by the end of this video you will have learned every single piece of N4 Japanese grammar thanks to over 130 different examples taken from over 100 different video games throughout video game history my name is Matt and welcome to my video game textbook as we work through all of the grammar points in the Japanese jop tn4 level I will try to be as concise as possible while also giving detailed explanations of each of the grammar points I will include examples taken from scenes from all of your favorite video games to help both give you context as well as give you visual connection to each of these pieces of grammar being used so that you can learn exactly how they're used naturally in Japanese media that's aimed at native speakers in order to help make you feel as confident as possible in mastering in for Japanese so without further Ado let's get [Music] started for first up we have Ida ID is used when followed by a verb in the dictionary form or a noun followed by the not particle to express when you do something the whole time throughout a certain period of time because of this it is often often paired with words like zut continuously as this also expresses the same concept of doing something the whole time within a set period like in this first example we can see here that the speaker was wishing the whole time during the period before the guy he's listening to came here nor either so either can be used to express both the physical space between one thing and another for example Toyo to Oraka between Tokyo and Osaka and it can also show the time between one event and another for example between 9 to 5 so you can see here that Ida is used to talk about between these two things whether it's a verb in the dictionary form or a noun followed by no stano the next piece of grammar Ida is very similar to Ida but one difference is that it's used to express doing a momentarily action rather than a continuous one over that period of time for example here from Cyber City the main character says that the town he knew has completely changed over this 7-year period so the action here is kaadu to change which is a momentary or temporary action it is not a continuous one right the co the change only happens once for example take for example in this sentence s while I was walking it rained the whole time okay so clearly a continuous action during that period and during that period of walking it rained the whole time great and now with Ida while I was walking it began to rain the action of beginning only happens once it isn't continuous like f here it's just fi hajima it began to rain which is why Aid is used instead of Ida so in our first example the character was thinking about something the whole time so he used Ida and in this example it changed during that time so it's an action that only happened kind of once or momentarily and this is why we use ID KN is used in combination with the negative form of an adjective or verb to describe something that you don't really do NY can be conjugated normally into the more polite negative Masen or past forms as well and aadii can be turned into unmi to make it a little bit more casual like seen here in Boko natasi where the speaker says that he doesn't really use it that much or for example if you didn't like something for example exercise you could say or I don't very much like exercise next we have at this is used to express doing something after another thing used with verbs in the Casual past form like or with nouns followed by the nor particle like seen here in Final Fantasy 7 where seidov is explaining to Cloud how thanks to the sacrifice of the Ceta after that son humans started to increase in number on Earth it can also be used by itself without needing to be connected to anything else just like at meaning later the conditional form ba is used to express that if one condition is met then the next thing will be certain to occur if a then B here in Blood Stained jiu is saying to miamu that if you think about what the humans did to us you will understand right so here we can see the connection between the two events if the first thing is done then the second thing should occur so if you do the first action Kayu to think or consider then you put it in the B form so k then the following thing will happen wakaru to understand meaning that if she just considers what the humans did to them she would understand why he is doing what he is doing this statement following the BFF form is generally used with assumptions or general facts but cannot be used to express will intention or commands it needs to be a hypothetical situation and so it's often not used with your own actions because you can decide what your outcome is the bar conditional form has a few rules that you need to remember in order to conjugate it correctly firstly if you use it with verbs you need to put them in their dictionary form and if the verb ends in a u sound then you need to change it to an e sound followed by B so T would beu would beu would be and so on to use it with negative verbs change the e in N to Turning if you do a b will occur into if you don't do a then B will occur for example here with benu to study Ben if you don't study or if you don't go then something will occur for E adjectives you turn the last e into kba so or into Ora so you can see the last e here has been removed and replaced with and the same for negative e adjectives or into or and lastly for na adjectives and nouns they follow the same rules the adjective or noun must be followed by naraba or DEA like bendi naraba if it's convenient or pizza naraba if it's pizza and for the negative form janaka a little bit more casual and Dena a little bit more formal to say that if it's not a then B will occur bendy Jan if it's not convenient or pizza janak if it's not pizza then the following thing will happen the bath form is an incredibly important piece of language to become familiar with but try not to stress too much about all the rules and the conjugations you will get used to them with time just remember that everything kind of ends in this EBA sound so try and work your way to get to that sound depending on the piece of language that you're trying to use and also just keep in mind that it's used for mostly hypothetical situations so you don't usually use it for you know things that you know the outcome is for or with things that have an obvious outcome like facts in [Music] reality by W as for in the event of or in the case of this next piece of language can follow casual form verbs nouns with the nor particle or adjectives to speak about something and put highlight on that particular case or event for example you may see on a warning sign in the event of a fire kaj or in the case of an earthquake and then following that will explain about that event or case like scen here from Final Fantasy 7 remake the speaker is saying that as for in the case of girls or women on it is more trouble MTO men so we can see here with these examples that b is commonly used to express General facts statements or opinions and advice about a topic in the event of a fire call 119 in the event of an earthquake please go under your tables or like here on no are as for in the case of women M they are more troubl or like here from [Music] dangan if you can point out the right guilty person only the guilty person will be punished but if you point out the wrong guilty person everyone except for the guilty person will be punished and only the guilty person will be allowed to graduate from the school so if we have a look at the piece of language for bywa here we can [Music] see so in the event that you make a mistake in the person that you choose as being guilty then the following will happen [Music] bakadi only or nothing but bakadi is used to express being nothing but or doing only one thing it follows nouns or verbs in the TEF form and can be used in both the positive and negative situations to express surprise shock or even judgment here from Witcher three the speaker clearly is expressing a little bit of judgment on Gerald and she says always nothing but excuses I as usual huh one thing to note here is that it's not 100% clear whether she means it in a negative way or she's simply stating that he always has excuses this is where you need the context and your own judgment on the situation to know whether the speaker is actually speaking positively or negatively about the person another interesting thing to take note of is how buak here is actually spoken as bucki this is because bakadi is used in written language whereas bakadi is used in spoken language so you can see that there's that space in between the B and the CI so to be nothing but something or to only do one thing Baki [Music] D just by just by doing or with only this next piece of grammar here is used to show something being done just by another verb or noun simply by following a verb in the Casual form or a noun by itself D de is actually a combination of D meaning only and de the de particle meaning with so quite literally meaning only with in this example from persona four yusuke wants Chen to jump into the water with them and he looks at her but she replies saying what are you looking at it'll be fine if you guys just go in right Anar D only with you guys or just with you guys is used to show that she doesn't want to be included and instead just them an literally only with them jump in or like here from Star Ocean [Music] are they house sitting just with two kids so here we can see du thereare to express only with two people still talking about the fact that only these two children are in the house there are no parents around and so in both of these cases you follow what you are talking about saying that it's only with that with D de so it could beut only with two people or like we saw in Persona an just with you guys to dasu to begin to to start to to burst into or out as in jump out or carry out this is used after a verb's stem form to express an action or event that suddenly happens and can actually emphasize a kind of outward action for example the action being carried out or suddenly started likeu to laugh out or Toby dasu to jump out which can also be seen as just suddenly laughing or suddenly jumping out it adds this feeling of movement to the verb that it's like coming out like seen here from Attack on Titan where omo here by itself means to think and theno means to remember so it's like to begin to think about something to remember something recall or recollect so you can see that the action of thinking is happening right right now gind or mankind remembered here talking about the fear of being dominated by them and the humiliation of being captured inside a bird cage and we can also see here in lraa where the use of dasu adds the sense of movement and action being carried out or starting suddenly taking a look the enemy has begun to move so ugoku here meaning to move ugoki dashta to begin moving and then here it's the polite form so ugoki Dashi MAA the enemy has begun to [Music] move to be the honorific form of deu this first piece of honorific language we'll be looking at the N4 level is is this is a further polite level of death and it's mostly used in formal situations such as work staff speaking very respectfully to their customers or even in more older speech such as with kings queens and Lords here we can see from a game set in the ER era of Japanese history here we can see that the woman is speaking very very politely to the main character and asking have you forgotten which is both a formal and polite way of asking if you have forgotten followed by saying that she is the woman who received your help with her daughter who had appendicitis actually from the previous example we had in N5 this last zai could actually be easily replaced with death or even da if you're wanting to speak more casually On Da I am the woman on Des I am the woman or onas I am the woman and they're all saying exactly the same thing in Japanese just with varying levels of politeness and formality so next time you see this Deo Zas just remember that this is an hfic way of saying deu or Des to be demo or something or how about so we learned that in the N5 that demo can be used as a conjunctive to say but or however in Japanese however this next use of demo is actually used to suggest something nonspecific take for example this sentence let's play games or something the demo here following the noun is showing that the noun isn't necessarily the only option but it's kind of suggesting one to The Listener which is why it could also be translated to how about as it has this feeling of kind of suggesting something it's a potential option like seen here in Sonic Generations where Sonic is asking whether they're going to do a party or something party de car so you guys are doing a party or something so here he's asking whether they're doing a party and offers party as one of the options that they might be doing maybe they're doing something else but party is just one of the potential options party demo a party or something oh DEA right or isn't it next we have a little bit more of a formal expression Dean Nika is exactly the same as the Casual Janika or even Jan in super casual speech Dean here means to not be and K is making it a question so it's asking is it not or in more natural English right or isn't it this is a more for formal way of questioning whether something is the case or not and we can see that being used perfectly right here in the next example from Final Fantasy 9 where Steiner a more formal personality here is quite stiff he mutters to himself isn't that a cargo ship so here we could also make this expression even more polite and not just formal by changing the de n into deima Sena so now it's making it polite as well as for so if Steiner were wanting to be even more polite perhaps he was speaking to the queen or something perhaps he would say all of these Expressions Jan Janai Janika DEA deara they all have the same meaning but again they just differ in the politeness and formality levels which all stem from deai and [Music] Janai [Music] for something you need or something is necessary this is another easy piece of N4 grammar that is used to express when something is needed or is necessary simply follow a noun with either W or gito to express that that thing is needed now you might be wondering if we can use both W or G before hito what's the difference that's a good question because actually in many situations you can only use one and not the other as it would sound strange so what's a good way to figure out what sounds the most natural well think of w as meaning as for and think of G as meaning the one that is just keep this in mind as we go through these examples an GAO and ano which sentence sounds more natural to you as for you you are needed or you are the one that is needed clearly the second one here fits this situation much more as she is telling him that he in particular is the one who she needs G is useful in these situations