okay let's talk about the female reproductive system now okay we're gonna be here little bit longer than we were with a lot more parts that we have to talk about system as you can see we have the ovaries we've got the ovaries here we've got the thin brain that we learn about as well we'll talk about it then we have the oviduct or the urine tubes or the fallopian tubes that make their way down okay and then enter into the years here so this is they must get our uterus you can see here the cervix that extends into the vaginal vault and this tube this way this is the China and we can see the external genitalia with respect to the labia majora and the labia minora okay so let's talk about female reproductive system is going to produce sex hormones and functional gametes okay so same thing did we head with a male okay the goal was to produce sperm in the mail and functional and sex hormones testosterone Maryland okay difference between males and females is that is also going to support the developing embryo also we get to talk about the mammary glands okay because the females also responsible or has the ability I should say to nourish the newborn infant so organs know the female reproductive system we'll talk about and we'll spend some time in the ovaries talking about Danny production once we've got the gametes produced and the hormones produced here we'll be able to move the gametes through the uterine tubes into the uterus and then if we get the fertilization event and we could implantation the fetus has to or can exit the female body through the vagina which also serves as the copulatory organ in the female and then we have the external genitalia like we did in the male that we'll talk about okay also a bunch of accessory glands it will provide secretions into the female reproductive tract and just like we had with the male with those plans okay so we're thinking about it from a support standpoint we have a ligament okay it's called the broad ligament and it holds this uterus in place okay probably gov'ment encloses the the ovaries the uterine tubes in the uterus okay and it is continuous with the connective tissue on the inside that Brattle bears Miam okay we've got the ear tubes that are gonna run along the top of this broad ligament okay and we've got a piece of this then we're showing you have this called the miso very oh that helps stabilize the opening broad ligament performs a pouch okay it divides the appearance in the cavity into pouches one between the uterus and the colon recall that the rectal uterine pouch and then another one between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder then we call them a CEO the seco uterine function and that probably was job is to limit the side to side movements and the rotation of the uterus okay and we got some other ligaments that are there that I'm not as concerned with okay so this shows you a good picture of the broad ligament okay you can see here is the we'll talk about all the parts of the years and that kind of stuff getting down to the cervix and this is that ligament that is attaching here and notice we've got the ovaries we've got the fallopian tubes okay and we've got this little ligament here that's gonna serve to kind of hold those all in place this is that Meisel barium that I was telling you about between the ovaries and the fallopian tubes to hold it in place so these ovaries small almond shaped organs near the lateral wall of our pelvic cavity okay wait about six eight grams okay pretty small token about five centimeters by two and a half centimeters okay functions here they're gonna produce the gametes and they we say in mature female gametes because they're not ready once they're ovulating they're still not ready for fertilization event to occur okay then we have the secretion of the female sex hormones talked about primarily estrogen and progesterone now purchased Denton's are several different forms of that as are the estrogens okay so we'll talk about the different hormones that are here and also just like we had in the male we have the hormone inhibin that can help send that negative feedback control all right let's look at meiosis in oogenesis we did this in the okay so if we're looking at oh just as this is how any production is going to occur in the female and it's going to be very similar to that in the male that we learned remember in the male was starting with a spermatogonia that we made a copy of into a primary spermatocyte okay that would be first him cells back to make more of these and then that primary spermatocyte boys went through meiosis and we made two cells and these had half the chromosome complement these were 23 zones in each one however there was a problem with that they were still replicated chromosomes so for each one of these we had to divide it again and ultimately we made four spermatids and then those firm antennas we went through the development process in this development process we were able to go through sperm yield Genesis and produce the tail structures which you see here and then we have functional sperm for functional sperm from one primary spermatocyte okay so if you look at it from the female okay the way the female is going to do it they're also going to go through meiosis just like we did and we're going to start out with our stem cell it is an algo neom however females are going to get a hip again real quick they're going to take all of these stem cells and go ahead and make all of the primary oocytes they need so they're going to convert the OA bonilla into primary oocytes so they're doing that okay we're going to do this and through mitosis we're going to make all of these and we're going to put all of these into specific follicles that we can then run through meiosis develop them inside the follicle and ovulate them from the ovaries okay so at birth you have all of the primary oocytes already ready to go and like I said they're encapsulated in this little group of cells that are going to take care of them call the Volvo okay so we're hanging out with this primary o until puberty happens and then once he already happens we take this primary old side and we take it to that first division of meiosis okay so we're gonna take that cell that has 46 chromosomes in it and we're gonna split it into two cells that have 23 but we're going to do it unevenly we're going to give one of the cells all of the side plasm and the other one we're not going to give it any because we need a lot of cytoplasm that's firm if your fertilization of income it is not set up with a lot of cytoplasm inside of it so the egg has to provide all of those organelles and that kind of stuff so we call this this guy here this is a non-functional gamete that is called a polar body it's called a poem on it he caught that polar body so those 23 chromosomes that were replicated and this one has 23 chromosomes that were replicated okay but this one is not going to be functional okay now it could go ahead and split into the two cells that make up the normal chromosome complement 23 chromosomes okay it may may not okay that's what our little graph says right here it may not occur but the one that we're really putting are putting all the eggs in the basket for is this one he's got all the cytoplasm and man oh okay if we get a fertilization and this is what is ovulating its primary old son I'm sorry the secondary will sign a call to primary oocyte the secondary oocytes what is ovulating at ovulation day 14 of the menstrual cycle okay and then if we get a fertilization of him okay we still have extra chromosomes here so what we do is we do it again we put all of those all that cytoplasm into one and in the other one we make another polar body take off that little buddy okay so in the female it's completely different okay we start with one primary whole side right here and when we're done we end up with one functional gamete okay one functional gammy the other ones are not functional we're in the mail all four of these were functional okay so we don't kick off this poker body