Lecture Notes: The Female Reproductive System

Overview

• The female reproductive system has more parts and functions compared to the male system.
• Main components include:
  • Ovaries: Produce sex hormones and functional gametes.
  • Uterine/Fallopian Tubes: Transport gametes.
  • Uterus: Supports developing embryo and fetus.
  • Vagina: Copulatory organ and birth canal.
  • External Genitalia: Includes the labia majora and labia minora.
• Females nourish newborns through the mammary glands.

Key Functions

• Production of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone).
• Production and transport of gametes (oocytes).
• Support and nourishment of a developing fetus.
• Nourishment of infants through lactation.

Anatomy and Physiology

Ovaries

• Small, almond-shaped organs near the pelvic cavity.
• Functions:
  • Produce mature gametes.
  • Secrete female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone).
  • Produce inhibin for negative feedback control.

Meiosis and Oogenesis

• Process of ovum production.
• Parallels male spermatogenesis but has distinct differences:
  • Females produce one functional gamete per cycle.
  • Oocytes are formed before birth.
  • Monthly cycles of oogenesis occur from puberty to menopause.

Uterine/Fallopian Tubes

• Transport the ovum from the ovary to the uterus.
• Consist of:
  • Infundibulum: Funnel-shaped with fimbriae.
  • Ampulla: Site of fertilization.
  • Isthmus: Narrow section connecting to the uterus.
• Movement facilitated by peristalsis and ciliary action.

Uterus

• Muscular organ supporting embryo/fetus development.
• Contains layers:
  • Endometrium: Inner lining, site of implantation.
  • Myometrium: Thick muscular layer for contractions.
• Divided into body, fundus, and cervix.
• Blood supply is crucial for function.

Cycles and Hormonal Regulation

Ovarian Cycle

• Follicular Phase: Follicle growth, estrogen production.
• Luteal Phase: Corpus luteum formation, progesterone production.

Uterine Cycle

• Menstrual Phase: Shedding of functional zone.
• Proliferative Phase: Regrowth of endometrial lining.
• Secretory Phase: Endometrial preparation for implantation.

Hormonal Control

• Regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary:
  • GnRH: Controls release of FSH and LH.
  • FSH: Stimulates follicle growth.
  • LH: Triggers ovulation and corpus luteum formation.
• Estrogen and progesterone regulate changes in the uterus.

External Anatomy and Accessory Organs

External Genitalia

• Labia Majora and Minora: Protect internal structures.
• Clitoris: Erectile tissue analogous to the penis.
• Vestibule: Space between labia containing urethral and vaginal openings.

Mammary Glands

• Produce milk to nourish infants.
• Controlled by reproductive hormones and the placenta.
• Structure includes lobes, ducts, and areola.

Key Concepts

• Coordination between ovarian and uterine cycles is essential for fertility.
• Hormonal imbalances or timing issues can impact reproductive functions.
• Understanding these processes helps in managing fertility and reproductive health.