of pointing out something to someone and saying that one G is also known as the identifier for this reason it's like you're pointing your finger at something and saying that's the one right so an means you are the one that I need rather than just as for you you're needed great okay so how about this next example what sounds more natural as for handkerchiefs I don't need them or handkerchiefs are not the one that I need so here snake is giving back a handkerchief because he has no need for it not because it's the wrong item he needs it's just because he doesn't need it that's why wa is used and not g as for handkerchiefs I don't need them right so he's saying that this is something that he just doesn't need hwa hits your KN if you were to say h hits your ey it feels like he wants something else so try and keep in mind this useful translation for the W and G particles as I feel it will really help in majority of the cases as it does for me personally W meaning as for and G meaning the one that is to smell to heal or to taste gudu is used after a noun to express the Sensation that is attached with that particular noun so this could be taste smell sound or even feeling take for example AI for Taste AIG gasu means that it tastes a certain way Neo for scent or smell Neo gasu means that it smells a certain way or you have a smell you can feel a smell or like seen here in Basi fi I felt a mysterious feeling so kanji here means your feeling or your sense and it's followed by Guru means that you feel that feeling or that sense another word that expresses a similar thing is seen here in Final Fantasy 5 the wind Temple I also felt the feeling that I had to go there so key here can mean Spirit mind or even feeling and so K Guru here would mean to have the sense that something is the case to have a feeling that it is or to have a hunch and so these nouns that have a kind of sense to them like sight sense taste feeling that type of thing when they're used with gasu it's used to actually kind of Express doing that sense right you're actually smelling something feeling something tasting something gadu or gatu to show signs of or to appear a certain way this next piece of grammar often trips up Learners of Japanese quite simply gadu turns ad adjectives into verbs take for example the adjective Kawai meaning scary or frightening if you wanted to say that someone was being frightened or scared you are now talking about their appearance or being a certain way and here you would use kagu or KAG to express this this expression is generally used with other people and not yourself although there are exceptions and so expressing this example perfectly is seen here in Xeno gears where the main character is asking this girl why she is being so scared and she replies with I'm I'm not doing anything like being scared I'm just being cautious so here we can see in both examples both with the question and the answer that it's about her state of appearance right she appears to be scared KAG the expression for appearing or showing signs of being afraid and you can use this with a whole ton of different adjectives for example if you were to say Samu cold if you were to say sam it means that someone looks like they are cold or for example meaning strong you could say they're kind of showing signs or they're trying to look strong [Music] guty someone tends to they have a tendency to or a sensitivity to now gy is actually connected to the previous expression gadu and gatu where previously it was used to express an adjective turning into a verb but now G is a noun that is used to express someone's tendency to be a certain way this is almost exclusively used to talk about people's personality or their sensitivity towards certain things so our previous example of Kawai to be scared here it could actually turn into kaag this means that you are a scaredy cat your personality you have is being afraid right you are a person that gets afraid of things and this can be used with a whole lot of other different adjectives like hakashi saishi and or even things like Samu andu all of these things are used with gy to talk about a person's personality and tendency to be a certain way so like scene here in Animal Crossing where our little monkey friend here says that he would like us to stop putting a shy guy like him on the spot like this hakashi gadii meaning the tendon to be embarrassed followed by yah which means a person so hakashi gadya means a person who is shy and so he's talking about his own personality here and he's saying look it is my personality to be someone who is embarrassed hakashi gadia so don't put me on the spot and as I said you can use this with a whole bunch of different adjectives so if you were to say samadi this means that you have a tendency to be cold maybe you have a friend who's always cold they are samadi or atsugi some who is always hot it's kind of their personality to be hot or sabishii someone who's always sad and lonely right it's a very very useful and helpful little piece of Grammy here to describe someone's personality goas to be and to exist the polite form of Adu much like how we saw previously that deas was the honorific form of Des and deu now goas is the same for aru so all you need to do here is simply change aru toas like seen in this first example from Bravely Default sakuga koas so here Saku means plan and goas means to have the same as aru sakua arimas sakuga goas so the more casual way to say this would be sakuga adimas or sakuga aru but here the speaker is being more polite and uses goas instead of adimas the negative form of aru is n and much in the same way goasu negative form is Goen like seen here in Street Fighter 5 [Music] so if you were to say it more casually or to be more polite and use [Music] [Music] onics [Music] for hajimu to start or to begin to much like the previous grammar point dasu for something to suddenly occur hajimu is used in the same way after the stem form of a verb to mean to start to or to begin to do something but where dasu had a feeling that the verb suddenly occurs hajim medu is more about your intentional action to begin doing something take for example the following sentence to and TOA the first example with dasu has a feeling of It kind of suddenly occurring the child suddenly jumps out but with hajimu it feels more like a controlled intentional action and it shows that they've just begun to do it so think of the differences like one of the actions is beginning to occur and the other one is being intentionally started like seen here in Star Ocean the herd of monsters appeared and they began to Rampage so here Abu meaning to act violently or to rage AB hajimu means to begin acting violently or raging or rampaging so it's kind of a conscious decision that they're making to you know cause destruction and Rampage or like seen here in Final Fantasy 7 remake where aith is explaining that it was before people began living here May so it wasn't a big problem when the plate fell and so we can see with all of these examples that you put the verb in the stem form followed by hajimu to express that you're beginning to do an action whether it be tab hajimu to begin to eat eat Yumi hajim to begin to read or Sumi hajim to begin to live it must be or it should be this next expression hazuda is used to express expectation that something should be a certain way and it's a very common piece of language that you will see in pretty much every single piece of Japanese media to use with verbs you need to put the verb in the dictionary form and for nouns you simply follow the noun with no and then huz and then with adjectives you have to put them in their full form followed by HDA so like here in judgment for the PS4 the main character is looking for a security camera that he expects should be around here and so he thinks to himself there should be a security camera around here right means the camera exists and then means that the camera should exist and so here this expression is being used to show that there's an expectation that something should be around here the camera should be around here [Music] it cannot be it's impossible the negative form of hzu to express something that is expected to be or should be a certain way here hugan means that something is expected to not be the case or that it cannot be so expressing a very strong belief that something is almost impossible as it's expected to not be possible like seen here in Cyber City oo 808 for the PC engine where after shooting the girl he tries to access the panel and he's surprised that he can't and he says there is no way that such a thing could be so this piece of grammar is used exactly the same as hu but you just simply replace the huzu da with hazuga to express that something cannot be or that you cannot expect it to be the case right it's impossible what [Music] the you need to or it is necessary to similar to the previous gito where you say that something is needed this time hu means that it's necessary to do something this expression is mostly only used with verbs in the dictionary form for example IU to go means that there is the need to go it's necessary to go or B sudu to study B it is necessary to study you need to study or here from 13 Sentinels so in order to move with your Allied unit you need to select with the circle button so here what is necessary is the verb that comes before h s to select here is the thing that's necessary you can also use this in the negative form by simply changing theu in hitoka Adu into n or Aden like seen here in Final Fantasy 10 where Seymour asks Yuna to marry him and says [Music] there is no need to answer right away so here is the action means that it's not necessary to do so you don't need to answer straight away [Music] theal form the ik or volitional form in Japanese is a verb ending used to show the speaker's volition or will to do something it's often translated as let in English this is the same form as Mas the expression that we learned in N5 the only difference is that Mara is actually a polite and formal version of the volish form to use this piece of grammar all you need to do is remove the final R syllable in r verbs and replace it with Y for example T into Oru into and then with u verbs change the final vow to O and then add a so you have an O like yumu into yo or C into and finally with irregular verbs like sudu you would conjugate it into sh or Kuru to come into coo and these are a regular verbs that don't follow the normal rules now you can use this volitional form to both Express let's do the verb like let's eat or let's play like here in our first example from Persona 5 where the speaker is suggesting that you need to eat something n here is actually the Casual Vogal way to say eat from coup and then EO here is as we just learned the volitional way to say let's go IU to go EO let's go now it doesn't always have to be lets as we can see here in our next example from Dragon Ball for the Super Nintendo where we have a young Goku yelling at Bulma in the car thinking that she's trying to steal his fish so my fish or is actually here is showing the volition or the will to steal his fish and so yokoi is to steal something put in the volitional form to express the will to do that action so Goku is saying that even if you have the will to steal my fish y I won't let [Music] you uh oh [Music] for be to come and to go this next piece of polite and honorific language we have ISU now this piece of grammar falls under the category of what is known as s Keo which is one of the three types of Keo or honorific speech in the Japanese language now to put this as simply as possible Sono is the honor iic language you use towards others actions not yourself your family or your company but others to put their position up and make them feel honored and respected idash shadu is the songo form of U to go Kuru to come and even IDU to exist often you'll see it used by staff speaking with customers or even just with very polite people who are wanting to speak to you in an honorable manner like we can see here in Star Ocean the girl is wanting to be as polite as possible to a man who just saved her life and she wants to make him feel honored and so she says which means exactly the same as do where did you come from but we can see here that the verb Kuru has been replaced withu to make it more polite and honorific she is putting the listener here above her and using Sono [Laughter] exim to do itasu orim is another piece of K or honorific speech in Japanese but this time it's under the category of kenjo which means humble speech so where with Sono you put the great honor and position on the listeners actions and putting them above you kenjo is the opposite this is where you depreciate oneself to praise the listener you put yourself down to put others up and so itashas is the keno or humble version of sudu to do and you use this form of honorific speech kenjo only with your own actions to show honor or respect to the listener you are putting yourself down to put their position up now this is a very common piece of language in business speech when you are talking about your own actions like seen here from this incredible scene from Yakuza zero where majima is being incredibly humble and polite with this quite Rowdy customer who's really causing a scene in his establishment but you can really feel in this scene the level of professionalism and politeness that majima here is portraying when you look at the way that he uses K in this scene first he says tashas is the humble way to say that he will look after something or hold on to something this being the ice pick he could say auku to be the Casual way to say to hold on to something like seen here in Metal Gear Solid but here he's actually being humble talking about his own actions this is giving respect and honor to his customer which a good employee should do which he even uses again in this scene when he finally decides to give the customer exactly what he wants and fights him here he says [Music] so here here means to accept a challenge to take someone as your opponent right to have someone as your sparring partner your fighting partner but here he says so he's using the K way of saying janica right or isn't it this next piece of grammar janica is used to say right or isn't it or even to be kind of like why don't we as a confirmation of something now this is exactly the same as the previous piece of grammar we covered de naika however this is just the more casual version so like in these examples that bastard he's late right or isn't he late so here we can see osoy meaning late and then ooy janica isn't he late or like also seen here in Dragon Ball Z [Music] you said it's called Earth right it's a pretty decent Planet isn't it so MOSI J means isn't it a you know relatively good Planet so you can see that it's used as kind of confirmation in the first example from 13 Sentinels he's saying isn't he late it's kind of getting confirmation he's late right and the same thing here where Napa says