this last motor body unless there's a fertilization event okay so it says Oh Genesis is the process of ovum production in the female that begins before earth we see it accelerate and puberty and it ends at menopause okay we're gonna see monthly oh genesis occur between puberty and menopause so once puberty happens we initiated an event of those we're going to stop it okay the OA Gonia this is the stem cells for females and we go in and complete that mitotic division with these before birth so we have all of the primary old signs and put them into their little follicles in the ovaries okay so between the third of the seventh month we've got all these primary oocytes that are ready to go okay and we're going to stop it we're gonna start houses and then we think I'm gonna stop right there where we're in prophase of meiosis 1 now all of these eggs that we have okay we're gonna see them or some of them degenerate okay it's called atresia and we got some primordial follicles about 2 million of these primordial follicles at birth and each one of these have a primary oocyte inside of them okay but we're going to lose some of these as we go through that Oh 11 12 13 years of life before puberty whereby puberty we're down from 2 million we're down to about 400,000 of these eggs in the ovaries okay so the primary hillsides they remain in suspended development until puberty and puberty you can arm we're homes that we talked about in the mail it's called follicle stimuli hormone follicle-stimulating hormone targets the follicle and that's going to educate the ovarian cycle it'll tell those follicles all right give me one of these ready to go so that we can populate it okay and this is going to happen on typically a 28-day cycle okay each month thereafter we say some of the primary focus on smart going to be stimulated to develop further okay so when we think about Bo to assist it is different for that in spermatogenesis we're going to see an unevenly divided cytoplasm okay from that primary side okay and what that does is produce an ovum this is what's going to be the egg we're going to call it okay this primary outside the other becomes that polar body then is non-functional okay and from that quarter body we make me we may go ahead split in and make another phone bunny okay what we see released from our ovary is a secondary old side okay it is not a mature ovum it's suspended in metaphase of meiosis - it's ready to go and give your the fertilization event when sperm meets the secondary old side in the fallopian tubes okay this is when we're going to complete that mitotic division kick off that other set of chromosomes in the form of a polar body and we're going to be left with our truth egg at this point okay it has 23 non replicated chromosomes in it okay let's look at the faces okay our ovarian and uterine cycle okay this shows us what's going on with a reduction in the ovaries we've talked about this in lab we build it along the outside here we've got primordial follicles okay and they have a primary sign inside of them okay so you need to keep up with what's going on with the gamete that's inside it's a primary onset and then what's also going on okay with the follicle cells that are surrounding it okay you see it on the inside with its nucleus and then there were selves that's surrounded that may have the ball okay so once we pick one of the primordial follicles okay at puberty we're going to say you need to move forward okay you need to get one ready to the Chur one of these eggs and game with ovulate okay to do that we go from a primordial follicle to a primary pump okay we're looking at this follicle you can see that the sales burm if you're here all the way around much easier to see we have a second one that's appearing as well down here and on the inside that big white structure that you see and you can see the nucleus of it in here okay that is our mobile site okay so it's larger okay he's not going from something here something this size to something over here it's a lot bigger like this okay and that's what we're seeing here all right then as we move on in the development process we're going to move into a secondary following this is a much larger structure it's gonna go around like this and you see the number of cells that are in here all of these cells okay we also see cells that are surrounding an hour oh that it's still a primary old side in this case here's its bill look at this okay and when we hit the secondary follicle we immediately the way a cocktail if it's a secondary follicle or not it doesn't have an Antrim this is is this white area that you'd see above and below it and starting to fill with fluid it's a fluid-filled sac now I want it to be as ginormous as we see over here with our tertiary follicle okay this is a lot bigger structure you can see that the antrum in it is huge all this white area is tantrum we can see our and they're gonna call it the primary Oh sign here okay and you can see that they're still all of these cells that are holding it to the side of and what we've got to do before ovulation is we've got to get rid of all these cells it's gotten to break loose and free flow inside of the cell okay inside of the phone and when it does it still has these cells that go around okay you have a name for those okay so you want okay we go ahead and do that hormones cause us to go ahead and complete that mitotic division from my primary old side you to a secondary side and we're able to take out little color body then okay and what we're left with is this structure there is going to be ovulating now they do a good job of showing it here in this picture okay because we've got the secondary oval side on the inside but there's still a bunch of cells that are wrapped around in my bubble wrap that's called the corona radiata okay and it's going to be very protective as it heads down to my bumpers all the way around in my bubble wrap okay and it's handed down and if it comes in contact with a sperm and if we get a fertilization event we're gonna take off that last polar body will do the fertilization event with normal 23 chromosomes that we find in our open and the 23 chromosomes that we find in our sperm so the 23 plus the 23 give us 46 okay but we're not done with the follow all of this follicle over here is still a wonderful hormone producing factory for us and in fills that becomes this structure the corpus luteum and it's going to be present for about 14 days this corpus luteum is very glandular now it looks very fluffy to me when I look at this picture there's clouds in it and it is its job is to produce four jester own ok and progesterone job is to talk to the uterine wall and tell that in the meter lining of the uterus to get nice and fluffy that we've got an egg on its way down if we get a fertilization that we're going to need to acquainted so we haven't already the uterine ball for implantation if we don't get a fertilization event then this old corpus luteum rasa feels with scar tissue and becomes the corpus albicans okay the corpus albicans and you can see there is a number of them here got a corpus albicans here there's one here there's one here so we know based on this that there have been okay several ovulation events happen okay and the old follicle that released the egg has turned into a comas albicans okay so the follicles they are the specialised cells in the cortex of the ovaries where the O sign is going to grow and meiosis ones going to occur we're going to have them in these follicles these cells that are going to be very protective of them okay the primary go side is the gamete that's on the inside okay inside of the follicle okay and we find these primary oocytes in their primordial follicles in areas that we call egg nests okay that's what we saw earlier in that big the primordial follicle has the primary ol side on the inside of it in its egg nest it's got a bunch of follicle cells around it okay so the primary outside and it's follicle cells form that primordial follicle and once you have the primordial