39;s ethnic group in which member members typically share a common ancestry cultural heritage and language now while ethnicity is largely an identity into which we are born nationality is different national identity is based on political borders and it is the result of shared history shared media food and National symbols nationality need not be tied to one&#39;s e ethnicity or even to Legal citizenship now these identities are just a few examples from a broad spectrum and as Illustrated in this figure you see that there are many different kinds of ways that we can begin to compare ourselves to others we can do it across various Dimensions from age to class to religious affiliation to education and so on what&#39;s important to know is that there are several factors that determine which identity is going to be enacted in particular situations and this active ation of different identities in varying situations is governed by the hierarchy of salience this concept suggests that our identities are prioritized based on the context allowing the most relevant identity to kind of surface in a given situation now now we&#39;ve talked about self-concept we&#39;ve talked about identity and the different types of identities is something else that&#39;s important to also discuss is self-evaluation our individual self-concept obviously plays a very important role in the way we evaluate and feel about ourselves self-discrepancy Theory maintains and says that each of us have three selves our self-concept makes up our actual self so this is the way we see ourselves as we currently are then we have our ideal self this is the person we would like to be and then there&#39;s also third and final a self this is our representation of the way others think we should be generally the closer these three selves are to one another the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be now while self-esteem is the measure of how we feel about ourselves selfefficacy is our belief in our ability to succeed self-efficacy can be very can can vary very much by activity of the individual so it can vary by activity for individuals and we all can think of situations in which we hold the belief that we&#39;re able to be effective and there&#39;s also situations in which we hold the belief that we&#39;re not going to be very effective we&#39;re almost powerless self-efficacy is the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill or in a given situation now here&#39;s a caveat to this when you are maybe consistently placed in say hopeless scenarios self-efficacy can actually be diminished and if this happens too often backto back self-efficacy can be diminished to the point where learned helplessness results now locus of control is another core self evaluation that is closely related to self-concept locus of control refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives people with an internal locus of control view themselves of controlling their own fate that is for internal locus of control but those with an external locus of control they feel that the events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influence so for example a runner who loses a race May attribute the ca the cause of this as a loss internally oh you know what I lost because I didn&#39;t train hard enough next time I&#39;m going to train hard enough or they might attribute the cause of this loss externally oh I lost because I didn&#39;t buy the right shoes they didn&#39;t fit and why was the track wet that&#39;s why I lost so you notice how you can have internal locus of control versus external locus of control now all these ideas that we&#39;ve covered here in objective one they work hand inand to influence the way we feel about ourselves and in summary our self-concept our identity and the various factors that influence self-evaluation they form a complex interplace play that really shapes our perception of ourselves and it shapes our interactions with the world the most content individuals tend to have a well-integrated self-concept high self-esteem a sense of efficacy and they perceive themselves as The Architects of their own destiny with that we can go ahead and move into objective two we are not born with our self-concept and identity in place and fully developed as young children our identities are largely defined by our relationship to our parents and then as we move into adolescence and adulthood we begin to develop into Unique Individuals deciding who we want to be now several theorists have proposed stages through which we develop and we&#39;re going to be covering four important ones we&#39;re going to talk about Freud and his psychosexual development Eric and his psychosocial development Colberg and his moral reasoning and vigotsky and his cultural and Bisal development theory we&#39;re going to go ahead and we&#39;re going to get started with Freud and his psychosexual development theory Sigman Freud&#39;s theory of psychosexual development while largely outdated and criticized in contemporary psychology it offers a historical view of how personality and sexual development were once perceived Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood occurs through a series of stages centered on aerogenous zones so according to him the libido or sexual drive is a primary motivating force from birth Freud&#39;s psychosexual stages of personality development are pretty much based on tensions caused by the libido failure at any given stage leads to fixation that causes personality disorders he hypothesized five distinct stages of psychosexual development we&#39;re going to go over those now the first stage is the oral stage from 0 to one year in this initial stage a child&#39;s primary source of interaction and pleasure is through the mouth engaging in activities like sucking and biting Freud says that fixation at this stage could result in behaviors associated with dependency in adulthood the second stage is called the anal stage from 1 to 3 years here the focus shifts to the anus with gratification derived from controlling bowel and bladder movements the key challenge here is toilet chaining toilet training and Freud believed that a fixation at this stage might lead to either excessive tidiness or messiness in later life then we have the third stage the phallic stage this stage involves the edapal conflict for boys and the Electra Conflict for girls and Freud theorized that boys experience Envy towards their fathers and desire for their mothers leading to some sort of castration anxiety resolution of this conflict for argued involves identifying with the same-sex parent and repressing sexual desires and internalizing moral standards Freud&#39;s discussion on the electric complex it was less detailed but followed a similar pattern for girls then we have the latency stage from about 5 years to puberty and this is once the libido is sublimated the child has entered this stage which pretty much lasts until puberty is reached reach and then we enter the genital stage from puberty onwards this final stage reawakens sexual interest leading to the establishment of mature sexual relationships Freud said that unresolved conflicts from earlier stages could manifest in adulthood as psychological issues or atypical sexual behaviors so that is Freud&#39;s psycho sexual development theory now what we want to move on to is Ericson and his psychosocial development theory now Ericsson&#39;s theory of psychosocial development says that personality development occurs through a series of stages each characterized by a specific conflict that arises from interactions between the individual&#39;s needs as well as societal expectations successfully res solving these conflicts leads to psychological strengths we&#39;re going to go over what these are the first one is the conflict or the crisis of trust versus mistrust this happens around the age of 0 to one year this initial stage centers on the infant&#39;s basic needs being met by caregivers successful resolution leads to trust in oneself and the en environment but failure to resolve this conflict can result in persistent mistrust and skepticism about the world okay so here the existential crisis is can I trust the world the next one the next stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt this happens around 1 to 3 years so here children start to assert their independence successful navigation of this stage Fosters a sense of autonomy and control but failure may lead to feelings of doubt and a lack of self-confidence so here the existential crisis that&#39;s kind of being worked through is is it okay to be me the next part the next Crisis is initiative versus guilt this happens from 3 to 6 years children begin initiating activities here and asserting control through play and social intera actions successful uh successful resolution leads to a sense of initiative and confidence in leading and making decisions so in their activities and through play and social um interactions successful resolution leads to building that confidence you&#39;re able to interact socially you&#39;re able to make good decisions when it comes to playing with other children however excessive control or criticism can result in a sense of guilt then we have and so the existential crisis here is is it okay for me to do move and act then we have industry versus inferiority from six to about 12 years so during school age the focus here is on achievement and productivity success in this stage leads to a sense of competence and Industry student feels