now we're going to start talking about the functional groups the functional groups are the groups that attach to those carbon chains to give them their unique characteristics so you're going to not only learn how to identify these functional groups then you're going to put that information to use as you learn how to identify the four major categories of macromolecule so these functional groups are going to give you the clues as to which type of macromolecule you're looking at first time around you're just going to learn how to visually recognize the functional group and then you'll put that information to use as you learn to recognize the macro molecule so first round i'm not going to talk a whole lot about the macromolecules these are associated with we're just going to go through the functional groups and you're just going to learn how they look visually okay the first function we're going to look at is the hydroxyl group and as i draw these on the board i'm going to do something similar to what they've done here but i'm just going to draw one carbon as a shortcut hydroxyl group is just this oxygen and hydrogen together o h okay so this is going to be our list of functional groups again first round you're just going to memorize what they look like so the first one is hydroxyl so i'm just going to draw a carbon i'm not going to show anything else connected here the hydroxyl group is the part in purple that's the hydroxyl group okay the second one is called carbonyl and a carbonyl group is a carbon double bonded to the oxygen it can be at the end of a molecule in which case it will also have a hydrogen attached because remember carbon needs to share four pairs of electrons one two three four or it can be in the middle of a molecule and now carbon one two three four either way it's a carbonyl group so carbinol group is going to be a carbon double bonded to an oxygen so in this case this whole thing is the carbonyl group okay the third one is a combination of the first two in both name and in structure so carboxyl so the word is kind of a combination of carbonyl and hydroxyl carboxyl let's look at a carboxyl group this is a carboxyl group it's always at the end of a molecule and it is a combination of the two so we've got the carbon double bonded to an oxygen and then we've got the hydroxyl group but when this all is happening together this whole thing is called a carboxyl group so of all the functional groups we're going to look at these three look the most similar to each other the next three are going to be very different from each other and different from the first three i know this seems pretty dry right now we're going to put it in context and again it's going to help you visually recognize the macromolecules and these are the groups that give those macromolecules their unique characteristics because again otherwise it's just a carbon chain and carbon is carbon it's always going to behave the same okay the next one is an amino group and an amino group anytime you hear the word amine it's referring to nitrogen so the amino group number four is a nitrogen and you'll sometimes see it with two hydrogens and sometimes you'll see it with three hydrogens if it has three hydrogens it's the ionized form two hydrogens is the non-ionized form so amino is referring to this nitrogen right there okay the next one is a very very important one oh i'm sorry no this one's important too but the one coming after that is really really cool this is sulphide roll and it is just a sulfur and a hydrogen attached to something you're going to see this in proteins okay and then finally usually phosphate comes before sulfhydryl it's surprised at the order of these blood phosphate is a very very important group this is going to be not only in dna and rna but we're going to see this in atp this phosphate group you've already actually seen a phosphate head on a phospholipid and that's what this was referring to now this looks a little different because one of the oxygens has a double bond and the other three do not you will never have to draw this you will just have to be able to visually recognize it in biology 102. so don't panic about that little detail there if it has a phosphorus it's a phosphate group okay and i'm going to draw it down here it's going to be a phosphorus double bonded to one oxygen and then the other oxygens are single bonds so this whole thing is going to be a phosphate group okay then finally this last one we won't talk about when we talk about the macromolecules it is a functional group so i present it to you now but we won't discuss this one in detail until we get to dna much later in the semester okay so this is a methyl group and we know that we turn genes on and off by attaching methyl groups and removing methyl groups from the dna so methylated dna is something we'll talk about when we get to that unit but the methyl group is just a carbon with three hydrogens and again i'm not going to talk about that one in the context of the macromolecules you won't talk about this one until we get to dna so when this is added to a molecule this is a methyl group again first time around seems pretty dry we're just memorizing those functional groups okay so now you know the different ways a carbon chain can dif can vary we know what isomers are three categories of isomer and now you know the functional groups now we're going to put all of that knowledge to work in understanding the macromolecules carbohydrates lipids proteins and nucleic acids we're going to start talking about what we call the macromolecules macro obviously implies that they're large some of these are large and there are smaller versions of some of the larger ones but before we understand macromolecules we have to talk about two very important terms monomer and polymer you might have heard this term polymer in particular when we're referring to certain types of chemicals let's talk about what those terms really mean monomer and polymer you can think of a monomer as really just being a unit an individual unit and then the polymer is going to be a chain of those units you can almost picture them being b's so if these were individual beads these would be monomers the separate individual units and then if we link them together to form a chain of monomers that would be a polymer so polymer is really a chain of monomers and in your body you are constantly going back and forth between these two you probably mostly eat polymers most of you aren't eating individual amino acids most of you aren't eating glucose so we're usually eating polymers and then breaking them back down into monomers because monomers are what we need to get into the cell then in the cell we can take these same monomers and rearrange them to form all kinds of different polymers again so in the body we're going back and forth between these two constantly you'll see when we talk about