that it's a pretty good planet right Mama hhi Jan so it's used to get confirmation from the person that they're speaking with [Music] Kad whether or not a very useful piece of grammar that is quite simple to learn it means whether or not so like in this example I don't know whether it is correct or not Tadashi here meaning correct and Kadoka means whether or not and wakar means I don't know so the thing you're referring to comes first follow it by cat daa and then follows by your statement afterwards like seen here in cyberpunk 2077 the one that decides whether or not it's strange is not you so okashi here meaning strange okashi Kadoka whether or not it is strange you're not the one that decides or like seen here in 13 Sentinels for is it important whether or not I'm the genuine article or real deal here referring to the fact that she is in fact a boy crossdressing to hide his identity as a spy and not the real person that he believes her to be or even the real gender but the Spy here turns it on him and asks whether or not it's important if she's the real deal or not as far as his feelings are concerned towards [Music] [Music] her kashida I wonder kashid is a feminine expression that is mostly used as a way of asking a question or to show that you're thinking about something it has the same usage as the more gender neutral expression Kan and it's placed after a phrase at the end of a sentence like seen here in Valkyrie Profile if I die will I be born again I wonder so Umar Ka means to be able to be reborn and Then followed by kashida to show that she is pondering or thinking or wondering about whether or not that's the case or like here in AI somnium well then wouldn't it be difficult to also take Footprints I wonder referring to the murder happening in this rainy season and so in both of these examples you can see that kashida here is put at the end of a sentence in the exactly same place that Kana would actually be but it just is a more feminine way of saying [Music] Ka Kai the yes or no question a nice and easy expression here Kai just goes wherever you would have K or Desa at the end of a sentence the difference between Kai and K and Desa is that Kai is about asking a yes or no question it is how you ask a close question in Japanese now this piece of grammar is casual and it's mostly used with children or with people of equal or lower status it does feel a little direct to be asked a yes or no question and so generally in Japanese people like to avoid being too direct which is why it's more of a casual piece of language you would not use this with your boss or someone above you it might seem seem a little bit kind of arrogant to ask someone a yes or no question like that to to someone above you socially so Kai is mostly used for casual situations like seen here in Cobra for the PC [Music] engine were you dumped by a girl so you can make this question more polite like is it that you were dumped by a girl but here at this bar this guy is coming across a little bit aggressive and cocky to the main character and so he makes a direct yes or no question about whether he was dumped forcing him to make this confrontation about whether or not he was dumped by a [Music] girl Kai might or perhaps kirai is a piece of grammar that is used with verbs adjectives and even nouns to indicate a possibility of something it's often translated as might or perhaps for example takai kamos it may be expensive or moshir kamos perhaps it's funny this is a neutral level expression that can be used in normal conversation like seen here in the legend of Hero's opening sequence har it may be that it is the thing of a distant future you can make it even more polite by changing kamos to kamos or like seen here in r you can speak in a more slang manner has turned into ciden you can even just shorten the entire piece of grammar to just C to be casual which is a really common way of using kid andai with kind of friends or family instead of the long kamos andai you can just use C but it depends on your personality some people may still use the full Cel in night like seen here in Final Fantasy 10 Titus chooses to use KL the shorten version here this makes it feel like he's talking with someone more close and personal which adds more feeling of closeness to this particular P the story if you were to use K in it doesn't necessarily feel like he's talking to a friend but the fact that he used C it feels like he's telling you this close important personal [Music] story I wonder so as mentioned before here is kanana the gender neutral way of expressing I wonder in Japanese so like seen here in nuni Oliver is wondering if his clothes are really that strange as he just arrived in this strange new world and to him his clothes are totally normal and so he says I wonder if it's that strange so you can see that it's used exactly the same as kashida you just put at the end of a sentence to show that you're wondering something I wonder if it's interesting I wonder if it's difficult I wonder if it's yummy or to be made from or made with this next expression is used to show what something is made from or made with generally speaking death scoter is made made with and katuru is made from but often the two can be translated as the same and interchangeable like in this example Kon as for this table by or with wood it is made so it's used to talk about the origin something was made from like here in Final Fantasy X where the boy is explaining that the Sunstone is made from the Shadow Stone and black quarts TAA in so we can see the topic that he's talking about is the Sunstone as for the Sunstone tawa and then we have what it's made from that's coming before the K so we have the Shadow Stone and the black courts kto surely undoubtedly or most likely another nice and simple piece of language here for the N4 level is Kito this is used to add a high degree of certainty to what you're saying as for tomorrow it will surely rain right or like here from valis on the PC engine one day the time will surely come when they realize that thing so here she's expressing that she is very certain that the time will come when people will realize Kito kid or like seen here inami it's undoubtedly times like this that the power of alcohol really speaks words so you can see that in both both of these situations the speaker is certain that the thing that they're saying is true and so they've used kitto to express this Cordo and Gordo Cordo and Goro are used to mean around about or when and the usage between Koro and Goro does differ so make sure to pay attention to how they're different in usage they both also often appear as kanji so you'll have to know which is the correct reading based on its context but don't worry it's very simple for godo it's used with a noun of time like 5:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. M now that kind of thing and it means around or about that time like around 5 Goji Goro or around now IMA Goro Cordo generally refers to the time when something now it can be used with verbs adjectives by themselves and nouns when followed by the not particle for example waio when I was youngo when I was a child or s Sako the time when cherry blossoms Blossom so this first example we have is from ru is and the main character here says he was like a brother to me ever since I was a kid and so Gak nooro the time when I was a kid so we can see here that we have the noun followed by the nor particle and then C to express this so guny for kid gunky nor C the time when I was a kid or like seen here in Zelda linked to the past but go while being careful around now the soldiers of the castle should be searching around for you and so Ima for now and then godo because the noun here is being used is a noun of time so Ima godo and not IMAO so just make sure to remember that Goro is used with nouns of time and it means around that time and cod is used with many other different situations and it means when you were that right around the time when Cotto the verb nominalizer Cotto grammatically speaking is known as the verb nominalizer and all this means is that it just turns a verb into a noun so now you can use it to talk about just like you would talk about a noun I like to think of it meaning as kind of like the thing of doing that verb because Koto does actually mean thing and it helps you see how the verb is being treated like it's a thing for example Tabu to eat and Tabo the thing of eating or just simply eating now you are talking about the verb as if it were a noun now this is exactly the same as the ing in English where you can use a verb as a noun and it often translates the same way as well I love playing games or I love the thing of playing games or I have lots of things to think about or I have a lot that I'm thinking about or like seen here in Final Fantasy 14 people from ancient times have tempered themselves through disputes with others getting rich by stealing and have come to prosper by ruling so we can see here that both UB to steal and shu to rule are verbs so to talk about them as nouns simply add Kotor to the end and you can now talk about these actions as if they were nouns so Oto the thing of stealing or just stealing and shaiu the thing of ruling or just [Music] ruling there are times when or sometimes do X Kota Adu is used to say when there are times when something for example like here from Xenoblade Chronicles there are times when I want to breathe the open air it can also be used to say sometimes do like there are times when I eat pizza well sometimes I eat pizza and it can even be used to express that you have things that you need to do like seen here in Legend of Dron as for you you still have things you need to do there is however a strict rule when using this grammar point that it must be used with a non-past verb if you use it with a past tense verb with k aru then it becomes a completely separate grammar pointu instead which talks about having the experience of having done something so as you can see Kota Adu is a very useful and varied expression that can be used in a whole lot of different situations to talk about there being times when you do something or that you have things to do or even to talk about having an experience doing something [Music] you can or you're able to do kotu is now another piece of grammar that uses Koto but this time it's followed by G deu which means that you can do something or that you're able to do whatever came before Coto this wave expressing being able to do something is basically the same as a verb's potential form but it's just simpler to use use and you can see how this could actually combine with some of the previous grammar points that we discussed where you nominalize a verb first by turning it into Cotto and now you can talk about being able to do that verb like seen here in Trails of Mana where this bad guy says at any time I could easily place you under my military occupation so here means he is able to place him under his occupation oku to place kotu able to do under military occupation Sena so as long as you follow the rules on how to nominalize verbs you can use this with any nominalized verb to say that you're able to do it so for example maybe you can speak instead of saying hanu you can say Hana Deo I'm able to speak [Music] [Music] fore foree it will be decided that or it would turn out that this grammar point is used when irrespective of the speaker's vo alition an arrangement or decision has been made by some other unspecified person or party that something will become a certain way it's quite similar to the passive form in this regard even if a speaker were to use it for their own actions it would come across very indirect and in a way a little bit humble it will be decided that it will turn out that it will be arranged that all very passive ways of saying that something is happening so let's look at some of the following examples from Final Fantasy 4 here the character is surprised that by killing the dragon in the cave it would also turn out to kill this little girl's mother as well so here it's a passive situation he killed a dragon and it turned out that her mother also died in the process as they were connected by some sort of mystical link so he's not saying that he killed her mother he's saying that it turned out that her mother was killed because he killed the dragon or like seen here in Dragon Slayer funnily enough Legend of Heroes [Music] so it was decided that sedio would be brought up in Eda Village until the time of inheriting the royal Throne so we can see that the person who decided this situation to happen is not clear it's a passive action who did it we don't know it's just being decided it's happening regardless of sto's Desire or will so that place now we can also see in this last example that koton Naru has actually become to to now this functions in the exactly same way it's just a more formal and strict way of expressing the same thing and here it's this tale is being told of kings and princes and so it feels much more natural here to use kot Tado which is a little bit more artistic and formal and fancy way of saying to decide on if you are wanting to show your direct volition or will in making something happen rather than the passiveness of coton you would useon to express deciding on something like see here in Persona 4 the narration speech in the game says which means you decided to go out and that's exactly what he did he then left the house so you can see that direct will or volition in the action deciding to do something with coton Su all like seen here in front mission for the [Music] SNES and so here this guy is saying that he will decide now to get rid of the evidence so Shao or keso to get rid of the evidence koton shio let's decide to do it or that he will decide to do it as we know that sh can be both let's or another way of showing a will to do something so where kotonaru is a way of passively stating a decision has been made about something kotu is a direct way to show your intention and will to do that very action so m let's decide to study Japanese [Music] [Music] more to make something with kusu or nissu another slightly related point this time used when you are making something a certain way with adjectives so if we were to take any e adjective let's say or key for big if we were to change the last e sound of any e adjective and replace it with a c sudu this now expresses how to make something in the way of that adjective for example or key big Oru to make something big kaai scary k sudu to make something scary so if you are changing the attributes of something to match the adjective this is how you would use it so like seen here in this example Piccolo is yelling at Gohan to hurry up hay is the E adjective for fast or quick so hayaku is the imperative form of hayaku so he's ordering Gohan to make it quick or in other words to hurry it up with n adjectives as they function the same way as nouns or all you need to do is attach n sudu to the end of the adjective like seen