good about accomplishing things when it comes to their schoolwork or when it comes to any other extracurricular activities they might participate in however failure to develop these can result in feelings of inferiority and inadequacy so if they&#39;re not keeping up with their other schoolmates or their other students that are participating in some sort of extracurricular activity there could be a feeling of oh I&#39;m not good enough so the existential crisis here is can I make it in the world next we have identity versus role confusion this is from 12 to about 20 years here this is marked by a search for personal identity and a search for one&#39;s role in society successful resolution results in a strong self uh sense of self but unsuccessful navigation this can lead to role confusion and uncertainty about one&#39;s place in society and so the existential crisis here is who am I and what can I be next up is intimacy versus isolation this is around 20 to 40 years so in young adulthood the emphasis shifts to forming intimate loving relationships with others successful resolution leads to fulfilling relationships and a sense of commitment to your partner to your friends Etc failure though can result in isolation and Detachment so the existential crisis at this stage is can I love next up is generativity versus stagnation all right middle adulthood this is between 40 to 60 years this focuses on contributing to society and helping guide future Generations success at this stage is going to lead to having a feeling of usefulness and accomplishment but failure at doing so can result in stagnation all right feeling like you&#39;re not moving forward you&#39;re just stuck in the same place so the existential crisis here is can I make my life count and then last but not least we have integrity versus despair this is above 65 years in later life reflection on past experiences is quite common and it is key successful resolution brings wisdom and a sense of fulfillment about one&#39;s life however unresolved conflict about how one has lived their life can lead to despair regret and a sense of wasted life in addition to fear of death because you feel like you haven&#39;t done what you want to to be able to welcome death in in so many words right and so the existential crisis here is is it okay to have been me and what you see here is that Ericson&#39;s Theory really highlights the importance of social relationships and tasks in each stage of Life re resolving these psychosocial conflicts successfully is essential for a healthy personality and identity development and so this Theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how individuals evolve through various life stages each with its own unique psychological challenges and opportunities so we&#39;ve covered Freud and his psychosexual development and we&#39;ve covered Ericson and his psychosocial development let&#39;s go ahead and move into Colberg and his moral reasoning Theory Goldberg&#39;s theory is pivotal in understanding how individuals develop moral reasoning unlike theories focused on Identity or personality conflicts or the psychosexual stages Goldberg&#39;s framework concentrates on the evolution of moral thought he believed that as people mature intellectually they progress through distinct stages of moral reasoning each representing a more advanced mode of thinking about ethics and morality and so he divided moral development into three levels each of those levels comprises of two stages the first level is preconventional morality this is the first of these phases and it is typical of pre-adolescent thinking and it places an emphasis on the consequences of the moral choice so in this level there are two stages stage one is obedience obedience and Punishment orientation here more reasoning is based on Direct consequences actions are considered quote unquote wrong if they lead to punishment and they are considered quote unquote right if they lead to reward so for example a child might think if I steal I&#39;ll be punished stage two of level one is self-interest moral decisions here are based on self-benefit the principle is one of reciprocity and mutual benefit so PE you know the person thinks I should help others so they will help me so that is level one preconventional morality the second level is conventional morality this begins to develop in early adolescence when individuals begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others this phase is based on understanding and accepting social rules in this level again there are two stages all right stage three is Conformity all right Conformity and good interpersonal relationships this focus is on living up to social expectations and roles and so moral reasoning is about being a quote unquote good person in your community so think like oh I want to be seen as a good person so I&#39;m going to do what societ says is right that&#39;s one way you can think about stage three stage four is Law and Order maintaining social order this stage involves adhering to laws rules and social conventions because they maintain a functional Society the reasoning is well it&#39;s important to follow the role the law in order to maintain order then we have level three re postconventional morality this describes a level of reasoning that Goldberg claimed not everyone was capable of and it is based on social um cues it&#39;s based on social Moors which may conflict with laws so there&#39;s two stages here as well stage five is social contract at this level individuals see laws as social contracts to be changed when they do not promote the general welfare all right the thought process is laws should ensure everyone&#39;s rights and then stage six is universal human ethics Universal principles the highest stage here involves abstract reasoning using Universal um ethical principles laws are valid only as they are grounded in justice so think moral action is deter determined by our inner conscious and adherence to Universal principles of justice and equality so according to Colberg individuals progress through these stages sequentially without skipping any stage however not everyone reaches the highest stages of moral reasoning each successive stage it represents a more mature a more sophisticated understanding of morality so that is Goldberg&#39;s moral reasoning Theory last but certainly not least we want to discuss vigotsky and his cultural and biso development theory so like Colberg vot&#39;s work was very much focused on understanding cognitive development and for vigotsky the engine driving cognitive development was the child&#39;s internalization of various aspects of the culture and so the key Concepts in vot&#39;s theory is the following first point internalization of culture and social rules here he says that cognitive development is largely driven by a child&#39;s absorption of their surrounding culture this includes learning societal Norms symbols language and Customs as children engage with their cultural environment they gradually internalize these elements shaping their cognitive processes and abilities another second key Concept in his theory is this idea of zone of proximal development this is a concept that represents the range of tasks that a child cannot yet do independently but they can achieve with the guidance of someone more skilled typically an adult or a more capable peer so for instance a child attempting to solve a math problem they might struggle with it alone but they can potentially accomplish this task with the help of their parent or with the help of their teacher the third important concept here is the role of the more knowledgeable other this concept involves an individual who has a higher level of understanding or ability in a particular area that provides support and Scaffolding to the child enabling them to be able to move through the zone of proximal development scaffolding is a method where the more knowledgeable others provides varying degrees and levels of support depending on what the learner what the child needs and over time as the learner becomes more skilled the support is gradually withdrawn and so we see botsky&#39;s emphasis on the social and cultural components of learning very much highlights the importance of education and social interaction in cognitive development with that we have completed objective two and we can go ahead and move into objective three personality we&#39;ve seen that identity is the way we Define ourselves personality while similar describes the set of thoughts feelings traits and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and across different locations now we can categorize theories of personality into four areas first area is psychoanalytic or also called psychodynamic the second is the humanistic the third is the type and trait and the fourth is the behaviorist now we&#39;re going to start by covering the first area the psychoanalytic perspective the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality contain some of the most widely varying perspectives on Behavior but they all have in common the Assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determined personality now the most noteworthy supporter of the psychoanalytic theory is Freud so we&#39;re going to start with talking about Freud and his structural motto the id ego and super ego now the ID and that&#39;s how I believe it&#39;s pronounced this is the most primitive part of Personality existing from birth it operates on the Pleasure Principle seeking immediate gratification