follow up the follicle for me all we can do is when we turn that follicle on with follicle-stimulating hormone it's going to cause that particular follicle to grow okay so when we get to sexual maturation which happens in puberty we pick a different group of primordial follicles each month to activate and we divide this into two different parts in the ovarian cycle okay we talked about it before ovulation and after ovulation and when we have this monthly cycle we call it a 28-day cycle okay so we get 14 days of it being in the follicle then ovulation happens at day 14 and then we have 14 days of it making its way down to the uterus okay so we have the preovulatory phase which is called the follicular phase because that Emmy is still in the follicle and then we have the luteal phase okay when the corpus luteum follicle ejecting it through ovulation and that follicle field full of cells to become the corpus luteum so because of the luteal phase because we're under the corpus luteum control based on hormone production okay so the ovarian cycle form the primary follicle okay the follicle cells starting to become those granulosa cells that are surrounding it and these granulosa cells aren't going to help us produce them okay there is an area between the cells and power both side the primary side that has a bunch of microbial I talked of her teens in it we call it the zona pellucida okay we can see that on our slides okay surrounding the follicle working with the granulosa cells we also have equal cells okay and they're gonna produce like I said estrogen estrogen is the dominant pre hug you Latorre hormone it's all about estrogen from day 0 to day 14 and then we switch it up day 14 today 28 you know all about progesterone okay so when we form that secondary follicle that means that where the maturation process here because my primary a primordial follicle to a primary follicle to a secondary follicle the reason we know it's a secondary follicle is to get the antrum form we see the follicular fluid starting to form separating okay the cellular form part okay of the follicle from the cells within the gaming okay for that primary both side is adamant so we see an Antrim we know we at least have a secondary follicle it becomes a tertiary follicle when it's much larger the Antrim is huge and our little primary little sign is sitting up on a little pedestal I like the site it's autumn it's like there's a hand sticking it up okay from the outside of it okay and what's gonna happen is hormones are gonna cause it to release from that we go for the primary oh side to a secondary low side kick off that polar body and our secondary bulls that is going to drift free in our hand room Antrim is just a big fluid-filled chamber it's a centralized chamber in the follicle and it has those granulosa cells surrounding it Carla radiata these are the granulosa cells associated with power staying in their house and that's the mobile rank it's on the outside of power secondary old sign and it's going to be protective of and making its way down the fallopian tubes okay so a table ulation our tertiary follicle because that old side is drifting on the inside of its broken loops from the granulosa cells we're gonna rupture that tertiary follicle and we're gonna release the secondary old side it has the radiata around it and it's going to get swept into the fallopian tubes the old follicle is going to turn into a structure that we call the corpus luteum and this is a glandular structure all those cells build they go through cell division rapidly filling the old antrum making it cellular and they start producing the steroid hormone progesterone okay we did this request problem so progesterone job is to talk to the uterine lining up to the endometrium and say okay prepare for a pregnancy we have to implant if there's a pregnancy okay if we're not ready we can't have an implantation event okay if the fertilization event does not occur the corpus luteum starts to degenerate as we get close to a 14 so around 812 it starts to generate it starts to feel the scar tissue and ultimately will become the corpus albicans okay and it stops producing as much progesterone and that is the side to tear down the end of it you're lying okay so we look at some key concepts here we see our Genesis beginning during embryonic development okay the primary hillsides are going to be produced completely we got all of the primary oocytes completely formed before Earth okay and then we're going to hold them in that kind of stasis until we hit puberty and then after puberty we're going to pick one or more of these primordial follicles and make them go through this maturation process to get to a secondary other side that we can release during ovulation now because we are constantly releasing these and we started out with a set number of these we're gonna see the number of these primary oocytes start to decline as we get out toward 845 55 and when that starts happening we move into this time of decline called menopause okay so once the second areola sign has been obviated like I said it gets swept into the fallopian tubes and notice we've got this piece a little fin break that are on the outside that are going to help to kind of funnel it in and they have cilia they kind of sweep the egg into the uterine tube there's three parts to this fallopian tube eater and tube over duct all of those work okay but you see the first part is the ampulla the middle part is the infundibulum and then the lower portion is the Isthmus before we make our way into the uterus okay if we look at the cross-section through this we see this kind of an appearance okay so I'm gonna ask you based on this are we going to be doing what kind of movement are we going to be doing to get it down okay how are we gonna move this egg with its corona radiata through the fallopian tubes we all see it all squeezed down and you see all that smooth muscle in the outside so we're going to do there stop the contraction that's right we're having peristalsis here okay now we're gonna do not on the peristalsis we're going to do some movement with psyllium okay now remember what cilia they're our old buddy pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium this is a different kind of epithelium but you can see this area that is full of the cilia and then areas that have micro villi that can help us also secrete mucus so we're gonna get the mucus being swept along so these cilia are going to beat and we're going to move with peristalsis and we're gonna move with cilia okay in this because so we're gonna get two different types of movement here okay so in the fallopian tubes or the oviducts or the uterine tubes they're hollow muscular tubes about 13 centimetres long and they transport the egg the outside from the ovary to the uterus like I said three parts to it the infundibulum with its little extended embrace ticking off the help funnel it in they have psyllium they're going to help beat it toward the middle segment then we get the ampulla that's the middle segment and then the isthmus is the segment between the ampulla and the uterine wall okay epithelia these have cilia on them and they also secrete mucus okay so we both also we have two different forming transform ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions both the walls of these your tubes okay so a few hours before ovulation happens okay we're going to turn on the beating pattern of this cilia and we're going to initiate peristalsis okay so this means that we're going to get an increase in interest production and we're going to get the cilia turned on and start moving the mucus inside of the uterine tubes okay now typically to go from the infundibulum okay to the actual uterine cavity it's going to take us three or four days for fertilization to occur the sperm must meet with the egg okay and they I mean they're secondary outside within about the first 12 to 24 hours okay so the fertilization typically occurs with the sperm making their way up between the ampulla and the Isthmus as the