here in Final Fantasy 7 where Cloud says y buy explaining how everyone is actually fighting for themselves and for the things that they make important to themselves like here with taet a na adjective followed by n The Continuous form of nissu so the continuous action of making something important to you as in the things that you hold [Music] deari for quickly immediately or unexpectedly when you want to express doing something suddenly or unexpectedly in Japanese you can use cuni before a phrase that you want to express doing all of a sudden quite often appearing with the kanji as seen here in Final Fantasy 5 where ble the choco ball suddenly stops running the main character flies forward off of his trusty choco ball and crashes into the ground and so the main character says tomara tomaru here is the verb for coming to a stop na is ordering him not to and cuni is doing the action suddenly so don't suddenly stop by by the time or indicating a time limit is a piece of grammar used to give a time limit to something to set deadlines or times in which you want something to be done by it's often seen following nouns of time or date but it can also follow verbs in the dictionary form the example we have here from Final Fantasy 8 is showing the time limit in which cistus wants an action to be done and so she says you are to return to the Garden before or by the time it gets dark so the action here is modoru to return and then the time limit is shown immediately before M so let's have a look he so before the sun sets or before it becomes comes dark and also as I said previously you can also use it with verbs often verbs that indicate some time period as well like seen in this example here I want to get married before or by the time I'm 30 so to become 30 before that happens I want to get married d [Music] [Music] [Music] foree foreign foreign foreign Mama as it is we're in this current state without changing mama is used here when something is being left in the current state without changing so as it is so picture something staying exactly the same without any change whatsoever that's the situation in which you use mama and you can use it with verbs nouns or adjectives for nouns they need to follow the not particle for example lashi no mama means just the same as it was since a long time ago something that hasn't changed at all since the past or like here from near automata Kon Mama J Dame Kon Mama means being left like this and J Dame means is not good or is not acceptable where in this iconic scene from near utata the robots are rebelling against you and saying that it cannot keep on going like this Kono Mama being left like this J is no good and as I said before it can be used with verbs and adjectives for adjectives it's simple just put the adjective in its full form so ATU for hot would beu Mama leaving something hot or k for pretty would be K Mama something remaining beautiful but for verbs there is a little bit of a rule that you need to follow that you can only use mama with the past or negative forms of verbs not the present tense so you cannot say iku mama in the state of go see even in English it doesn't make much sense but AK Mama being in the state of being left open sure no problem and same with the negative Shai Mama right so sud to do Shai to not to do so Shai Mama being left in the state of not being done or being left unfinished great that works as well so just make sure that when you use mama with a verb it must be in one of these two forms like seen here in Final Fantasy 9 SOA mama here is being left in the state of having left a certain place here budhha mesia oeta mama means being left in the state of having left budhha mesia and not coming back and kind of has this sense of not even hearing from the person they just left and it just stayed that way ever since then and so mama here is that state of being a certain way being left that [Music] [Music] way matawa both or otherwise upon arriving at the honeybee Inn in Final Fantasy 7 remake the receptionist behind the counter greets you to his fine establishment and asks Cloud if he has any requests for any honey girls or honey boys Hy so here we can see being used between two options that he was given honey girl and honey boy and this is one way of how Mawa can be used it's as a choice between two options a choice between a or a choice between B now it does take a little bit of understanding of context in that certain situation that's being used as to whether it means both or whether it means or because it can be used as both so here in the Final Fantasy 7 example it meant or right honey girls or honey boys but like in this example de m so here we have a formal sentence that is asking you to reply back whether it's through phone or mail either is okay so this is a bit of formal piece of language that's not so commonly used in casual speech but for situations such as business or when you're speaking with customers it's quite a normal expression to talk about either both or or [Music] like similar to or resembling the first of three grammar points at the N4 level which use m is m Da and it's used to express something seeming to be the case it's used after reasoning or judgment after some piece of information and then you make that conjecture or guess based on that reasoning it is the colloquial or spoken version of Y so like here from toimi Memorial one of the students is judging based on what's happening at the front of the class that the girl is about to do her self introductions this could be translated into it looks like or even it seems that next is Fuji saki's self- introduction so it can be used with adjectives nouns or even verbs not it's like it's summer she seems to be a little bit tired and we can see that it's placed at the end of the sentence to express this judgment or reasoning the next of the three uses of is and this example unlike the previous is not used at the end of a sentence but rather in the middle and it's used to modify a noun to be like or similar to another noun or verb with you can modify a noun to be just like another noun like in I think a person like you is amazing or even for a noun to be like a [Music] verb I want a computer like the one he has so it can be used as either the noun M noun or verb M noun like seen here in Dragon Ball Z so as for to us you are a thing like a fly so we can see here mono a thing or a person we can see that high or H in the slang version is describing what type of monor he is like he is like a fly mono the final use of Mi is M and this is used for verbs or nouns to modify other verbs or adjectives to be like them and this is used when you're expressing that you're doing something like X or you're appearing like X for example they are playing like children so like children are playing or for adjectives means like you and then is a beautiful person hajim is the first time so it's the first time seeing a beautiful person like yourself or like here in Fire Emblem 3 houses so here we have a verb modifying another verbu to exist andu to look like so in this sentence it's like there are a lot of people it appears so it appears like there's lots of people so an example of a verb modifying another verb many people exist it looks that way or for example like here from Shadow tactics I am quiet like a cat so so here her quality of being quiet makes her like a cat she's as quiet as a cat more as many as as much as or up to so we've learned in the N5 that more can mean to or also and that is its basic use however the next use of it at the N4 level is that it can also be used to express as many as as much as up to or nearly a certain amount and this grammar point is always preceded by a counter of number or time so that's one really nice way to tell it apart from the N5 usage so like seen here in Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory so the counter of time being used here is n many hundreds of years more up to or as many as t we have come to continue to battle so you can see that here it's being used to show a certain amount of number that's not necessarily specific in exactly how many it is but it's as much as it's up to or it's nearly so namaku many many years more up to the point of being many many years [Music] [Music] [Music] don't do something a very nice and easy piece of grammar next is n this is simply put at the end end of a verb in the dictionary form to order someone to not do that action you will see it a lot in video games and manga and in fact we've already seen it in this video a few times one thing to keep in mind though is that it is quite directly ordering someone not to do something and so you wouldn't really use this with you know formal situations it's mostly used in casual situations such as with your closest friends and even then it can come across quite strong it can be softened by adding y to the end of the N but still it is quite strong in Emotion to use in most situations it's very heavily seen in media because there is so many dramatic scenes like here in to don't get in the way of my fun so here it's a very emotional response Oran my fun or Jas don't get in the way of so this situation is quite strong in emotion and he is a psychopath trying to have fun murdering people and telling you not to get in his way so it makes sense for him to be quite um emotional in the way that he orders you not to do something or also like seen here in Xenoblade Chronicles [Music] [Music] simply telling the other person not to come but it's more of a yell right it's very emotional this expression is a clear strong and emotional order telling someone not to do something so try not to use this too much yourself otherwise you may give someone quite a bit of a surprise when you add n at the end ordering someone not to do something such as or things like n is another really nice easy grammatical particle to mean things like or things such as or even just Etc now this is used after nouns like seen here in Stein's gate according to the police announcement they said that for now there is no danger of things like explosions so bakuhatsu NAD things like explosions kandan n there is no danger of so you can see here that n is showing that explosions are not the only thing that could be dangerous in this situation and that's why bakuhatsu NAD things like explosions is used or like scen here in Final Fantasy 9 so you bastard what are you saying the princess has no need to do the likes of sneaking around so both things like explosions Baku or things like needing to sneak around each time it's following a noun to say things like that noun or things such as that noun [Music] [Music] while during or as nagada is a conjunction which indicates that the action expressed by the preceding verb takes place at the same time as the following statement after so the first thing is happening at the same time as the second one thing to note is that the verb that is connected to nagar is always secondary to the following verb the following verb is the main action so would be to have a talk while drinking so you might be at a cafe having a chat while you drink so the most important thing here is the having a chat that's why it's hanim Mas but it's normally n while you're drinking or if you were to say it makes it feel like that drinking this time is what's more important and the talking is secondary which sometimes might be true to use nagara the first verb must be in the stem form so as we have seen hanasu to talk Hani the stem form hanashi nagar while talking the example found for this grammar Point comes from the opening of Chrono cross and this is where especially in written work that is a little bit more poetic or artistic you will actually see the sentence order moved around for artistic effect and that's what has happened here so quite an artistic bit of language right here Sid demo means even though or even still like the wind we ran so we ran like the wind Al Zora Into the Blue Sky while making our voices ReSound into that blue sky but even still the meaning is the same even though the word order has been a little bit changed while making their voices ReSound Into the Blue Sky they ran like the wind so if you wanted to say this in a more traditional sentence that you might learn in a textbook you could say it like that you could say and so here the main action is running regardless of the position because the verb connected to nagara is always the secondary action so the main action here is that they are running and the secondary action is that they are laughing into the sky and so this scene definitely paints a quite a a nice time a time when everyone was happy even though things had its ups and downs Naka Naka Naka n not easy to struggling to or not able to Naka Naka N is a useful piece of language that's used with verbs in the negative form to show you that the verb is not easily done or that the speaker is struggling to do that verb say for example you're trying to sleep but you're just not succeeding you could say Naka I'm not able to sleep or nak just like seen here in Persona 4 as the main character says he's struggling to sleep so nakaa is actually an adverb that means considerably or quiet when used with positive words or by no means or not readily with verbs in the negative like in this grammar point so you may also see it used like here in Wise 7 I nak so hey ad it's quite a pretty flower isn't it I personally like to use the translation quite for nakaa as in English we can use that for both positive and negative situations just like nakaa can I'm not quite able to sleep nak or it's quite pretty Naka must do something or have to do something nakade ianai is a way of expressing obligation that you need to do something and it's something that has a sense of obligation that comes from within yourself so we learned in N5 nanai and noai and this is a little bit more stiff and formal version of the same thing now they are mostly considered the exact same and used exactly the same way when looking this up in Japanese I've come across Japanese explanations saying they're the same thing however this N4 grammar nakba is not as commonly used in conversation but may appear more in written text or in more formal situations if we were to break them both down grammatically we will see there actually two different ways of coming to the same place nak means in the state of not doing it eai is no good NBA is the B form of of nigh so if you don't do it IAI it's no good so you can see they're both really similar nakad IAI generally means that something is not good if you don't do it and it's kind of subjective which means it's more based on individual's thoughts and feelings and actually in conversation it's much more common to see it used as nakya so like we saw with Naka IAI that was Naka this time it's Naka and this form is much more commonly seen especially when spoken casually with friends or family like in this example from Stein gate iaka IAI I must go so it could be by itself just iaka or it could be iaka IAI just remember that the