for basic needs and desires the ID is impulsive and unconscious driving fundamental biological urges like hunger thirst and sexuality the ego the ego is the realistic aspect of the mind and it mediates between the desires of the ID and the constraints of the real world it operates on the reality principle and this principle seeks to satisfy the its desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways the ego employs secondary process thinking also which is rationale um and it&#39;s realistic and it&#39;s problemsolving in nature then we have the super ego the super ego is the moral conscious and it is influenced by cultural values and Norms it strives for Perfection and it judges our actions this leads to feelings like Pride or guilt the super ego is also divided into two parts first part the conscious which is our internalization of societal roles and the second is the ego ideal this is the ideal standards that set are set by our parents or by our Guardians so we have this structural model that was kind of developed by Freud the id ego and super ego now Freud also categorized thoughts into three levels three main categories we have conscious thoughts all right these are thoughts we are presently aware of right now what I&#39;m consciously thinking of is I am recording this video so I need to be at the top of my game all right preconscious these are thoughts that are not currently in Consciousness but can be brought into to Consciousness if I think too much about me making this video that I&#39;m doing it right now I might get a little bit anxious or what if people don&#39;t like it what if I make a mistake WIll people stop following me Etc right that&#39;s in preconscious but it can be brought into Consciousness and then there&#39;s unconscious these are thoughts memories and desires well below the surface of conscious awareness exerting influence without our knowledge now Freud in a addition theorize that human behavior human behavior is driven by two instinctual drives the life instincts or the arrows these include basic survival instincts and sexual desires they they aim at preserving and continuing life essentially and then there&#39;s the death instincts the Thanos this contr controversial concept it suggests an unconscious drive towards aggression destruction and ultimately death now something else that&#39;s important to kind of step back from all of this right we&#39;ve talked about the structural Mo model the id ego and super ego we talked about thoughts being categorized into three levels conscious preconscious and unconscious and we also talked about how Freud theorize that human behavior is driven by two drives life instincts versus death instinct instincts something that is important to then take and also talk about is what are our defense mechanisms then right there&#39;s so much going on how do we defend from all the things that come at us right whether emotional physical mental Etc defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that ego uses to manage anxiety stemming from conflicts between the ID and the super ego and they include a couple all right so we&#39;re going to go over those we&#39;re going to start with repression this is the first defense mechanism this is going to be unconsciously hiding unwanted thoughts and reducing anxiety by keeping these thoughts out of conscious awareness all right so that is the first defense mechanism unconsciously removing any idea or feeling from Consciousness so here&#39;s an example ex Le a man who survived 6 months in a concentration camp cannot recall anything about his life during that time period that is a defense me mechanism called repression then our next one is called suppression this is consciously attempting to forget or not think about painful or unwanted thoughts so consciously removing any idea or feeling from Consciousness an example is a termin terminally ill cancer patient puts aside their anxiety to be able to enjoy a family gathering and be in the moment next defense mechanism is called regression this is reverting to an earlier developmental stage in response to stress an example of this is a husband speaks to his wife in baby talk when telling her bad news then we have reaction formation this is doing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse all right an unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite two co-workers fight all the time because they are actually very attracted to each other then we have projection projection this is attributing one&#39;s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others a example of this is a man who has committed adultery is convinced his wife is cheating on him despite a lack of evidence so he is projecting his own feelings because he did in fact cheat on his wife and he&#39;s projecting that onto his wife then there is rationalization this is justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reasons so an example of this is a murderer who claims that while killing his wrong his particular victim very much deserved it and that should be an exception all right they were trying to rationalize their reason for killing this individual all right then there&#39;s displacement this is when you kind of shift negative feelings and impulses to a less threatening object or person so a good example of this is when sent to his room as a punishment a child begins to let that anger out by punching and kicking his pillow so not a human being he&#39;s not imparting any sort of physical harm to any you know living object but instead he lets out his anger by punching his pillow the last one that we want to cover is sublimation this is channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities so a boss who is attracted to his employee Becomes Her mentor and advisor right so this is arguably a good example of this right channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities this was an example in the mcap book I don&#39;t know if I like that but anyways so we have defense mechanisms repression suppression regression reaction formation projection rationalization displacement and sublimation now with that we also want to talk about about another important individual in this realm of psychoanalytic theories of personality and that is Carl Young Carl Young expanded the scope of psychoanalysis to include a broader range of psychic energies and he emphasized the role of cultural and symbolic aspects of the psyche so here we&#39;re going to talk about a couple of key Concepts in Carl Young&#39;s Theory the first one is that uh libido as a psychic energy young redefined libido not as solely sexual in nature but as general psychic energy driving a variety of behaviors and thoughts he also talked about the structure of the psyche young agreed with Freud on the existence of an ego which he viewed as the conscious mind however he proposed two layers of the unconscious first there&#39;s the personal unconscious so similar to Freud&#39;s concept it contains individual memories and ideas but then he also had an idea for the collective unconscious this is a unique concept introduced by Young this is a universal layer shared across all humans and it contains these archetypes archetypes are fundamental elements of the human psyche they are innate Universal and hereditary images and themes and key archetypes are one the Persona all right the Persona is one kind of archetype it is the mask we present to the world that&#39;s really shaped by our social interactions then there is the anima animus this represents feminine and masculine qualities respectively these archetypes exist in each individual regardless of gender and they explain the presence of gender opposite behaviors and thoughts then there&#39;s also the shadow this encompasses our darker unconscious self and it&#39;s often the source of negative and socially unacceptable thoughts and impulses and then there&#39;s also the archetype of the self this is represents the unification of both the conscious and unconscious mind now building on the foundation of Young&#39;s understanding of the psyche we see a further development of his theory in his conception of personality dichotomies so these dich these dichotomies are very pivotal in understanding the individual differences and are very much Central to Young&#39;s psychological topology so he proposed that there&#39;s several key Dimensions along which people&#39;s personalities differ these include um extrav versus introversion where extroversion indicates an orientation toward the external social World while introversion points to a focus on the internal personal experience then there is sensing versus intuition this refers to the preference in processing information sensing individuals they tend to rely on concrete factual data while intuitive people lean towards abstract conceptual information then there&#39;s also thinking versus feeling the thinking versus feeling dichotomy differentiates individuals based on decisionmaking Styles thinkers they make decisions based on logic and reason whereas feelers they base their decision on emotion and personal values now these dichotomies inspired the creation of the Meer Briggs type IND indicator this is a widely used personality assessment and you can see that there is a fourth category that&#39;s introduced in this Meer Briggs tip uh type indicator personality assessment and you know a lot of people have done these before and you have these four letters that kind of Define or try to Define your personality type there&#39;s 16 