egg is on its way down it's amazing it's 12 to 24 hours there's got to be spurned on present and come in contact with the egg 12 within 12 to 24 hours okay now the uterine tube with that mucus that's being secreted it is a nutrient-rich environment it's going to supply the nutrients to the sperm as they're making their way up swimming up toward the egg and also this pre embryo okay when we get this fertilization event okay turning it into an embryo and if we don't get a fertilization event that both side that secondary oocyte it never gets to go through its last division it's going to degenerate in the terminal portions of the uterine tubes or within the ears here is a good diagram of what we're talking about here I like over here they've got our ovary that has been cut and we can see inside of it all the different cells that are going on I can even see this Colangelo corpus luteum is starting to form and our secondary olsat with its corona radiata gets swept into this first part the infundibulum and remember this is where we've got cilia and peristaltic contractions occuring they make their way down and we need to be somewhere along in here with if the frame for the fertilization event to occur okay we continue down if there is a fertilization event way down into the uterine cavity and we're going to implant into this endometrial lining here okay so this is the uterus it is a very muscular structure all of this is muscle okay and it's going to take a lot of muscle to push Cletus the fetus out so we've got circular longitudinal and oblique muscle layers here and we can push with okay and then we have a glandular lining here that we call the endometrium and that's what we're going to implant our developing Cletus or zygote at this point okay tremendous circulatory system innovation here we've got it going to the ovaries we've got it going also here into the oviducts we've got a tremendous one this uterine artery and vein that are there to supply the uterus with tremendous amounts of blood supply okay also we see vessels that are down here that supply of the vagina okay and if we need to lubricate the vagina we can dilate blood vessels here they can cause more fluid to make its way out into the connective tissue which ultimately can cause more fluid to be present in the vaginal vault okay this shows a good example of the cervix okay that disproportion of the years extending into the vaginal vault okay cervix this is when they're doing the measurement and they say we're trying to see how dilated the patient is before Earth okay and they may say well it's six centimeters well that's how wide this opening here is okay all right this is a picture from above okay so we're looking down through the body down toward what the uterus is you see the sigmoid colon come in here and you see this this kind of looks like mr. Potato Head to me for some reason but mustache no uterus okay and you see here's the ovaries so we're gonna go this way make our way in okay and then this direction okay so straight down and you see me here in her bladder underneath our uterus so the baby's what I always like to say so this uterus it's a pear-shaped structure okay very muscular okay about seven and a half centimeters long about five centimeters in diameter typically bends a little bit toward the anterior side but in some individuals we see it been a little bit backwards that can cause some problems occasionally the function of the uterus is to provide the developing embryo we call them in the embryo between weeks 1 through 8 and then the fetus after week 9 okay all the way through the delivery so the embryo these are legal terms embryo has less rights than a fetus has but then we have mechanical protection nutrients support and waste removal all be part of this function okay the protections of it main portion is the body and the lower portion we call the cervix within the big portion that's the body also called the corpus we find it in the end that isthmus the fundus is the big rounded portion of our body and then the cervix is the inferior portion the distal portion that extends from the isthmus to the vagina we've got the distal end sticking into the bed and the vagina about one and a quarter centimeters okay so you can definitely recessed parts on both sides that we call the fornix of our ears okay the blood supply like I said we've done a lot of us flying over here it's going to be important for us to look at how the visceral cycle works need to understand that there is a very specific set up to this circulatory system much like that that we have seen in our kidney okay and this kind of shows you that remember where we had the kidney running the blood supply along the edge for a little bit and then it dipped down in random toward the cortex okay so when we look at this uterine wall and get draw me like this it shows you we've got this mom a tree all of this area this is all smooth muscle okay it's the muscular area and it actually goes much deeper than that you know it's off the page how this is how wide this is and then the endometrial lining like I said from about here to here and there's two parts to the endometrial lining okay there is the base or zone that's the basement that we don't lose there in the men scream cycle there's a functional zone that is lost during the menstrual cycle okay you can see these glands within them a trend within the Metreon colonies either see them called uterine glands and I've seen them called endometrial glance so even one of them works and this is the lumen of the uterus here okay we've got our simple columnar epithelium lining it okay I've got a better picture of this one I'll talk to you about the blood supply coming up okay all right so thick outer layer myometrium then inner layer called endometrium and really two layers of it the basilar zone in the phone okay endometrium is only about 10% of the uterine mass it's glandular it's vascular and it's there to support those the growing VD and the fetus is growing rapidly we've got a lot of physical logic the physiological demands that are going to be placed upon it okay so it's there to provide support okay to allow for us to remove the waste okay provide nutrients and things like that either glands or what's going to open onto the surface of the endometrium okay and estrogen is what causes our uterus okay and the blood vessels and the epithelium to change as we go monthly uterine cycle okay it's under estrogens control to start with and then we pass it over to progesterone so myometrium like I said it's the thickest portion that 90% of our uterine mass composed of circular longitudinal and oblique layers of smooth muscle so three different layers that allow us to provide a tremendous force to squeeze okay when we go through those contractions during pregnancy labor to push the fetus out of the uterus into and through the vagina okay functional zone base for some of the base razón is the thinnest functional zone because think this portion of the portion that we want to be nice and fluffy functional zone is what's closest to the uterine lumen that open cavity inside of our uterus okay the basilar zone is what we find between the functional zone and the myometrium okay so this functional zone it's going to see the greatest amount of change it says the bottom undergoes the dramatic changes in the thickness in the structure during the menstrual cycle and so that means it's going to be the thickest and it's gonna have most of the uterine glands and it's also going to be what we see disappear during the menstrual cycle okay the nicer zone it's attached to the myometrium and it gives it has the terminal branches of these little in Demetrio glands in them let's look at the way that this is is designed okay we have blood vessels they're gonna make their way is you see the uterine artery coming in over here from this side and this uterine artery makes its way here and then we see these are clay arteries carry the flow okay three and then we end up with this straight portion of our blood vessel