the macromolecules that for three of those four categories the monomers have some specific names and the polymers have specific names and i'm going to draw a nice chart for you to keep track of that this of course means reversible and this isn't really a reaction it's just showing you can really go either direction but there are going to be two important reactions that cause this to happen we're going to link monomers together through a reaction called dehydration reaction and we're going to break them apart through a reaction called hydrolysis hydrolysis is really what you do when you're digesting your food let's look at both of these terms and think about what they mean before we even get into the details hydro what does hydro refer to water lysis means to split or break and this is water splitting this is splitting using water what we're going to do when we perform hydrolysis is we're going to add water to break these bonds dehydration do you think that's adding water or removing water that's right dehydration reactions are going to remove water to link these together what do i mean by removing water we're looking at a little more detail at these monomers if you can imagine that each of these monomers has a hydroxyl group on one end remember hydroxyl group is oh and then a hydrogen at the other end so when we say that we're removing water what we're going to do to link number one and two together in this chain is we're going to take a hydroxyl group from one and a hydrogen from the other so dehydration reaction is going to be removal of water we remove the water to link the monomers together to form this polymer this polymer would still have a hydrogen on one end and a hydroxyl group on the other end because as we remove all of these we're going to end up with a hydrogen left at one end and a hydroxyl group at the other end so removing water to then link those two together how do we go the other direction we're going to add water back in if we add water to break that bond with the help of enzymes we're going to add an oh back to one end and then h to the other end and you're going to go back to the way that looked before so hydrolysis is going to be adding water so adding water to break the polymer into monomers and in dehydration we're removing water to link monomers okay to link monomers to form a polymer so again we're constantly going back and forth with these two reactions in the body so this shows dehydration in this example they're just taking this fourth one and linking it up the first three have already been linked you can see that this already has a hydroxyl end so we're going to take hydroxyl group from one hydrogen from another link them together removal of water dehydration that's how we're going to link monomers together to form polymers and then hydrolysis adding water back in to break that back apart just taking it back to the way it looked before so hydroxyl group goes to one end and hydrogen to the other this term hydrolysis hydrolysis is the name of the reaction the verb would be hydrolyzed we would say that we hydrolyze these bonds when we perform hydrolysis okay and then finally we can have hydrolytic and this is going to be an adjective we can talk about hydrolytic enzymes these would be the enzymes that help us break that bond hydrolytic enzymes would be in your digestive system hydrolytic enzymes are going to perform hydrolysis so this would be the noun not to give you an english lesson here but i just want you to be aware that we're going to use all of these terms hydrolytic hydrolyze and hyperolysis so hydrolysis is the reaction we're going to hydrolyze which is a verb meaning split them apart and we're going to do that using hydrolytic enzymes so all those words are very closely related okay now let's start looking at some specific examples and going through the details of the functional groups we're going to start with the carbohydrates but before i do that i want to draw a nice chart for you to give you some general terms for the monomers and polymers we're going to look at related to each type of macromolecule okay so i encourage you to draw this same chart it's good to refer back to it to keep track of this information okay so this is going to be our list of macromolecules these are going to be the terms we use for the monomers for that macromolecule and then these are going to be what we call the polymers [Music] okay so starting with carbohydrates our first category of macromolecules the monomers of carbohydrates are going to be called monosaccharides means one sugar the polymers are going to be called polysaccharides and then we're going to have specific examples within each fruit for example the monosaccharides are going to be glucose fructose galactose etc the polysaccharides are going to be starch cellulose so we'll get to those specific examples just so you realize we're going to we're going to break this down even further as we go along okay i'm going to skip lipids for now because as you're going to see they don't really follow this model we're going to go to proteins the monomers of proteins are called amino acids and the polymers are called polypeptide or even a polypeptide chain it's not called a a protein because that chain is going to have to fold into a very specific three-dimensional shape to be considered a fully uh or polypeptide chain it's not called a protein because as you'll see a protein has a very specific three-dimensional shape and this is just referring to the chain of amino acids so a chain of amino acids is called a polypeptide chain okay nucleic acids do you follow this model the monomers are called nucleotides and then the polymers are called polynucleotides okay so again monomer is a very general term meaning just the base units polymer then is going to be a chain of those monitors also a very general term then within each category macromolecule we have some more general terms so this is specifically describing monomers of carbohydrates monosaccharide is a monomer of carbohydrates we're going to see specific examples of monosaccharides same for amino acids we're going to see 20 different amino acids okay and then finally the last category of macromolecule the lipids they don't follow this nice model of monomers linking together to form polymers so we're going to put not applicable lipids have some characteristics that unite them but they're also very different from each other and they do not follow this model of monomers linking together to form polymers okay so this is the chart that we're going to refer back to every time we hit another macromolecule and you're also going to learn to visually recognize them as we move through them okay so we're going to start with carbohydrates as our first group then we're actually going to cover lipids next and then proteins and nucleic acids really have to be covered together and you'll see why