types fantastic I IM e n TJ if you are curious at all next now that is everything we wanted to cover for the psychoanalytic perspective on personality what we want to move into next is the humanistic perspective so the humanistic perspective in Psychology stands in stark contrast to the psychoanalytical theories EMP emphasizing the inherent value of the individual and the importance of personal growth and self-actualization all right so this humanistic perspective very much has a huge emphasis on the inherent value of the individual unlike psychoanalytical theories which di you know dissect personality into components like the id ego and super ego humanistic psychology very much views individual as a whole integrated being humanism is often associated with justult therapy in which practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing them to individual behaviors or drives for the humanist our personality is the result of the conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain both our needs and our goals now some important people to talk about very briefly under this category of of humanist is first Abraham m we we&#39;ve discussed him before he advocated for self-actualization and he also proposed the hierarchy of needs emphasizing the Fulfillment of one&#39;s potential in kind of this step by step where the physiological needs to be satisfied first this is breathing food water sleep Etc then you can begin to worry about safety then love and belonging then esteem and then you have self-actualization another humanist to talk about is Carl Rogers he developed client centered therapy he focused on the real and ideal self and very much emphasized unconditional positive regard in personal growth there is also Kurt Leen he introduced force field Theory which highlights the influence of current situational forces on behavior and last but not least George Kelly he pioneered personal construct psychology and he viewed individuals as personal scientists who are just trying to interpret the world around them as best as possible so that is the humanistic perspective now let&#39;s talk about the third category this is the type and trait perspective the type and trait perspective in personality psychology it offers a different view it focuses on distinct personality categories and measurable traits so type theories these theories categorize people into distinct personality types a well-known Theory um divides personalities into type A and type B and you&#39;ve probably heard this language before oh I&#39;m so type A oh I&#39;m so type B individuals with type A personalities they&#39;re C categorized by behavior that lend to be competitive and compulsive while someone who&#39;s described as type B is generally laidback and relaxed now trait theories they focus on identifiable patterns of behavior that defines one&#39;s personality now a couple of important psychologists here to make note of is hands and cibil isic they used factor analysis to identify three primary personality traits all right and they&#39;re written here they are used in using the AC acronym pen here all right we have Psy uh psychoticism extroversion and neuroticism now this model actually got expanded into the big five traits the big five traits are openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness and neuroticism what do each of these mean let&#39;s go over those openness this trait feature um characteristic um likees Imagination they like Insight they have have a wide range of Interest they&#39;re open to anything High openness means being more Curious and creative then we have conscientiousness this involves high level of thoughtfulness good impulse control and very goal directed Behavior highly conscientious individuals they tend to be very organized and they tend to be very mindful of details extroversion this trades incl uh include you know sociability talkativeness and assertiveness then agreeableness this reflects attributes like trust kindness affection highly agreeable people are co uh cooperative and they get along with others very well neuroticism this is a trait that&#39;s associated with sadness moodiness and emotional instability and so in essence trait theories provide this very interesting and structured way to look at personality by breaking it down into fundamental elements like the ones that we just talked about now last but certainly not least we&#39;re going to talk about the behaviorist perspective the behaviorist perspective on personality was pioneered by BF Skinner and it&#39;s deeply rooted in the principles of operant conditioning which we talked about in previous chapters in this playlist now now according to his views or to this view personality is essentially a repertoire of behaviors that have been reinforced over time and so in this context behaviors that are rewarded tend to be repeated and that becomes a part of one&#39;s personality now Skinner said that by applying the principles of operant conditioning which involves reinforcement and Punishment it&#39;s possible to shape behavior and so consequently behavior is therapy focuses on altering behaviors through these conditioning techniques now building on this Foundation the social cognitive perspective extends this behaviorist view by considering the dynamic interaction between individuals and their environment it emphasizes not just how the environment shapes Behavior but also how individuals interpret and respond to their environment and so this perspective really takes into account cognitive processes like thinking and decision-making and it illustrates how these processes very much influence how we learn from our environment and from our experience now on a different note the biological perspective of Personality suggests that genetic factors and brain anatomy significantly influence personality as well this approach is closely linked to trait theories because it argues that many personalities traits they have a biological basis and according to biological theorist our genetic makeup and physical structures of our brain play a crucial role in shaping our personality traits behaviors and tendencies and with that being said we have completed all of our objectives for chapter six next upep is practice problems again I want to reiterate if you&#39;re looking for more free MCAT resources I highly recommend checking out what blueprint has to offer especially that free equation sheet and we might even cover it on this channel if you are interested and maybe we could do a quick collaboration with blueprint there but nevertheless highly recommend their resources go check it out I&#39;ll leave some links in the description box to point you in the right direction other than that good luck happy studying and have a beautiful beautiful day future doctors

hello everybody my name is Iman welcome back to my YouTube channel I have missed you all it has been a while since I&amp;#39;ve uploaded a video but school work life have been extremely hectic and demanding however things have been calming down a little bit so I&amp;#39;m excited to be back and I am so ready for us to cover chapter 6 for our MCAT Behavioral Science playlist now before we get started I have two quick announcements first announcement to all my Muslim brothers and sisters Ramadan Mubarak I hope your month is going well and may all of your duas be accepted second announcement a lot of you have been asking for MCAT resource recommendations and I want to point you to blueprint blueprint has customizable study schedules access to all of the aamc resources they have ai powered question banks with over 4,000 questions as well as indepth exam and analytics in addition they have both free MCAT resources and paid MCAT resources some of my favorite free resources from blueprint are the MCAT question of the day the free equation sheets they share and occasionally free live classes they hold with that let&amp;#39;s get started on chapter 6 chapter 6 is titled identity and personality and we&amp;#39;re going to cover three objectives in this chapter the first objective is titled self-concept and identity our own internal list of answers to the question who am I forms our self-concept in this objective we&amp;#39;re going to learn the difference between self-concept and identity we&amp;#39;re going to discuss different identities and we&amp;#39;re also going to cover self- evaluation which involves discussing self-esteem self-efficacy and locus of control in the second objective we&amp;#39;re going to talk about formation of identity we are not born with our self-concept and identity in place and fully developed several theorists have proposed stages through which we develop and we&amp;#39;re going to discuss those theories here in this objective we&amp;#39;ll talk about Freud and his psychosexual development theory Ericson and his psychosocial development theory Colberg and his moral reasoning Theory and finally vigotsky and his cultural and B Social Development Theory then third last but not least we&amp;#39;ll discuss personality personality describes the set of thoughts feelings traits and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and across different locations we can categorize theories of personality into four areas psychoanalytic perspective the humanistic perspective perspective type and trait and behavior perspective with that out of the way we&amp;#39;re going to go ahead and get started with that first objective self-concept and identity and again our internal response to the question who