here okay so we ended up with some straight arteries and some spiral arteries they spiral off when they're in the endometrial lining so you can see them doing their spiral in okay here okay now the bank major zone has strained arteries in it the functional zone has the spiraling arteries and that's going to be critical to us when we do the menstrual cycle okay the basilar zone typically it's always there always president remains relatively constant the one that undergoes the challenges that we see in the menstrual cycle that is the functional zone and it's based on the hormone levels and these hormone levels can produce our characteristic features that we see in this uterine cycle okay this shows you three time periods three different times during the menstrual cycle and what's going on with endometrial lining so if I draw a little line here you see that we've got all of this area under here this is all the smooth muscle portion and then this area that the smooth muscle connects to our endometrium with okay that's the base or Zone in it and when we see it it looks a little bit darker okay as compared to the functional I'll show down here just a second but this is immediately not immediately after but after the menstrual cycle after menses and we've slept away the old functional zone we're left with this base or zone okay so we're left with this area okay that we can regrow the functional zone from okay so this is between day zero and day seven of the menstrual cycle that we look at a seven to 14 that portion is called the collective phase and I could show you the smooth muscle band down here take this is where that myometrium is now here then we see an area like I told you that was a little bit darker okay stains a little bit denser and that kind of stuff that's the basilar zone and then all of this above now is the functional zone so see how much more functional zone we've added to it in just a few days now our endometrial glands or our uterine glands they're small they're not very well developed yet because we don't have to have any secretory involvement here eventually they're gonna attach on like this okay but what we see when this happens is as they mature they become these little squiggly guys that you see much larger defects oh my my students - they look like earthworms caterpillar so say bacon because it's kind of squiggly like this that's what these larger uterine clams are over here now in the last picture during the secretory phase this is when the uterus is under the influence of progesterone and it wants to be nice and fluffy now so notice with this with the same basic magnification we don't even see the base where zone although this is functional zone and it may extend even further off the off the slide it becomes very thick okay so the implantation can occur and look at all of the uterine glands that will be creating that nutrient-rich day separations for the developing for sperm making their way up and for the pre embryo the zygote at this point before implants okay so uterine cycle is also called the menstrual cycle typically can last in individuals one every three weeks to wonder for five weeks with the average being about one every or weeks or every 28 days three parts to it minces the different have been secretory that's what we just looked in in those pictures okay Vince is this we have torn down the functional zone left with the basal zone of the endometrium the deliberative phase is when we're regrowing growing at the functional zone and then by the secretory phase that functional zone is very well maintained and supported we see tremendous numbers of uterine glands and it's very very thick at that point okay so the cycle that's happening in this uterus is due to the response of hormones okay menses and the pelipper do phase occurred during the time then the follicle still has the egg inside of it okay you can call that the follicular phase the secretory phase is when the ovary as we're talking about the years when the ovary is in the luteal phase okay so we see the uterine change the uterus change okay based on what's going on with the ovary that's how we know that the ovaries are secreting hormones that affect what's going on the years and this is necessary to make sure the ovary and the uterus are on the same page with respect to timing and they can get off okay so menses is the degeneration of the functional zone it's going to our current patches and the reason for this is we're going to see the constriction of the spiral arteries so we constrict the spiral arteries that were just in the functional zone that's going to reduce the blood flows from the nutrients to these cells basically we're starving them out okay as we're starving them out we're going to be starving out the cells that they supply okay these are arteries are going to these spiral arteries they're going to weaken and they're going to rupture and that's going to release plug into the connective tissue okay of that functional zone there we've sealed off the spiral army so this is having a pretty deep in the in demetria so this bus spawns going to help in this connective tissue to help the breaking away of the tissue that has been to generating kind of force it out in patches as I says it's going to enter the lumen of the uterus okay we completely remove all of the functional zone okay but the base for his own stakes attacked because the bankers own was supplied not straight arteries did not go through the constriction that we saw with the spire artery so it maintained everything better so all those cells are in good shape and we don't lose the cells of the baser zone and we use those to regrow the functional zone typically this process of shedding this endometrium dysfunctional zone of the endometrium lasts anywhere from one to seven days and it's accompanied by the loss of about 35 to 50 milliliters of blood okay then we move into the politicus is the regrowing phase of the uterus okay so we're gonna see the base for cells in that maze razón multiplies spread across and restore the integrity of our epithelium and then we can continue to grow them further okay and completely restore the functional zone okay well this is going on we're seeing up in the ovary that enlargement of the primary and secondary follicle okay so during the political phase we're seeing going through the ovary it's the ovarian cycle okay and we're seeing it being stimulated and sustained by estrogen okay it's being secreted as our ovary as those follicles get larger in the ovary so you think about it as as the follicle grows there's going to be more cells capable of producing or of the hormones estrogen at this point so more estrogen continues to this uterus going through its siren date developing that it would be true mining more and more okay so it's done your estrogens watch okay we get that functionals on nice and vascular eyes with those spiral arteries in the glands start to manufacture that rich mucus it's going to be important not only for the survival of a fertilized egg but also for help nutrients for the sperm on its way up to do the fertilization again after day 14 we hit the secretory phase okay the endometrial glands start to enlarge we're going to increase the secretions those arteries within the uterine walls are growing and they're spiraling up through that functional zone as it gets more fluffy and more fluffy and more fluffy this is due to the production of the corpus luteum up in the ovary okay what was the court was looking for those okay it produces progesterone so in ovulation okay we see corpus luteum maintain this secretory phase okay because of the ovulation we started seeing an increase in progesterone and as long as the corpus luteum is intact we're gonna continue to see more progesterone okay after about 12 days it's gonna run out of gas though we're gonna see the gleams where activities decline not as much progesterone is being produced okay and we get that until we're at about day 14 is where we consider it's still secretory phase okay once the corpus luteum