ianai part here is used to show that you feel a sense of obligation to do something because of something that you've decided this time if you wanted to express an obligation to do something that feels more like a rule that's determined by others Naka n is what you can use again the same as before this full grammatical expression is a little bit stiff and so it's often used just as Nua however in this clip from Med solid Peace Walker were able to see the full grammatical expression in action sometimes you must leave your parents your family your home in order to do the right thing here narai is used because the right thing in this context is something that's kind of determined by others it's kind of a common sense type thing it's a society type of expectation and not necessarily just something that you decide all on your own however both of these Expressions can be used interchangeably just keep in mind that knad means if you don't do it and ienai means it's no good and narai means that it does not become which you could think of as kind of not becoming the social Norm or expectation or thing that you're required to do now back to a much more simpler piece of grammar Nar is used to express if in Japanese one restriction of this piece of grammar though is that it can only be used in situations where the outcome is UNC certain so if you're hot if you want so in these situations it's fine because the situation is uncertain but akini if it becomes Autumn is not a correct sentence as autum is a situation that is certain to occur without fail every year and so you cannot use n in this situation now n can be used with verbs adjectives or nouns traditionally it would follow the not particle for verbs and adjectives however in modern Japanese this is often dropped so instead of n it's more commonly seen as just n or like here in Smash Brothers so if it's us we can definitely win so here it's implying that it's possible for there to be other people in this situation fighting against this bad guy but if it's us if it's if it's the case that we are the ones that are fighting then we're going to win for sure nasai do this nasai is a soft but firm way of issuing a command and it's often used in situations like parents asking or ordering their kids to do something here The the speaker is a soft spoken speaker so she uses nasai as a way of ordering a command let go of Elliot to conjugate it we need to put the verb into its stem form so as we can see here hanasu to let go of something the simple way to get it in the stem form is just put in the M form and then get rid of the m so hanashi hanashi and then we simply attach n to make it a soft but firm command let go eat up n go to bed and so on [Music] [Applause] nasu to do the next piece of songo or polite speech that you use to talk about another's actions to give respect or honor to them in their actions is nasu and this is the songo version of sudu to do a very important piece of kago take this casual way of telling someone that it would be best if they contacted soon hayaku you should contact soon or it would be best if you contacted soon now to make this sentence into one that shows respect to the others actions and puts them above you here you would say hayaku this would be a more appropriate way of doing so in a more polite situation sudu becomes n and often before the verb you see this used with you will also see it connected with an honorific prefix like o or G which we covered in the N5 grammar video so let's have a look at the following example Le from police knots here we can see two uses of this piece of grammar the first is this is a way of asking someone if something has happened referring perhaps to the fact that they look unwell or that something has happened the very casual way of saying this would be or or but is the songo way of being polite and expressing respect to people like for example customers which is exactly what's happening here as she is a waitress on this spaceship serving her customers and so she uses this respectful language she uses it another time in this exchange with Kino nasar this is the song Keo way of saying Kino sh please don't get nervous or please don't be nervous but this sounds much more professional and respectful as she is using her kago skills to instill honor into her customer with Kino Naran [Music] when you notice or realize something you can use nyatu to show that you have realized something in Japanese key word here is thing because it must be used with nouns or verbs that have been nominalized with kotto or in other words turned into a noun so you could say that I have realized the thing that I forgotten my bag or for example realizing a mistake mistake here being a noun Ma and we can actually combine the G and T sound to form kiduku to mean the exactly same thing and this is much more commonly seen in Japanese media especially in colloquial spoken Japanese so like see here in Triangle strategy in here meaning a plan or a scheme and N means that he did not realize what didn't he realize is indicated by the KN particle in I did not realize or notice the plan another related use of this piece of grammar can actually be used by itself just with KATU you have gained Consciousness like seen here in this very adorable Pokémon game so this is very much related to becoming aware of something as in becoming aware of your surroundings so just keep in mind that you may see this expression used in a variety of different forms but it usually is talking about coming to some sort of realization noticing something or becoming aware of something indicated with the knee particle [Music] look to seem or to appear nimu is used to express that something looks seems or appears to be a certain way and it can be used with verbs in the te form nouns and n adjectives and E adjectives in the C form and it often appears both written in kanji or just in hiragana so like here from Final Fantasy 9 zidan is saying this Village looks like a peaceful Village Nook kanamura is a peaceful Village and then nimu means appears to be or it looks like so this expression is used when something visually appears to be a certain way midu actually means to look and to see so nimu means that it's able to be seen in a certain light or a certain way like for example scen in disaster report where after this huge earthquake is happening we're trying to escape to some sort of safe place and this high school girl says so to means to seem to be able to pass through Nena means doesn't it look like so doesn't it look like that we're able to pass through there so again this is something that is visually obvious right it's something that you can see with your eyes and it looks to be a certain way Niki difficult to do the first of two ways at the N4 level to express a verb being difficult to do is Nik this is used when a verb is actually difficult to do in its process to use this verb you put the verb in a stem form and then you follow it by nikui so Tabu to eat tab difficult to eat midu to see Min difficult to see the important thing to differentiate this from other Expressions is that nikui when written in kanji is actually the same kanji for mukashi the adjective for something being difficult hard or complicated and and in those exact same situations is when you use Niki to express that a verb is challenging or difficult to do or complicated in its process so like here from Persona 5 he is saying that thanks to this certain situation there will be no class in the afternoon and everyone will be festive so even if we hung around it should be difficult to get noticed even if we loitered around kids cut in it should be difficult to be noticed which will allow them to sneak around thanks to it being difficult to get noticed due to the crowd so just remember that Nik here is used when something is difficult in the mukashi sense in where it's actually difficult to do in its process nonaka de in or among nonaka de is used to express being among or in a noun so it could be used simply like inside my heart or it could be used to express something like being a part of a selection of other things like konak among these which would you like DOI and to use it you just simply follow the noun with non to express this like this example from BioShock Infinite the main character is about to get baptized by this cultist and he says let him be reborn into the bosom of Colombia so means in the bosom that Tamaya means may he be reborn so nonak can be used both to say in something or among a certain amount of things like K nakade among these [Music] [Music] [Music] though in spite of or even though this next piece of grammar has two different uses the first use means all though in spite of or even though and it can be used with verbs in the Casual form like Yak even though you promised or following nouns as nanon so for example nii despite it being Sunday or even though it's a Sunday I must work and with e adjectives simply by following the adjective so y even though it's cheap or non even though it's interesting what follows Noni is always a statement that kind of goes against the expected like even though it's Sunday I must work so the expectation is that you should have a holiday or a weekend but even though it's Sunday I must work or like here from The Legend of Heroes 7 it's no good despite close to almost half a month has passed since then so his expectation was that after half a month everything should be okay whatever the situation is that he's referring to but it's not and so he says despite the time passing it's no [Music] good no to do something in order to so the other use of Noni is actually used to express something being in order to do another thing and it's used with verbs in the dictionary form only for example in order to return home it took 3 hours so to home in order to return home or like in this adorable game it's a wheel barar you use it to carry rice from the rice patties so here to carry the rice could also be in order to carry the rice so in order to carry the rice you use it skull so just be careful when you see Noni it could mean either even though or in order two depending on the context [Music] stop Noah a is b or the reason for a is B this is an emphatic construction this is an expression used when you want to make a strong statement about the content of the latter part of the sentence the use of this sentence pattern strengthens the argument of the whole sentence often it follows this structure reality plus Noah explanation reason or something that you want to emphasize death for example Watashi okay so if we have a look again at the previous little chart that I had the reality so the place that I'm living it is Kyoto so here is the explanation it is Kyoto Tokyo it is not Tokyo so here is I'm emphasizing the reality the truth is it's like I'm teaching something so I'm explaining the fact in the first part the place where I'm living and then the following statement is the explanation or the thing that I want to put emphasis on here being the fact that I live in Kyoto and not Tokyo or like scen here from Buddy Mission Bond a kind of visual Manga style game on the Nintendo switch the thing of showing an opening like that in front of your opponent is the same as saying kill me so so this is the fact or reality of the situation so the thing of showing your back to the enemy and then it explains what this means it means that it's the same as telling them to kill you so here it's explaining information about what it means to show an opening to your opponent so you can see that no is very useful to make a strong statement about something often to teach something or to kind of show a reason or something that you want to [Music] emphasize and please do or and gotai is an honorific KGO expression to ask someone to do something it's used with verbs in their stem form for normal verbs you simply put o or go in of the verb in its mus stem like Kaki mus to write it would be oraki say an honorific way to ask someone to write you can also use this grammar with nouns that also function as verbs such as Raku to contct or Dena to call and in this case you simply put either o or go depending on the verb before it followed directly by kudasai so for example Renu would be and de would be now just a quick word on whether you use the o or go before the word as a general rule if the word is of Japanese origin that means that the word has some sort of hirana written inside it then you use or for example tanim to look forward to something you would use or tanim however if the word is a Chinese origin which means that it's only written in Kani then it's more likely to use G like G however this is not 100% of the time and there are some certain exceptions to the rule so I recommend looking up some of the exception lists online and seeing when it does apply and doesn't apply but as a general rule it applies this is a very common expression used by employees towards customers to ask them to politely wait and it's a phrase that you almost certainly hear in Japan frequently and you can also see an example of what could I say here in Animal Crossing well then today also please have a great day sugu here means to parcel spend time and means to have a good day please spend it so please spend your day in a good [Music] way to do another piece of s Keo here this time another honorific way of saying to do something quite in the same way as nasu is the Sono way of saying sudu Oru is also used to mean the same thing and is a nice indirect way of speaking of another's actions take for example this sentence where someone is describing to another in K that their company president has gone home the company president has gone home a short while ago or quite literally if you were to break apart the gramar or is the honorific suffix kaidi is the verb of kidu to go home and then ninu is to become so the literal translation for idta would be that they have become returned home see how this is very passive quite often the more indirect you are in Japanese the more honorific or respectful it becomes as speaking directly is quite forward but speaking indirectly is like speaking of one's actions without even necessarily directly talking about it or like seen here in literally the customer has become able to see which is actually a very indirect way of saying that the customer has arrived so this would be the K way of saying that a customer has come or like seen here in brigine so here Nadu means to pass away or nakadi Mas is now an indirect way and consequently an honorific way of saying that the King has passed away and in this situation it makes a lot of sense because to directly State the King has died is a little bit too direct you need to be a little bit more respectful of his death right and so you say that he has passed away it is become that he has died KN repeated at intervals or every interval and believe it or not next up is the most difficult to find piece of grammar in video games for the jn4 oy KNE this has a very specific use where you