am I constitutes our self-concept this self-concept is largely shaped by self schemas these are cognitive structures that represent our beliefs about ourselves they can include our abilities personality traits social roles and values now distinguishing between self-concept and identity is really crucial while self-concept is very much a broad understanding of the self identity pertains more to the various roles we assume in Social context each identity whether it be our role in a family or a workplace or within a cultural group contribute to our overall self-concept therefore identity is defined as the individual components of our self concept related to the groups to which we belong another way to say this is whereas we have one all-encompassing self-concept we have multiple identities that Define who we are and how we should behave within any given context this includes religious affiliation sexual orientation personal relationships and memberships in social groups these are just a few of the identities that sum up to create our self-concept now something that&amp;#39;s interesting is our individual identities don&amp;#39;t always need to be compatible so think to yourself are you the same person when you&amp;#39;re interacting with your friends as you are when you interact with co-workers or with family or with your partner for most people the answer is no they take on a particular identity in different social situations now further exploring identities we&amp;#39;re going to talk about three primary types very quickly gender identity ethnic identity and national identity gender identity describes a person&amp;#39;s appraisal of themselves on a scale of masculinity and femininity while these Concepts were long thought to be two extremes on a single Continuum theorists have reasoned that there must be two separate Dimensions because individuals can achieve high scores on both the scale for masculinity and for the scale of femininity androgyny is actually defined as the state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine now ethnic identity this refers to one&amp;#39;s ethnic group in which member members typically share a common ancestry cultural heritage and language now while ethnicity is largely an identity into which we are born nationality is different national identity is based on political borders and it is the result of shared history shared media food and National symbols nationality need not be tied to one&amp;#39;s e ethnicity or even to Legal citizenship now these identities are just a few examples from a broad spectrum and as Illustrated in this figure you see that there are many different kinds of ways that we can begin to compare ourselves to others we can do it across various Dimensions from age to class to religious affiliation to education and so on what&amp;#39;s important to know is that there are several factors that determine which identity is going to be enacted in particular situations and this active ation of different identities in varying situations is governed by the hierarchy of salience this concept suggests that our identities are prioritized based on the context allowing the most relevant identity to kind of surface in a given situation now now we&amp;#39;ve talked about self-concept we&amp;#39;ve talked about identity and the different types of identities is something else that&amp;#39;s important to also discuss is self-evaluation our individual self-concept obviously plays a very important role in the way we evaluate and feel about ourselves self-discrepancy Theory maintains and says that each of us have three selves our self-concept makes up our actual self so this is the way we see ourselves as we currently are then we have our ideal self this is the person we would like to be and then there&amp;#39;s also third and final a self this is our representation of the way others think we should be generally the closer these three selves are to one another the higher our self-esteem or self-worth will be now while self-esteem is the measure of how we feel about ourselves selfefficacy is our belief in our ability to succeed self-efficacy can be very can can vary very much by activity of the individual so it can vary by activity for individuals and we all can think of situations in which we hold the belief that we&amp;#39;re able to be effective and there&amp;#39;s also situations in which we hold the belief that we&amp;#39;re not going to be very effective we&amp;#39;re almost powerless self-efficacy is the degree to which we see ourselves as being capable of a given skill or in a given situation now here&amp;#39;s a caveat to this when you are maybe consistently placed in say hopeless scenarios self-efficacy can actually be diminished and if this happens too often backto back self-efficacy can be diminished to the point where learned helplessness results now locus of control is another core self evaluation that is closely related to self-concept locus of control refers to the way we characterize the influences in our lives people with an internal locus of control view themselves of controlling their own fate that is for internal locus of control but those with an external locus of control they feel that the events in their lives are caused by luck or outside influence so for example a runner who loses a race May attribute the ca the cause of this as a loss internally oh you know what I lost because I didn&amp;#39;t train hard enough next time I&amp;#39;m going to train hard enough or they might attribute the cause of this loss externally oh I lost because I didn&amp;#39;t buy the right shoes they didn&amp;#39;t fit and why was the track wet that&amp;#39;s why I lost so you notice how you can have internal locus of control versus external locus of control now all these ideas that we&amp;#39;ve covered here in objective one they work hand inand to influence the way we feel about ourselves and in summary our self-concept our identity and the various factors that influence self-evaluation they form a complex interplace play that really shapes our perception of ourselves and it shapes our interactions with the world the most content individuals tend to have a well-integrated self-concept high self-esteem a sense of efficacy and they perceive themselves as The Architects of their own destiny with that we can go ahead and move into objective two we are not born with our self-concept and identity in place and fully developed as young children our identities are largely defined by our relationship to our parents and then as we move into adolescence and adulthood we begin to develop into Unique Individuals deciding who we want to be now several theorists have proposed stages through which we develop and we&amp;#39;re going to be covering four important ones we&amp;#39;re going to talk about Freud and his psychosexual development Eric and his psychosocial development Colberg and his moral reasoning and vigotsky and his cultural and Bisal development theory we&amp;#39;re going to go ahead and we&amp;#39;re going to get started with Freud and his psychosexual development theory Sigman Freud&amp;#39;s theory of psychosexual development while largely outdated and criticized in contemporary psychology it offers a historical view of how personality and sexual development were once perceived Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood occurs through a series of stages centered on aerogenous zones so according to him the libido or sexual drive is a primary motivating force from birth Freud&amp;#39;s psychosexual stages of personality development are pretty much based on tensions caused by the libido failure at any given stage leads to fixation that causes personality disorders he hypothesized five distinct stages of psychosexual development we&amp;#39;re going to go over those now the first stage is the oral stage from 0 to one year in this initial stage a child&amp;#39;s primary source of interaction and pleasure is through the mouth engaging in activities like sucking and biting Freud says that fixation at this stage could result in behaviors associated with dependency in adulthood the second stage is called the anal stage from 1 to 3 years here the focus shifts to the anus with gratification derived from controlling bowel and bladder movements the key challenge here is toilet chaining toilet training and Freud believed that a fixation at this stage might lead to either excessive tidiness or messiness in later life then we have the third stage the phallic stage this stage involves the edapal conflict for boys and the Electra Conflict for girls and Freud theorized that boys experience Envy towards their fathers and desire for their mothers leading to some sort of castration anxiety resolution of this conflict for argued involves identifying with the same-sex parent and repressing sexual desires and internalizing moral standards Freud&amp;#39;s discussion on the electric complex it was less detailed but followed a similar pattern for girls then we have the latency stage from about 5 years to puberty and this is once the libido is sublimated the child has entered this stage which pretty much lasts until puberty is reached reach and then we enter the genital stage from puberty onwards this final stage reawakens sexual interest leading to the establishment of mature sexual relationships Freud said that unresolved conflicts from earlier stages could manifest in adulthood as psychological issues or atypical sexual behaviors so that is Freud&amp;#39;s psycho sexual development theory now what