stops producing enough progesterone then we're Destin's for were destined for the menstrual cycle took he can sort this compass recent progesterone cause this administration to occur the first time this happens we call this the menarche okay against it puberty and police typically 11 the 12 you can't have individuals that we've seen at the age of 9 10 is quite common nowadays as well and then menopause is when we hit an age somewhere between 45 and 55 where we're gonna terminate these uterine cycles okay stop going through these cycles okay annamaria these this aren't these are conditions where we don't see these menstrual cycles continue a primary amenorrhea is when they have failed to initiate menses talk to you about the cheerleader earlier okay that one of the symptoms was we had a primary amenorrhea okay now once they get started once the menstrual cycle starts and that kind of stuff we can have transient times where we have secondary amenorrhea which means we get an interruption in the menstrual cycle because of physiologic excuse me because of physical or emotional distress dresses okay so a lot of gymnast for instance when you cut a lot of body weight and that kind of stuff the body doesn't have enough of the nutrients it feels black okay so you don't have enough body fat a lot of times we will go through transient episodes of not producing these menstrual cycles okay and this could be emotional stress as well okay and you've heard of false pregnancies and things like this where the menstrual cycle has shut down for a while and even though there's not a not a bun in the oven we can say okay so let's move down and now look at the histology and the functions of them okay so this shows you where the lumen of the vagina would be so that's this portion in here okay then we've got the epithelium okay which is stratified squamous epithelium so that's for protection we always think about and then underneath that we have my herd when we have the lamina propria okay and then we've got bundles of smooth muscle fibers and blood vessels and things like that okay so the China is our elastic question or two that extends from the cervix okay and the best of you it is distensible meaning stretchable okay cervix is what projects into the vaginal canal from the uterus that portion of it on either side of that we have the recessed portions that are called the fornix it sticks into the vagina about one and a quarter centimeter we got plenty of blood supply here like we've talked about okay functions here provide a passageway for the elimination of the minstrel fluids okay second one be the copulatory organ to receive the spermatozoa and during sexual intercourse and number three as baby has got to exit this way naturally okay we can do a c-section and not go this route however it does form the inferior portion of the birth canal Nate the vaginal wall like we said lots of blood vessels and this allows us to moisten their vagina okay by moving water across the epithelium and because there's these glands there that are going to serve as lubrication there's a structure called the hymen that is an elastic epithelial fold that partially blocks the entrance to the vagina and this can be ruptured during sexual intercourse tampon usage okay we've got some masses of erectile tissue just like we have in penis with the corpus spongiosum okay it's called the vestibular bulbs in the female so we do see enforcement of the blood of these tissues me the banjo epithelium non-keratinized stratified squamous as we find Indian phones they'll be used to turn read a floor and we do see it change with the ovarian cycle so we can go in and with a new evangelist we're and calculate what should be going on in the rest of the body okay circular longitudinal smooth muscle here there is a resident population of bacteria that are supported by the nutrients in that cervical mucus ah okay these populations of bacteria create an an acidic environment that we've talked about when we talked about the immune system okay which this as it restricts the growth of many of the pathogens like I say AB agile smear can allow us to estimate what's going on in the ovarian and uterine silence okay let's look at the antonia called physiological and hormonal aspects of the reproductive systems we'll start with the anatomy so with this we can see outside the labia majora that's part of the external anatomy inside of that there is another focus is the labia minora you can see the entrance to the vagina here okay you can see the urethral opening here okay and here is the torus okay we see that they have shown is where the hymen has been torn but you can still see a little bit of that portion right here okay we also have this fat pad on the top this is called the Mons pubis okay so the vulva also called the this is the area that contains the females external genitalia vestibule is the space between the folds of the labia minora okay and we see the urethral opening okay in this portion as well we've got some Skeens glands these are the pair of urethral glands that are going to discharge into the urethra near the extra opening these are very similar to the bowl bully through glands that we see in the male chorus has the same embryonic structures as the penis so we have them opus cavernosa s-- type structures here that allow for engorgement of blood with a blue Taurus and that kind of stuff okay other glands misty be greater and lesser miss tubular green glands that are going to secrete on to the exposed surfaces here on to the miss vestibule and into the vestibule okay like I said Mons pubis okay and the labia majora this is kind of forming the outer limits of the vulva it's very protective we've got some sebaceous glands and sweat glands under here too that were able to secrete into this area another gland that we've got to talk about is the mammary gland thank this as a mammal okay these glands allow for us to produce them out for the species to produce allow for the female species female to produce a for the best nutritional food that maybe can eat okay so this is going to get it off to a good start and we do know that other things are found in the milk of my antibodies and things like that so this shows you the mammary gland you can see that we have these wonderful suspensory ligaments that hold the breasts in place inside of these we have the lobes of the mammary gland that are going produce the milk and there is a duct work system that carries it down to an area we call a lactiferous sinus in these lactiferous sinuses join on to the actual nipple itself okay this shows you on the right hand side versus the left hand side left hand side is an inactive mammary gland you can see the system here okay that is established but the lobes have not done hold on yet as we went through the process of the pregnancy the pregnancy causes the glands to finish and all of these are those secretory alveoli okay and you can see another one of these ducts in this case all the pink that you're seeing over here on the side this is the milk that's being produced okay this milk is designed to nourish the infant we call it lactation people that specialize in this we've got back tension specialists to help moms with the nursing process and things like that okay remember it was part of the integumentary system we talked about it at 91 and it is controlled by the hormones of the reproductive system and the placenta so we don't get the placenta there until we have a reproductive event until we have a pregnancy with the implantation we're not going to have a placenta president okay we know where they were found in the pit row fat pads we have a nipple on each breast that contained the ducts from the mammary mammary glands okay there is the darker skin area around in the book called areola hormones during pregnancy a lot of times we'll change the color of the areolas we almost see him darken a lot of times we see the lobes making their way on to the lactiferous this is here okay lot of suspension they must place I'm taking you through the