use it with a measurable noun like time days or meters and then it expresses something being done at every one of those intervals so like go this would be something happening at every 5 minute interval or is would be something happening at the interval of every week or like these explanations of some scenes you may see in video games like in Animal Crossing a balloon generally appears floating around your Island for you to pop every 5 minutes so if you wanted to express this in Japanese you could say so gun Oki at the interval of 5 minutes Fen the balloon Aras appears or perhaps you're waiting for a train and you ask someone when the next train is coming and you get the reply ichas a train comes once every hour so this is certainly a very use ful expression even though its use is incredibly limited to these specific situations and very difficult to find examples of in video games it's still a piece of language that is worthwhile learning especially for these situations uh that is quite useful to knowu the humble IDU now on to our next of Keno or humble Keo for the N4 is U or odas and this is the humble way to use IDU to exist now remember that Keno is used to depreciate your own position to put the listener above it's also known as humble speech so IDU turns into U and then if you want to be polite as well as humble then you would turn U into ODI mus and so U can be used just like IDU in the many functions that it has like for example imas to say that you exist or that you are here and so you use it for example if your boss asks you if you are present you can sayas to say a very polite way of saying that you are there and it can also be used with the teu grammar to say that something is being in the continuous form so studying this would turn into or so this piece of language is used when you're speaking to those who are above you in position position like for example the president of a company or perhaps a king or a prince like seen here in Triangle strategy I'm doing everything I can however so here to be devoting yourself serving yourself or exhausting yourself doing something and then it's turned humble and polite withas so this is a very humble and polite way of saying that he's doing the best that he can he's doing everything that he can te this next piece of grammar is a very simple yet very useful piece of language that is used following a verb in the stem form quite like hajimu to show to begin here or Wu means to finish doing that verb so it's like the opposite of hajimu so T Oru would mean to finish eating would mean to finish talking or like seen here in Final Fantasy 9 so here kayas means to change your clothes so here kay Oru is to finish changing your clothes and this can be used just like hajimu where you show to begin something but instead you use it to show that you're finishing something so just make sure that you put it in the stem form and then get rid of the mus and then finish off with Oru to show that you're finishing doing a verb the potential form Ru is what is known as the potential form in Japanese and it's used to express the ability or inability to do a certain action now to show the ability to do a verb for Rue verbs you simply drop the ru and add like into or for verbs replace the withed so hanu to talk hanu to be able to talk there are two exceptions to this rule sudu to do and kudu to come sud's potential form is deu and kudu ISU now the RA in Ru can actually often be omitted in r verbs doing this might make you lose a few points on a test at school if you have a really strict teacher but when used normally it's completely natural to remove this RA in Ru so Tabu is a very common way of saying to be able to eat something in fact in many cases it's actually easier to use it without the ra so that you don't confuse it with the passive form which we will cover later in this video so Tabu is the official potential form of to eat but tedu is a perfectly fine way to use it in conversation in Japanese just it might not be necessarily correct according to the very strict grammar books however when looking online in Japanese I often see this Ru form that's explained in English often explained as just the ru form in Japanese to show that it's the potential and the ru would be for the passive so like seen here from Final Fantasy Tactics so n is the potential form of Naru to become so to be able to become is Naru so the sentence DOR if you put in effort sh is it that you can become a Shogun or a general of an army one interesting point to note about this example that we have here is that we have the word Nadu right to become Nadu is what's actually known as a Gordan verb this is actually the way that the Japanese categorize their verbs not U and do but godan and ichidan and so for godan verbs you just add the ru so if we were to put it into our English way of explaining things Naru is actually actually an U verb and that's why it's not it's [Music] just Rashi it seems I heard or apparently Rashi is used with verbs nouns or adjectives to express that something seems a certain way you may heard it was a certain way or that something is typical of that thing so like means that it seems like it's rain or oversleeping is apparently bad for your body or Kimi it's like you it's something that's very typical of you but unlike other similar Expressions that are used to say that something appears a certain way she is used when you hear or when you get some sort of information about that thing for example if you heard that someone said something and you thought Ah that's a very like you thing to say you could say Kim so it's something that is very like that person or like in study more like a student would in this example the person wants them to study in the way that they have heard or gotten information about how students normally study and they want that person to be more like that the first example we have is from near automata where upon hearing tob's response the operator on the call says that it was a very like her thing to say so she says so means that it is something that is very typical of her right that's an answer that she would have expected from to be all like seeing here in grandia this boss looking man laughs at the fact that the other man's answer was very much like an answer he would have expected him to have done and so he says so omay Rashi again is just like the near automat example omay it's very much like you so we can see that Rashi can be used to say that something appears to be a certain way based on what you've heard or some sort of information but it can also be used to say that it's very like someone whether it's like a student gak Rashi or whether it's like you Kimi Rashi [Music] sa sa is used to nominalize adjectives or in other words it turns an adjective into a noun so like in English where we have the adjective beautiful and the noun Beauty it's the same in Japanese utsushi is beautiful and UTA is beauty or long nag into length nagasa this is an incredibly important piece of grammar to become familiar with and all you have to do is just remove the last e sound of an e adjective or the na part of a na adjective and replace it with sa like seen here in Street Fighter 5 Vega says to Camy that strain itself was your beauty so like in my example he actually uses here tokushi meaning beautiful and then is her beauty so utsushi means it was her beauty that means she no longer has this beauty because she no longer has this strain and struggle and so this is a very useful expression to turn adjectives into nouns saki some time ago or just now Sak saki is used to show that something happened just now like sakiori as I just said or saki okak I just woke up generally this is used to show that the event that's being mentioned happened very recently like seen here in Yakuza 7 Ichi just yelled out to his old boss and so he says earlier he probably just didn't notice he's talking about the fact that he was ignored but he's trying to come up with excuses as to why he was ignored and so saki here is used to talk about the previous scene which happened literally 30 seconds ago or like here in Persona 4 from just some time ago you've been quiet the whole time is your condition bad so here is ask being you know he's been quiet this whole time is something wrong and so here referring to the fact that during this conversation that started just a little while ago the whole time he's been remaining quiet so she's wondering is he okay or not when actually he's uh he's being shy for a reason [Music] [Music] s the causitive form sasu is what is known as the causative form in Japanese and this means one of two things it means that you're either making someone do the verb that is connected to sasu or you are letting someone do the verb telling apart which is being intended relies on your understanding of the context of the situation to see which fits best to make the suu form for do verbs simply replace the ru with s for Tabu it would beu or for U verbs put them in the negative stem and then remove nigh like Kiku to listen Kika n to not listen Kika to make or let someone listen and finally for some exceptions to the rule Kuru becomes K Yu becomes Yu and sudu becomes simply s so like here in the opening for mle Gear Solid 5 ground zeros Big Boss says his legendary catchphrase mat which means to make someone wait and so matu to wait mat to not wait mat to make weight and this is a very common expression Matas to say that you've made someone wait here the context is very clear that it's make weight not let weight is it really wouldn't sound very natural why would you let someone wait it seems a little bit strange so it's definitely make weight in this situation or like seen here from Bravely Default I will make the wind blow fuku to blow fuku to make Blow so we can see here that she is some sort of magician she has some magical power and she is going to control the wind and make it Blow or finally like here from Project triangle [Music] strategy COC I will not allow you to go any further from hereu to goai not go drop the N to make or let go so for example if you had to choose between I will not make you go further or I will not let you go any further it's clear that in this context it is let rather than make so just keep in mind that it can be either or and it really just depends on the context as to whether it's make or let foree the causative passive this next piece of grammar is actually the combination of two other pieces of language that both appear in this video at the N4 level and that is the causative passive form now we've already learned the causitive form just previously and this s is the combination of that with the passive form form which we will cover shortly in this video this means to be made to do something just like the previous make someone do something but this is the passive form of that to be made to do something like seen here in Witcher 3 the tamaria army that was stationed here were annihilated by the black army or put literally they were made to be annihilated in this use of grammar we can see who the the party is that's making the other have the thing done to them with the knee particle so we can see Kuran knee by the black army they were made to be annihilated [Music] please let me do now if you wanting to ask someone to please let you do something quite a common thing to one ask someone then you would use S the causitive form with kudasai the polite request so you put sasu into the te form s simply followed by Kai and that's it now if you follow the same rules as the causitive verb you can now ask people to let you do something politely like seen here in judge [Music] judement well then it's sudden but please tell me all about it here Kiku literally means to let someone or make someone hear in other words to tell someone or like seen here in s and to with mother it's okay if this is the last time please let me meet my mother so here a is to meet meet and a not meet a please let me meet so you can see that the use is you're asking someone to please let you do something with verb Sasa as one would expect or as is to be expected Sasa is an adverb that you can use to show that something is just just as you expected it to be it indicates that the speaker is impressed or surprised by whatever it is that they are referring to so here from medle Gear Solid 2 ocelot is saying that he expected the commanding officer to be good at speech so here it shows that he is admitting that reality is just like his conception that he had in his brain kind of similar to just as I thought or as one would expect all like seen here in Naruto after de defeats gar he [Music] says s strong as expected so he thought that was going to be strong and then he did turn out to be strong so as expected Sasa sasuga can also be used to express even like in this example sentence even the great detective will for sure this time also thrw his hands up she and and what's more she is used after verbs e adjectives or n adjectives and nouns with du to express a few different things firstly it is used as a form of and which is used when listing multiple verbs nouns or adjectives for example doio I want to play with my friends and I also need to do my homework what do I do so here you can see it's listing two different verbs I want to play with my friends but I also need to do my homework it can also be used in contrast like in the following sentence so there are also good times there are also bad times so again it's listing these two things she can also be used to give reasons which lead to a conclusion like here seen in oanda so here she is being used to list multiple reasons why she would make a good wife she's good at cooking and she has a good personality and so then you have the conclusion at the end o an ideal wife and she can also be used to emphasize your point at the end of a sentence like so let's take a look at the example here from here the boy is listing reasons why he was scared when he first heard that he was coming to the countryside to stay one of these reasons is indicated by the she particle and I didn't remember Grandpa's face so here he might be listing a whole bunch of reasons why he was scared and this is one of those reasons yka n sh only or nothing but sh is a very useful piece of grammar that expresses having nothing but something or doing nothing but something for example if all you do is eat pizza you could say pizzai I eat nothing but pizza so to form this you need to put the thing that you do nothing but or the thing that you have nothing but before shka and then you have the verb with the I only drink tea I only have a little bit of time and so on like seen here in Zeno gears as f is surrounded he realizes that he has no other option but to fight yush is that I have no other thing but fighting huh or like scene here from Super Robot where a piece of dialogue using the characters from the anime series Neon Genesis [Music] Evangelion we can see shinjikun yelling at the enemy that he has to save ayanami because she has