we want to move on to is Ericson and his psychosocial development theory now Ericsson&amp;#39;s theory of psychosocial development says that personality development occurs through a series of stages each characterized by a specific conflict that arises from interactions between the individual&amp;#39;s needs as well as societal expectations successfully res solving these conflicts leads to psychological strengths we&amp;#39;re going to go over what these are the first one is the conflict or the crisis of trust versus mistrust this happens around the age of 0 to one year this initial stage centers on the infant&amp;#39;s basic needs being met by caregivers successful resolution leads to trust in oneself and the en environment but failure to resolve this conflict can result in persistent mistrust and skepticism about the world okay so here the existential crisis is can I trust the world the next one the next stage is autonomy versus shame and doubt this happens around 1 to 3 years so here children start to assert their independence successful navigation of this stage Fosters a sense of autonomy and control but failure may lead to feelings of doubt and a lack of self-confidence so here the existential crisis that&amp;#39;s kind of being worked through is is it okay to be me the next part the next Crisis is initiative versus guilt this happens from 3 to 6 years children begin initiating activities here and asserting control through play and social intera actions successful uh successful resolution leads to a sense of initiative and confidence in leading and making decisions so in their activities and through play and social um interactions successful resolution leads to building that confidence you&amp;#39;re able to interact socially you&amp;#39;re able to make good decisions when it comes to playing with other children however excessive control or criticism can result in a sense of guilt then we have and so the existential crisis here is is it okay for me to do move and act then we have industry versus inferiority from six to about 12 years so during school age the focus here is on achievement and productivity success in this stage leads to a sense of competence and Industry student feels good about accomplishing things when it comes to their schoolwork or when it comes to any other extracurricular activities they might participate in however failure to develop these can result in feelings of inferiority and inadequacy so if they&amp;#39;re not keeping up with their other schoolmates or their other students that are participating in some sort of extracurricular activity there could be a feeling of oh I&amp;#39;m not good enough so the existential crisis here is can I make it in the world next we have identity versus role confusion this is from 12 to about 20 years here this is marked by a search for personal identity and a search for one&amp;#39;s role in society successful resolution results in a strong self uh sense of self but unsuccessful navigation this can lead to role confusion and uncertainty about one&amp;#39;s place in society and so the existential crisis here is who am I and what can I be next up is intimacy versus isolation this is around 20 to 40 years so in young adulthood the emphasis shifts to forming intimate loving relationships with others successful resolution leads to fulfilling relationships and a sense of commitment to your partner to your friends Etc failure though can result in isolation and Detachment so the existential crisis at this stage is can I love next up is generativity versus stagnation all right middle adulthood this is between 40 to 60 years this focuses on contributing to society and helping guide future Generations success at this stage is going to lead to having a feeling of usefulness and accomplishment but failure at doing so can result in stagnation all right feeling like you&amp;#39;re not moving forward you&amp;#39;re just stuck in the same place so the existential crisis here is can I make my life count and then last but not least we have integrity versus despair this is above 65 years in later life reflection on past experiences is quite common and it is key successful resolution brings wisdom and a sense of fulfillment about one&amp;#39;s life however unresolved conflict about how one has lived their life can lead to despair regret and a sense of wasted life in addition to fear of death because you feel like you haven&amp;#39;t done what you want to to be able to welcome death in in so many words right and so the existential crisis here is is it okay to have been me and what you see here is that Ericson&amp;#39;s Theory really highlights the importance of social relationships and tasks in each stage of Life re resolving these psychosocial conflicts successfully is essential for a healthy personality and identity development and so this Theory provides a comprehensive framework for understanding how individuals evolve through various life stages each with its own unique psychological challenges and opportunities so we&amp;#39;ve covered Freud and his psychosexual development and we&amp;#39;ve covered Ericson and his psychosocial development let&amp;#39;s go ahead and move into Colberg and his moral reasoning Theory Goldberg&amp;#39;s theory is pivotal in understanding how individuals develop moral reasoning unlike theories focused on Identity or personality conflicts or the psychosexual stages Goldberg&amp;#39;s framework concentrates on the evolution of moral thought he believed that as people mature intellectually they progress through distinct stages of moral reasoning each representing a more advanced mode of thinking about ethics and morality and so he divided moral development into three levels each of those levels comprises of two stages the first level is preconventional morality this is the first of these phases and it is typical of pre-adolescent thinking and it places an emphasis on the consequences of the moral choice so in this level there are two stages stage one is obedience obedience and Punishment orientation here more reasoning is based on Direct consequences actions are considered quote unquote wrong if they lead to punishment and they are considered quote unquote right if they lead to reward so for example a child might think if I steal I&amp;#39;ll be punished stage two of level one is self-interest moral decisions here are based on self-benefit the principle is one of reciprocity and mutual benefit so PE you know the person thinks I should help others so they will help me so that is level one preconventional morality the second level is conventional morality this begins to develop in early adolescence when individuals begin to see themselves in terms of their relationships to others this phase is based on understanding and accepting social rules in this level again there are two stages all right stage three is Conformity all right Conformity and good interpersonal relationships this focus is on living up to social expectations and roles and so moral reasoning is about being a quote unquote good person in your community so think like oh I want to be seen as a good person so I&amp;#39;m going to do what societ says is right that&amp;#39;s one way you can think about stage three stage four is Law and Order maintaining social order this stage involves adhering to laws rules and social conventions because they maintain a functional Society the reasoning is well it&amp;#39;s important to follow the role the law in order to maintain order then we have level three re postconventional morality this describes a level of reasoning that Goldberg claimed not everyone was capable of and it is based on social um cues it&amp;#39;s based on social Moors which may conflict with laws so there&amp;#39;s two stages here as well stage five is social contract at this level individuals see laws as social contracts to be changed when they do not promote the general welfare all right the thought process is laws should ensure everyone&amp;#39;s rights and then stage six is universal human ethics Universal principles the highest stage here involves abstract reasoning using Universal um ethical principles laws are valid only as they are grounded in justice so think moral action is deter determined by our inner conscious and adherence to Universal principles of justice and equality so according to Colberg individuals progress through these stages sequentially without skipping any stage however not everyone reaches the highest stages of moral reasoning each successive stage it represents a more mature a more sophisticated understanding of morality so that is Goldberg&amp;#39;s moral reasoning Theory last but certainly not least we want to discuss vigotsky and his cultural and biso development theory so like Colberg vot&amp;#39;s work was very much focused on understanding cognitive development and for vigotsky the engine driving cognitive development was the child&amp;#39;s internalization of various aspects of the culture and so the key Concepts in vot&amp;#39;s theory is the following first point internalization of culture and social rules here he says that cognitive development is largely driven by a child&amp;#39;s absorption of their surrounding culture this includes learning societal Norms symbols language and Customs as children engage with their cultural environment they gradually internalize these elements shaping their cognitive processes and abilities another second key Concept in his theory is this idea of zone of proximal development this is a concept that represents the