relative and where it leaves the lobules converges into that difference does elective is dust and lack different scientists 15 to 20 of the lactiferous sinuses converge on to the middle okay active mammary gland it's a to Bulow healthier gland consisting of a whole bunch of glandular tubes than in in the secretory out field I were actually producing the milk okay the big thing does not complete development unless we get a pregnancy from a glandular standpoint okay so we're model control of the female okay this with the male so we're gonna have secretions remember from the anterior pituitary gland we're gonna have from the hypothalamus and what this is gonna allow us to do is hook up what's going on with the ovaries to that in the uterus okay so these hormones are gonna help control the female reproductive cycle as a whole and Courtney what's going on with ovulation and the preparation for the uterus to receive that fertilized egg and implanted okay we got our old buddy gonna have a trouble in releasing hormone and it's going to be released in pulses okay and these pulses are going to change over the course of this month okay these are helped controlled by estrogen and an urgency to the estrogen to progesterone excuse me the estrogens are going to increase the pulse frequency and the progesterone are going to decrease this pulse from anterior pituitary gland okay it's job is to as we've said before release follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone and that's going to be done in response to these different close rates that we get from kanata trip and releasing hormone okay we've got to make these hormones and we did say that they are steroid hormone so I like to take us through just a brief discussion of this we've got start with cholesterol here those cells are going to be able to take it cluster and with the help of specific enzymes we're going to be able to convert the cholesterol into we said when we have this corpus luteum cholesterol into progesterone okay we got cells that will do that we also have cells that connected cholesterol and produce a precursor molecule called and roast and Island and and roast email can be can be converted into testosterone and for testosterone being converted into estradiol and estradiol this is the one that we think of as the big estrogen there are different forms of it but this one is more than we think of as estrogen the other forms okay we got enzymes that will help us do this to create mr. all and Esther own okay but it's kind of cool when you look at this look and how similar all of these molecules are okay from cholesterol progesterone looks very similar to testosterone testosterone looks very similar in history Wow okay so very little work has to go into converting from cholesterol into these different hormones but they make a major impact do completely different things okay this possessed your own in this estrogen down here at the bottom for the estradiol is very very similar structure wise okay got a little bit of stuff up at the top that are different but have a major impact on their target tissues completely different things with these target tissues okay so the follicle we're back at the ovary okay follicle is going to begin with the FSH follicle stimulating hormone okay and remember follicle stimulating hormone deals with the follicle so when we're dealing with a father it's all about egg production okay just like he was in the mail with sperm production okay so we're gonna have some of our primordial follicles get ready okay and become primary follicles okay as these follicles get bigger they they're going to produce those cells that are around the actual OSI primary little sentence inside of it these think'll cells are going to start to produce that precursor molecule and row steam down okay and estate down is an intermediate okay it's a precursor to us producing estrogen and androgens okay we take in the and roasting down and by the granulosa cells in the granulosa cells can convert those to estrogens okay so when we are in the follicle it's all about producing estrogen okay there's some interstitial cells that can even help this out okay by producing some of the estrogen so remember the main preoperative armen estrogen okay and the way we have to carry this estrogen around the body it is a steroid so we need something that can handle the lipid mists of this steroid hook you are old buddy the plasma protein how human okay and like I said we've got a couple of different types of this for us one that we're primarily discussing is estradiol which is our mr. chinnough okay estradiol like I said most abundant has the most pronounced effect on its target tissues and is the dominant hormone prior to operation okay it's all about the estrogen before ovulation okay the way we make it we take them and osteen out you convert it to testosterone from testosterone we're able to convert it to estrogen or astronaut Hall okay here is our picture just like we had before we've got the hypothalamus up here with our hormone being produced can add a trope and releasing hormone here below that we talk to the anterior pituitary gland the anterior pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone we're dealing with follicle stimulating hormone we're dealing with the follicle that's going to be dealing with these hormones here with estrogen and things like this okay luteinizing hormone that beats corpus luteum what does the corpus luteum that's all about register okay all about the gesture on and then we've got the functions of estrogen down here okay with its five so let's take a look at this okay functions of estrogen okay again where we come in from that's produced by the follicle before ovulation it's going to stimulate bone and muscle growth maintain the female secondary sexual characteristics so body hair and a post tissue muscle mass things like that the female central nervous system okay and her sex drive maintains the functional accessory reproductive glands and organs in the female and initiates the repair and the growth of the Animatrix will remember estrogen is the one that is released during after menstruation to start regrowing the uterine lining hey so this this picture because it's got everything laid on top of it so if you can just remember this picture right here you pretty much can tell me what's going on with these cycles okay so let's take a look we've got up here what's going on in the ovary okay draw me a line through here above the line this is what's going on with ovary we've got a let's see a primordial follicle we've got a primary we've got a secondary tertiary you've got ovulation we've got corpus luteum we've got a corpus luteum that's starting to degenerate a little bit and we generating it even more and turning it into a corpus albicans okay we look at what happens with female body temperature during this 24 or 28 day cycle notice that the body temperature during the follicular phase when the egg is in the follicle it's down here okay and then at ovulation okay when we release the egg we see an increase in the temperature and the female okay so why do we increase the temperature in the female well that we've released the why do my snakes lay on top of their eggs after they'd laid their eggs to keep the one well but how do we keep them level what's the reason for keeping the more and what is temperature due to chemical reactions the temperature increases the rate at which chemical reactions occur so this is helping them this is allowing them to speed up this process okay then look what happens if we don't get an implantation event it stays high until we don't get an implantation event then we see a decline and go back to its normal okay and that's important to us because that gives us the difference here that we can look at okay it makes the plans for okay what do we know is happen if we get up in the morning and we've got a higher temperature okay we know the ovulation has occurred and if the rough if the goal is to produce offspring we're trying to have kids and