no one but herself or put in other words she is all alone ayami ayanami is the girl's name IDU is to exist and then shikai means nothing exists but that so ayami shikai means that she's the only one that exists and because IDU is used for animate beings like people and animals we know that he is talking about the fact that she has no one else but herself as for ayanami ayami she's the only one that she has [Music] [Music] so much or like that another Super useful expression that you can use on almost a daily basis is Son and that means so much like that or kind of like to that extent if you were to say that you didn't think someone was so strong you could say I didn't think that you were so strong so the so in so strong is is where the sonani is it literally means like that so it could be so strong like that or like seen here in Initial D gez I don't know where you raised your skill so much like that but so sonani is like that or to that extent UD or aeru is to raise your ability or skill means to raise your skill that much for S demo but still and yet and even so soda demo is a conjunction that means even so but still and yet so it admits the first thing and then it continues with the second for example so the first thing I did not prepare for the test followed by S demo which says even so or even yet and yet goak I passed the test so you can see here that the first thing is accepted the reality that he didn't or she didn't study then the second part is kind of a unexpected result right even so I passed go and so it's often used with contradictions the thing after s demo often contradicts the thing that came before it usually You' need to prepare for a test to pass but in this case it worked out or like seen here in valkia Chronicles 4 so the first part of the sentence here is that they did not know what kind of cost this war would come as yet it was still the time of their youth so the first part is kind of the negative situation paying for the cost of War perhaps people die you lost villagers you lose the loved ones but then the second part is perhaps the counter so the in this case the more positive thing or at least a more neutral thing this was the time in their lives that was special as their youth even though s demo it was a time of war and sacrifice [Music] sod besides in addition also moreover next we have sod another conjunction that is put in the middle of one statement and another that means besides in addition or so in moreover so you can see that this is a piece of language that you add to a statement like for example this is very delicious moreover or in addition the price is also good so you're saying one thing and then in addition or even more the next thing s the next thing or if you were ordering food on I would like an onid and also a green tea please so you can see the first thing onid and in addition I would also like a green tea all like seen here in Naruto this time happening before the fight deada is preparing for his fight with gar and he says besides I've also brought along my favorite party trick so he's continuing on from the previous statement that his Jitsu is all craftsmanship and he's kind of saying that he's going to be okay he because his art is beautiful and and very precious but also in addition he's also brought a little party trick his favorite special [Music] attack this s introduced in the N for level there are two different uses for sld and they are very different the first is to express that you have heard a certain thing or that it is said that like for example if you heard that a coworker is quitting their job you could say or I heard that he will be quitting work or she will be quitting work maybe it's because that it is said that he is Rich so you could also use this expression again or what it's said that they're rich or I've heard that they are rich either way this use of sort is a way of relaying information that you have heard from some other source it can be used with verbs and with e adjectives all by themselves or if you're using it with nouns or n adjectives simply add du before s like in the previous example s I've heard that they're rich so if we have a look at this following example from Yoshi's craft world it is said that the sun has a mysterious power to make wishes come true Su fushi the mysterious power G it exists or they have it s it is said that so it's said that it has a mysterious power or like seen here in Resident Evil 3 I've heard that she needs help so perhaps she told him that she needs a hand or perhaps someone else told him that she needs a hand but whatever it is he's relaying that information now just keep this in mind and keep in mind the conjugation rules because the next use of sld is completely different in both the way that it's used with the rules and also its actual use and meaning this time for looks like appears like or seems like so this second use of sod is a little different where this time it's used to express that something looks like a certain way it seems a certain way or it appears a certain way now this is very different from the first example which was all about relaying heard information this time it's about actually describing how something looks and luckily you can actually tell them apart by the way that it's conjugated with the rest of the sentence and so you can always make sure that you can get this correct this time with verbs they must be in the stem form so not the full version like n to sleep but this time it needs to just be net the stem so n it looks like you're sleepy or it looks like you're going to sleep with e adjectives as well rather than the full adjective this time you need to remove the final e and add so so for example in our previous use Oso s would mean that you've heard that it's interesting but this time OS s this time without the final Eid osid this means that it looks funny or appears funny and now finally with na adjectives rather than having to add da afterwards like you needed to do for the previous use of Saw for something that you've heard this time don't add anything so if we now take a look at an example from the next game Final Fantasy 7 here Sid asks cloud and the Gang what their plans are and Sid decides to tag along and so here he says so exactly like our previous example osid saw it appears to be interesting so it's not oshido s it's mosid so it appears it looks like something is interesting so here Sid is saying that this whole thing about going after sephra and Shinra it looks like fun so he decides to join the group now you can also use sord in the negative form so that it does not appear to be a certain way to do this you put the previous piece of language into the negative followed by Nas for example furu it rains fur it doesn't rain fura it looks like it's not going to rain or like seen here from Cyber City again this time whenever you go to an ATM without any kind of reason you get this message on the bottom of the screen bet it doesn't appear like you have any use for this so it's a statement about how something appears and this time it doesn't appear to be that way it doesn't appear like you have a use y [Music] and S so how s is used at the end of a sentence to express something appearing to be a certain way whether through heard information or something you saw this next piece of grammar s or SAA is used to modify a verb or a noun to appear a certain way the conjugation rules are exactly the same as the previous grammar Point that's used for visual information not heard information so stem form verbs plus Soni or son and na adjectives without the na plus son or SAA and finally e adjectives with a final e removed plus s NE or SOA whether or not you use S NE or SOA would depend on The Following part of the sentence if the following part of the sentence that s or SAA is modifying is a verb or verb statement then you use Soni for example SC to be tired walking in a way that looks tired if the following part is a noun you usea for example a movie that looks interesting so osiro here is describing how the movie looks osir AER one thing to note though is that if the grammar is following a noun that is actually a part of a verb statement then you would use so because what you're actually modifying is the verb not the noun like in this example suar looking bored watching a movie so this sentence is not describing what the actual film looks like even though it's suasa because AA is actually connected to so this is actually a phrase it's kind of a verb phrase watching a movie so here you're actually modifying the verb not a noun even though it comes before a noun technically so like seen here in Pokémon let's go Pikachu as you come across a sleeping Snorlax blocking the path it says so we can see here that e means for good kimoi is to feel good being conjugated as yos s so to appear being doing something good or wellas sleeping so because it's a verb you can use S to describe how it looks it looks as if he's sleeping very comfortably so just remember that s is used for verbs and SAA is used for nouns for just finished or something just occurred next we have t bakar this piece of grammar is used to express when you have just finished a verb or a verb has just occurred and this can be used regardless of how much time has actually passed but it's rather more focused on how the speaker feels this grammar is very simply formed by simply putting a verb into the Casual past tense so into and then you just add Bak at the end soab Bak I just finished eating orak it has just begun or like seen here in disaster report here meaning to enter or join so means the teacher who just joined this year so as this expression can be used regardless of the amount of time that is actually passed but rather focusing on how the speaker feels like the action just happened like in this example just joined this year even though it isn't necessarily a recent event but it feels like a recent event to the speaker it can be expressed here with t bakadi [Music] just finished doing or was just doing so with this next expression t too this is used to express just finished doing something or was just doing something and this can be used when the action is very recent so unlike the previous example this cannot be used to talk about something that happened a long time ago this has to be used for an event that feels like it's very recent perhaps even present like seen here in this example I was just going to buy some food this event is incredibly recent perhaps even ongoing one thing to note about this expression is that it cannot modify a noun like T bakar can so our previous example of bakar no Sensei the teacher who just joined it cannot be replaced with toodo so like we see in this example from Bravely Default 2 it is often used at the end of a statement I was just having the privilege of consultation on those counter measures so this action that he is referring to is one that is very recent perhaps he even just left the room right now it's that recent so we can see here with San I had just finished having the privilege of Consulting about [Music] that toosi and josi transitive and intransitive verbs one huge thing that often stumps up Learners of Japanese is the concept of transitive and intransitive verbs as this may even be a foreign concept to you in your own native language however they are actually very simple especially once you have a look at the Japanese words for them tadori and jidi tadori here means transitive verbs and this means that the verb is done by a person and the focus of the action is on the person doing that action for example I begin that the focus is on me doing that verb me beginning it and josi or intransitive verbs are verbs that occur without any clear actor making them happen so the focus is on the action itself for example that began so I begin something what or that began and that is the difference between and or transitive and intransitive and if you actually take a close look at the Kani that's used in both of these Expressions t means other and dorsi means verb so it's a verb that is done by another a verb that is done by someone and G here means automatic andori verb so a verb that is done automatically without a clear Act of to making it happen being able to use transitive and intransitive verbs in Japanese is very important as this is how we express all kinds of actions like closing a door or a door being closed opening a window or a window being open and so on to use these verbs correctly all you need to remember is that for the verbs done by a person which is transitive verbs you can show what you're doing the verb to with the O particle so object or verb for example sh I closed the door and with intransitive verbs or verbs that are done without a clear person doing them you use G so shimata the door is closed or the door closed who by who cares intransitive verbs are only focused on the action or state not by who is doing them or who has done them so like scen here in Persona 4 when at school assembly and the teacher in the front says that she will now begin in assembly she says I will begin the assembly from here so hajimu is the transitive verb so it's an action done by someone so she's the one beginning something what is she beginning we can see it here with the or particle zenai I will begin the school assembly or like in this example for intransitive [Music] normal classes start from Tomorrow who starts them no one it's not clear the sentence is just talking about the action and not who's doing them so we can see how intransitive verbs Express this and so just keep that in mind whenever you come across these transitive and intransitive verbs a transitive verb is showing a person doing that verb and an intransitive verb is showing it happen automatically toi and jidi [Music] wants to do in the third person this next piece of grammar is actually related to gadu expressing that someone appears like they are doing a certain adjective like for example kaai to be scary KAG to show signs of being scared it turns adjectives into verbs but this time tagaru actually comes from the tii form to want to do something so tab Tha want to eat ik Tha want to go but this time this expression is used to describe what someone else wants to do as you cannot speak for the mind of someone else as you cannot ever really truly know what goes on inside someone else's mind so we can speak for what they appear to want which is why when we're speaking of what others want we use gadu the Expression used for how things appear so if your friend looks like they want to go to the party you might say say they appear like they want to go to the party you can use this formula whole range of forms present past continuous to talk about how someone else appears wanting to do something like scen here from Breath of Fire 3 you want to eat anything or everything huh T so here because he's talking about someone else's wants he uses kui tagu kui means to eat as the vulgar way of saying say it Tha want to eat tagaru for someone else to appear