range of tasks that a child cannot yet do independently but they can achieve with the guidance of someone more skilled typically an adult or a more capable peer so for instance a child attempting to solve a math problem they might struggle with it alone but they can potentially accomplish this task with the help of their parent or with the help of their teacher the third important concept here is the role of the more knowledgeable other this concept involves an individual who has a higher level of understanding or ability in a particular area that provides support and Scaffolding to the child enabling them to be able to move through the zone of proximal development scaffolding is a method where the more knowledgeable others provides varying degrees and levels of support depending on what the learner what the child needs and over time as the learner becomes more skilled the support is gradually withdrawn and so we see botsky&amp;#39;s emphasis on the social and cultural components of learning very much highlights the importance of education and social interaction in cognitive development with that we have completed objective two and we can go ahead and move into objective three personality we&amp;#39;ve seen that identity is the way we Define ourselves personality while similar describes the set of thoughts feelings traits and behaviors that are characteristic of an individual across time and across different locations now we can categorize theories of personality into four areas first area is psychoanalytic or also called psychodynamic the second is the humanistic the third is the type and trait and the fourth is the behaviorist now we&amp;#39;re going to start by covering the first area the psychoanalytic perspective the psychoanalytic or psychodynamic theories of personality contain some of the most widely varying perspectives on Behavior but they all have in common the Assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determined personality now the most noteworthy supporter of the psychoanalytic theory is Freud so we&amp;#39;re going to start with talking about Freud and his structural motto the id ego and super ego now the ID and that&amp;#39;s how I believe it&amp;#39;s pronounced this is the most primitive part of Personality existing from birth it operates on the Pleasure Principle seeking immediate gratification for basic needs and desires the ID is impulsive and unconscious driving fundamental biological urges like hunger thirst and sexuality the ego the ego is the realistic aspect of the mind and it mediates between the desires of the ID and the constraints of the real world it operates on the reality principle and this principle seeks to satisfy the its desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways the ego employs secondary process thinking also which is rationale um and it&amp;#39;s realistic and it&amp;#39;s problemsolving in nature then we have the super ego the super ego is the moral conscious and it is influenced by cultural values and Norms it strives for Perfection and it judges our actions this leads to feelings like Pride or guilt the super ego is also divided into two parts first part the conscious which is our internalization of societal roles and the second is the ego ideal this is the ideal standards that set are set by our parents or by our Guardians so we have this structural model that was kind of developed by Freud the id ego and super ego now Freud also categorized thoughts into three levels three main categories we have conscious thoughts all right these are thoughts we are presently aware of right now what I&amp;#39;m consciously thinking of is I am recording this video so I need to be at the top of my game all right preconscious these are thoughts that are not currently in Consciousness but can be brought into to Consciousness if I think too much about me making this video that I&amp;#39;m doing it right now I might get a little bit anxious or what if people don&amp;#39;t like it what if I make a mistake WIll people stop following me Etc right that&amp;#39;s in preconscious but it can be brought into Consciousness and then there&amp;#39;s unconscious these are thoughts memories and desires well below the surface of conscious awareness exerting influence without our knowledge now Freud in a addition theorize that human behavior human behavior is driven by two instinctual drives the life instincts or the arrows these include basic survival instincts and sexual desires they they aim at preserving and continuing life essentially and then there&amp;#39;s the death instincts the Thanos this contr controversial concept it suggests an unconscious drive towards aggression destruction and ultimately death now something else that&amp;#39;s important to kind of step back from all of this right we&amp;#39;ve talked about the structural Mo model the id ego and super ego we talked about thoughts being categorized into three levels conscious preconscious and unconscious and we also talked about how Freud theorize that human behavior is driven by two drives life instincts versus death instinct instincts something that is important to then take and also talk about is what are our defense mechanisms then right there&amp;#39;s so much going on how do we defend from all the things that come at us right whether emotional physical mental Etc defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that ego uses to manage anxiety stemming from conflicts between the ID and the super ego and they include a couple all right so we&amp;#39;re going to go over those we&amp;#39;re going to start with repression this is the first defense mechanism this is going to be unconsciously hiding unwanted thoughts and reducing anxiety by keeping these thoughts out of conscious awareness all right so that is the first defense mechanism unconsciously removing any idea or feeling from Consciousness so here&amp;#39;s an example ex Le a man who survived 6 months in a concentration camp cannot recall anything about his life during that time period that is a defense me mechanism called repression then our next one is called suppression this is consciously attempting to forget or not think about painful or unwanted thoughts so consciously removing any idea or feeling from Consciousness an example is a termin terminally ill cancer patient puts aside their anxiety to be able to enjoy a family gathering and be in the moment next defense mechanism is called regression this is reverting to an earlier developmental stage in response to stress an example of this is a husband speaks to his wife in baby talk when telling her bad news then we have reaction formation this is doing the opposite of an unacceptable impulse all right an unacceptable impulse is transformed into its opposite two co-workers fight all the time because they are actually very attracted to each other then we have projection projection this is attributing one&amp;#39;s own unacceptable thoughts or feelings to others a example of this is a man who has committed adultery is convinced his wife is cheating on him despite a lack of evidence so he is projecting his own feelings because he did in fact cheat on his wife and he&amp;#39;s projecting that onto his wife then there is rationalization this is justifying behaviors by substituting acceptable reasons for less acceptable real reasons so an example of this is a murderer who claims that while killing his wrong his particular victim very much deserved it and that should be an exception all right they were trying to rationalize their reason for killing this individual all right then there&amp;#39;s displacement this is when you kind of shift negative feelings and impulses to a less threatening object or person so a good example of this is when sent to his room as a punishment a child begins to let that anger out by punching and kicking his pillow so not a human being he&amp;#39;s not imparting any sort of physical harm to any you know living object but instead he lets out his anger by punching his pillow the last one that we want to cover is sublimation this is channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities so a boss who is attracted to his employee Becomes Her mentor and advisor right so this is arguably a good example of this right channeling unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable activities this was an example in the mcap book I don&amp;#39;t know if I like that but anyways so we have defense mechanisms repression suppression regression reaction formation projection rationalization displacement and sublimation now with that we also want to talk about about another important individual in this realm of psychoanalytic theories of personality and that is Carl Young Carl Young expanded the scope of psychoanalysis to include a broader range of psychic energies and he emphasized the role of cultural and symbolic aspects of the psyche so here we&amp;#39;re going to talk about a couple of key Concepts in Carl Young&amp;#39;s Theory the first one is that uh libido as a psychic energy young redefined libido not as solely sexual in nature but as general psychic energy driving a variety of behaviors and thoughts he also talked about the structure of the psyche young agreed with Freud on the existence of an ego which he viewed as the conscious mind however he proposed two layers of the unconscious first there&amp;#39;s the personal unconscious so similar to Freud&amp;#39;s concept it contains individual memories and ideas but then he also had an idea for the collective unconscious