we know that we go we got an egg that has been turned loose we've got a limited window to get sperm okay up to it this means we need to do some reproductive efforts okay if we're trying to have kids okay let's see the next pane down below the temperature pane shows us the anterior pituitary hormones we're gonna see the luteinizing hormone and we're going to see follicle stimulating hormone in the green color okay below that what we're going to see estrogen in the yellow and the chest drone in the purple remember that estrogen is the dominant preovulatory hormone progesterone is all about maintaining that uterine lining after ovulation and then the last thing we've got here is what's going on within the material lining of yours notice we in menses and we reduced it down to the base laron from the basis only start the regrow when we get here this is day 14 okay so now population happens temperature goes up it's all about progesterone progesterone says given acid fluffy make these large glands start emptying out copious amounts of this so that we can implant that egg into the uterine lining if it doesn't happen today we start seeing a decrease in progesterone that starts to decrease and look we start tearing down the uterine lining again okay so this one breaks it down into individual pieces for us it shows us what's going on with going to trump and releasing hormone okay how the pulses increases we can closer to the population of n okay and that's going to cause luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone to get a big rise that luteinizing hormone rise that we see right here when the anterior pituitary gland dumps the luteinizing hormone based on inhibiting a specific level impulses here this is what causes they shouldn't happen okay I'll talk about that here in just a second cuz it does a couple of things as well okay it shows you ovulation happening it shows the switch over at that point estrogen before ovulation and then the Chester own after ovulation reduced that corpus luteum okay it's all about the follicle before that okay this shows you the teardown menses proliferative phase secretory phase secretory phase under the Chester owns watch follicular phase under estrogens watch so should that increase okay am so I'm walking through it with words now in the follicular phase estrogen levels start out kind of low you can add troponin frequencies are about one every sixty to ninety that it's not that you have to know then it's best that much specimen okay we start increasing those you haven't Ropin plus frequency rates we start to see an increase in the circulating levels of estrogen because we've gotten more of those thecal cells that are producing more estrogen for any of those two cells producing more estrogen for us so those start to rise frequently as the follicles are in our dream larger okay when we get okay estrogen levels making any specific amount okay when our estrogen levels in to a specific level that causes a massive release of luteinizing hormone from our interpreter glands that release of luteinizing hormone that LH dumb okay causes okay population to happen by rupturing the follicular wall it also tells power in okay then secondary holds that if we got to go from a primary old sign to a secretarial sign do that mitotic division okay you've been a primary old side this whole time now we're going to kick out that polar body becomes a secondary low side and that's the secondary oocyte is what's going to be populated all okay so after the peak we got it about nine hours before ovulation happens okay so this will live times the normal trigger triggers ovulation and it's going to because of that we're going to see that old follicle now is Java switches he's been about estrogen it's been about taking care of the developing both side inside of it now we switch from that job to switching to a luteum the corpus luteum job is going to reproduce progesterone okay so now that says the Gannett rope releasing hormone is going to stimulate live nasty hormone more than follow instantly so that's not about following hormone maintaining that corpus luteum steak or mismo medium staying producing progesterone in fact there are some females that may not produce it at purchased Pro so to avoid miscarriages and things like that a lot of times material is given to these ladies okay a gestural levels remain high for about a week unless the pregnancy occurs either pregnancy occurs and we're gonna maintain the gestural levels with feedback from the centum if not the corpus luteum degenerates okay we see if the drop in progesterone levels and estrogen levels are follicle stimulating hormone we're going to switch over from luteinizing normal amount of follicle stimulating hormone and now it's time for our or not then that one didn't get fertilized let's get another one ready okay got to release it again here in a little bit corpus luteum degenerates we just your own in history two levels decline they continue to climb resulting in hits us tear down the endometrial lining get an implantation event tear it down and let's grow it we're gonna share that endometrial tissue for days okay that is the Mitch we're in Vince's now then we start seeing estrogen levels increase as then follicle starts to get a little bit larger that primordial follicle gets a little bit larger we start seeing more estrogen the mayor is going to talk to the uterus and cause the endometrial lining to start to regrow okay then we get the political iterative things happen okay until we start seeing the gestural that was we start seeing progesterone levels that's once ovulation has happened that we've got the cornice luteum increase in estrogen and progesterone causes the enlargement of our individual cells and that increases the secretory activity of the years okay and that way we can keep the nutrients available forms firm and for the egg say we were going to see an increase in body temperature after ovulation is increase in body temperature okay says you know a slight decrease in body temperature okay it's higher under progesterone swatching it is lower under estrogen okay so we see a decrease during the follicular phase we see an increase after ovulation in the luteal phase okay so this is most often done basal body temperature so as soon as you wake up in the morning we're going to measure body temperature okay we see upon ovulation a little decreases but then after that it's kind of just a little decrease okay little dip in ovulation and then BAM it goes up after that so we're not likely to watch this of depth we're able to easily this increase in body temperature okay and that's what the trigger is okay so think about it from some key concepts here we're gonna see cyclical changes and follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone remember those are anterior pituitary hormones these hormones okay produced by the ovaries regulate the uterine cycle so follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone talk to the ovaries the ovaries producing estrogen and progesterone are going to help regulate the year a cycle okay so and here pituitary gland is talking to the ovaries maintaining its what's supposed to be happening in the ovaries and then the hormones that are producing over he's top to the uterus maintaining was supposed to be happening in the years okay so we gotta have all this linked together so chance and pregnancy can be reduced or eliminated you don't have enough of the hormones being produced inappropriate or inadequate responses to the hormones or if the timing is off a lot of what a lot of females that are that are having trouble a lot of times doctors will put them on birth control for a while the birth control helps to sync the timing between the ovaries in the ears okay and once we could then synched up when they come off of the birth control pills everything is synced together much better and they have a better chance of getting pregnant a lot of times and we'll stop this right here that's the female side we'll talk about sex after this