this is a unique concept introduced by Young this is a universal layer shared across all humans and it contains these archetypes archetypes are fundamental elements of the human psyche they are innate Universal and hereditary images and themes and key archetypes are one the Persona all right the Persona is one kind of archetype it is the mask we present to the world that&amp;#39;s really shaped by our social interactions then there is the anima animus this represents feminine and masculine qualities respectively these archetypes exist in each individual regardless of gender and they explain the presence of gender opposite behaviors and thoughts then there&amp;#39;s also the shadow this encompasses our darker unconscious self and it&amp;#39;s often the source of negative and socially unacceptable thoughts and impulses and then there&amp;#39;s also the archetype of the self this is represents the unification of both the conscious and unconscious mind now building on the foundation of Young&amp;#39;s understanding of the psyche we see a further development of his theory in his conception of personality dichotomies so these dich these dichotomies are very pivotal in understanding the individual differences and are very much Central to Young&amp;#39;s psychological topology so he proposed that there&amp;#39;s several key Dimensions along which people&amp;#39;s personalities differ these include um extrav versus introversion where extroversion indicates an orientation toward the external social World while introversion points to a focus on the internal personal experience then there is sensing versus intuition this refers to the preference in processing information sensing individuals they tend to rely on concrete factual data while intuitive people lean towards abstract conceptual information then there&amp;#39;s also thinking versus feeling the thinking versus feeling dichotomy differentiates individuals based on decisionmaking Styles thinkers they make decisions based on logic and reason whereas feelers they base their decision on emotion and personal values now these dichotomies inspired the creation of the Meer Briggs type IND indicator this is a widely used personality assessment and you can see that there is a fourth category that&amp;#39;s introduced in this Meer Briggs tip uh type indicator personality assessment and you know a lot of people have done these before and you have these four letters that kind of Define or try to Define your personality type there&amp;#39;s 16 types fantastic I IM e n TJ if you are curious at all next now that is everything we wanted to cover for the psychoanalytic perspective on personality what we want to move into next is the humanistic perspective so the humanistic perspective in Psychology stands in stark contrast to the psychoanalytical theories EMP emphasizing the inherent value of the individual and the importance of personal growth and self-actualization all right so this humanistic perspective very much has a huge emphasis on the inherent value of the individual unlike psychoanalytical theories which di you know dissect personality into components like the id ego and super ego humanistic psychology very much views individual as a whole integrated being humanism is often associated with justult therapy in which practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self seeing each individual as a complete person rather than reducing them to individual behaviors or drives for the humanist our personality is the result of the conscious feelings we have for ourselves as we attempt to attain both our needs and our goals now some important people to talk about very briefly under this category of of humanist is first Abraham m we we&amp;#39;ve discussed him before he advocated for self-actualization and he also proposed the hierarchy of needs emphasizing the Fulfillment of one&amp;#39;s potential in kind of this step by step where the physiological needs to be satisfied first this is breathing food water sleep Etc then you can begin to worry about safety then love and belonging then esteem and then you have self-actualization another humanist to talk about is Carl Rogers he developed client centered therapy he focused on the real and ideal self and very much emphasized unconditional positive regard in personal growth there is also Kurt Leen he introduced force field Theory which highlights the influence of current situational forces on behavior and last but not least George Kelly he pioneered personal construct psychology and he viewed individuals as personal scientists who are just trying to interpret the world around them as best as possible so that is the humanistic perspective now let&amp;#39;s talk about the third category this is the type and trait perspective the type and trait perspective in personality psychology it offers a different view it focuses on distinct personality categories and measurable traits so type theories these theories categorize people into distinct personality types a well-known Theory um divides personalities into type A and type B and you&amp;#39;ve probably heard this language before oh I&amp;#39;m so type A oh I&amp;#39;m so type B individuals with type A personalities they&amp;#39;re C categorized by behavior that lend to be competitive and compulsive while someone who&amp;#39;s described as type B is generally laidback and relaxed now trait theories they focus on identifiable patterns of behavior that defines one&amp;#39;s personality now a couple of important psychologists here to make note of is hands and cibil isic they used factor analysis to identify three primary personality traits all right and they&amp;#39;re written here they are used in using the AC acronym pen here all right we have Psy uh psychoticism extroversion and neuroticism now this model actually got expanded into the big five traits the big five traits are openness conscientiousness extraversion agreeableness and neuroticism what do each of these mean let&amp;#39;s go over those openness this trait feature um characteristic um likees Imagination they like Insight they have have a wide range of Interest they&amp;#39;re open to anything High openness means being more Curious and creative then we have conscientiousness this involves high level of thoughtfulness good impulse control and very goal directed Behavior highly conscientious individuals they tend to be very organized and they tend to be very mindful of details extroversion this trades incl uh include you know sociability talkativeness and assertiveness then agreeableness this reflects attributes like trust kindness affection highly agreeable people are co uh cooperative and they get along with others very well neuroticism this is a trait that&amp;#39;s associated with sadness moodiness and emotional instability and so in essence trait theories provide this very interesting and structured way to look at personality by breaking it down into fundamental elements like the ones that we just talked about now last but certainly not least we&amp;#39;re going to talk about the behaviorist perspective the behaviorist perspective on personality was pioneered by BF Skinner and it&amp;#39;s deeply rooted in the principles of operant conditioning which we talked about in previous chapters in this playlist now now according to his views or to this view personality is essentially a repertoire of behaviors that have been reinforced over time and so in this context behaviors that are rewarded tend to be repeated and that becomes a part of one&amp;#39;s personality now Skinner said that by applying the principles of operant conditioning which involves reinforcement and Punishment it&amp;#39;s possible to shape behavior and so consequently behavior is therapy focuses on altering behaviors through these conditioning techniques now building on this Foundation the social cognitive perspective extends this behaviorist view by considering the dynamic interaction between individuals and their environment it emphasizes not just how the environment shapes Behavior but also how individuals interpret and respond to their environment and so this perspective really takes into account cognitive processes like thinking and decision-making and it illustrates how these processes very much influence how we learn from our environment and from our experience now on a different note the biological perspective of Personality suggests that genetic factors and brain anatomy significantly influence personality as well this approach is closely linked to trait theories because it argues that many personalities traits they have a biological basis and according to biological theorist our genetic makeup and physical structures of our brain play a crucial role in shaping our personality traits behaviors and tendencies and with that being said we have completed all of our objectives for chapter six next upep is practice problems again I want to reiterate if you&amp;#39;re looking for more free MCAT resources I highly recommend checking out what blueprint has to offer especially that free equation sheet and we might even cover it on this channel if you are interested and maybe we could do a quick collaboration with blueprint there but nevertheless highly recommend their resources go check it out I&amp;#39;ll leave some links in the description box to point you in the right direction other than that good luck happy studying and have a beautiful beautiful day future doctors

Transcript for:Lecture on Identity and Personality

Transcript for:
Lecture on Identity and Personality