to want to eat so just remember that generally the Tai form is used to talk about yourself right you want something but then tagaru is used to express someone else's wants right and it's the connection between this G form where someone appears to be a certain way and the Thai form someone wants something T if when and after Tada is our next conditional form like ba it can be used to express if something were to happen and then another thing is set to occur as a kind of rule or general knowledge outcome however we're bar is only focused on hypothetical situations and it cannot be used to express your will intention or suggestion or an outcome that you know will happen or not Tata here can be used much more Loosely with almost any situation to express if when or even after doing something in fact in the Kanai region of Japan Tata is used much more commonly than bar in most situations in the Kanai dialect Kanai Ben Tata is used quite a lot and when you look up in the dictionary H Jun which is the Tokyo standard way of speaking you see Tata and ba as the hypotheticals but in Kai Ben you only see Tata so to form the title form what you need to do is you just get a verb noun or adjective in the past form and then you just add ra after the top so so like here in Final Fantasy 10 Yuna is wondering if or when she would hypothetically stop traveling what would she do if I were to quit traveling I wonder what I'd do so here you can see it's a hypothetical situation that is actually talking about her will what is it that she will do so you would not use B in this situation but you can use T or like seen here from Smash Brothers when the enemy's damage has built up D blow them away with a smash attack smash so you can see how T can be used for if when or even after and due to the very relaxed nature of T's grammatical rules if you ever get stuck not knowing which conditional form to use in Japanese I recommend using tter as it's used much more wider and can apply to a lot of different situations without being wrong it's a very easy conditional form to use for T why don't you we now have a few pieces of grammar which utilize the T form the first is tor and it is a piece of grammar used to express giving someone advice kind of like a how about you or why don't you for example if you haven't already how about subscribing to game and consider supporting the channel through patreon as it really helps out the channel so I could say how about subscribing to the channel the one thing to keep in mind with this grammar point that differs from just T in its conjugation is that this phrase can only be used with verbs to suggest or give advice for someone to do that verb like seen here in Metal Gear Solid one how about trying to ask Dr Naomi or for details how about trying to ask Campbell so it's funny that both of these examples I managed to find from M they all talked about asking someone how about asking someone but you can use this with a wide variety of different verbs to say how about you do something giving someone some advice on perhaps they should try doing it why don't you do this verb tor [Music] Tesa what should I do this next piece of grammar using Tada is Tesa and this is used when the speaker is seeking instructions from The Listener it's like asking what should I do and it's used with verbs in the tter form for example maybe you don't know what to eat at the restaurant and you would like to ask for advice or instructions on what to eat you could say literally it would be broken down as what is good if I ate it or more naturally what should I eat or like scen here from Final Fantasy 7 from this incredibly impactful and iconic scene after the death of a very important character to the party Cloud wonders to himself what should we do what should we do with this pain so two use of T in the same sentence here showing the state of complete loss where he doesn't know what to do at all and is asking for help for anything and everything or like seen here in Fire Emblem 3 [Music] houses in that case for whose sake for what's sake should I go on living we can see that you can actually use the expression with the bath form as well as it is a purely hypothetical situation because you're asking about a potential future action so here showing a little bit of the connection between Tata and B how sometimes they can be used in similar situations but Tata can be used in any situation te de the conjunctive particle both te and de can be used as a conjunctive particle that can be used to connect parts of the sentence together for example that classroom's door is old and difficult to open so fur here is put into the te form and then it's connected to difficult to openi to use this piece of grammar you need to put the verb noun or adjective into its te conjugation so simply the te form of verbs add DE to nouns or na adjectives and simply replace the last e and e adjectives to so it can be used to connect the sentence like the use of and like seen here in B it's soft and fluffy it gets perfect points for sleeping comfort so you can see that she is saying one thing and then she is continuing on so she's saying it is soft y it is Fluffy fuk and then she says it gets perfect points for sleeping Comfort or like here in Fate Stay Night it can also just be used all by itself here the definition is a little bit more like so or and so like seen here with just so or and so in that occasion are you my master and so this de can just be used by itself to kind of get to the point of something so [Music] to do for to do a favor te agu is used to express doing something for someone so kind of like doing someone a favor by doing the verb that's attached to agu generally speaking the recipient of the favor is indicated by the knee particle although not always in spoken Japanese agu actually means to give something and it's used when someone gives something to someone but not to yourself so very simply a I will buy it for you a i will make it for you or like here she taught him Japanese or literally she did him a favor and taught Japanese to him or like seen here in breath fire 4 so Nina is saying that she will lend this sword to Ru for him so in a way she's kind of doing him favor by letting him use her sword for a little while Kash here is the verb to lend in the te form followed by AAS to do for someone so is to do the verb for someone but not for [Music] yourself [Music] fori I want you to or I need you to to express in Japanese that you want someone to do something you do this by putting the verb in the te form followed by hosi to express wanting someone to do something so for examplei I want you to teach me or like from death's stranding the truth is I wanted you to go so here we can see IU the verb for to go in the te form followed by the past form of hosi so turning want you to do into wanted you to do you can also use this with the negative form of verbs like I want you to not forget all you need to do is put the verb into the knif form followed by De hosi rather than te hosi so just remember if you want to say that you want someone to do a verb for you you put that verb in the te form followed byi to start to continue or to go on this next use of te is from Final Fantasy 7 remake and here we see te being used to express to go on and do something for example from here on it will go on to become more and more hot it will continue to become hot soar to become hot and then to go on becoming hot so it shows this action of continuing to happen into the future or like in the game's example here means to hold means to hold and go or in other words to take or carry away so here in this sentence aith says that the woman said to her that she wanted a lot so I guess let's take a little bit more so you can see that it's this action of doing something and then continuing on going on to do it to go on to come hot or what they call to hold and go on means to take [Music] something was doing something next we have ta and this is used to express the past continuous or in other words that you were doing something so you may have already have learned T which means the continuous form of doing something but now it's the past form of that so ta for example shaiu to worry if you wanted to say that you were worrying for example in the past you would say sh this is different from sh simply just a past form of worry worried this time it's the past continuous you were worried or like scen here from Ghost Trick what was awaiting me when I returned back to the guard room was this next Call of Fate so Machi ukeru to await and then ma had been waiting the past continuous form [Music] could you please the next expression here is a common way to politely ask someone if they could please do something simply put the verb you are requesting into the te form and then follow with to politely request like in this example could you please take this photo for me or if you were to break it down literally would I not be able to receive you taking this photo for me or like seen here in Bravely Default 2 a game with lots of polite speech and it often deals with Lords ladies kings and queens the Prime Minister Orton says glor could you please hand me the wind Crystal princess Gloria or literally would I not be able to receive you giving me the wind Crystal princess Gloria so here it shows that he wants this wind Crystal and he wants her to give it to him and he's being very polite in asking and so he [Music] [Music] says to do a favor or do something for someone if you are wanting to speak in a more neutral and less over polite way and ask someone to do something for you then you could use teu this functions exactly the same as the previous tea but it's more casual and less polite and formal tea or te masena means the same thing it's just more casual however if you were just to use te on its own it means someone do something for you like seen here in the trailer for near replicant it's a strange town that would accept me as I am so here UK means to take someone in to accept someone teu means that they did it for her so it's like them doing her a favor this teu is often taught alongside te agu as te agu expresses doing someone a favor or doing something for someone as it's from you to them but teu is to accept accept someone doing something for you or those in your inner circle so it's from them to you aidu is for giving and kedu is for having people give to you so here in this example she says that they did this action for her right they accepted her for her it's kind of like almost a favor they doing something they took her in they didn't have to but they did it for her they took her in [Music] [Laughter] teu to do and come back this time an expression often taught alongside teiku to go and do something teu is used to come and do something the difference between teu to go and do do something and Teo to come to do something is often quite similar to the differences between come and go both can mean to continue or to begin something but quite like come and go one is moving away from you IU and the other is moving towards you kudu teu is used after a verb to express a continued change in state usually for something that moves toward the speaker although not necessarily a physical movement for example I've come to be hungry so that feeling of hungry has approached you it's become closer and closer to the point that you are now hungry right see how it's coming toward you or like I've come to be able to see something for example you couldn't see it and then slowly you've been able to come to see something right so it's become toward you or like here in near automata [Music] those living in this Village are nothing but those who are pacifists who have come to escape from Battle so you can see that gradually they have come to flee from Battle perhaps they put up with it for a while but then eventually they've come to the point where they've fleed from Battle or like here in [Music] Zelda Link suddenly feels a power surge inside him so here it's expressed with so Waki means to Surge means it's come to Surge so you see that the power didn't exist he touched this and then it came closer to him it grew and grew and grew and he began surging he started to Surge so why teu to try doing T midu is another useful piece of grammar you can use with the te form to express trying to do something simply put the verb in the te form and then follow it by to mean to try to do that action like to try to eat something or to try and go somewhere or like here in Metal Gear Solid 3 I want to try and attempt to do it so TAMU is to attempt something Tes is to try and attempt it or like here in Conan [Music] all right I guess I'll try writing it out Kaku here meaning to write something out and so kakh is to try and write something out so next time you want to try doing something in Japanese try using t next we have te moral and this is actually the third of the giving and receiving phrases we learn at the N4 level aeru is to give to others not used when you are the receiver kureru is now used when someone gives something to you or your inside group like family and friends and now finally moral and this is the verb to receive and this can be used from anyone to anyone it just means receive understand understanding this is important in helping you grasp how these te grammar points are used where here with te morale this is now showing that you are receiving someone do something for you so they did it for you who you receive it from is indicated with the knee particle so if you asked someone that you want to receive their Japanese teaching you could say I would like to receive your teaching of Japanese or more naturally I'd like to have you teach me Japanese or like see here in Diamond minina this means that I will have you receive leaving it to me pretty much just leave it to us or like seen here in Luna or I want to receive you buying in advance this dragon's diamond from us so here the action that he is receiving is her buying the item so we have K moral so koku means to buy in advance so K moral means to receive her buying it from him in advance or even like here in Zero Escape this may be sudden but I will have you play a game for me so in these examples you can see who you are receiving the action from with the knee particle so from on makina we can see watashii Ni so you're receiving it from him he's going to be taking care of it for you so you're receiving that help from him and in the last one it's kimachi ni which means I'm going to receive you do this game for me right so kimyou KNE that means the speaker is going to receive it from those people kimachi to do something in advance te oku is how we express doing something in advance in Japanese perhaps you need to study in advance for a test that would be Boku commonly abbreviated to Ben to where the te and the oku sound merge together forming toku so like he from Legend of Dron May well it's fine however I will just say this one thing in advance so here means to say something in advance so perhaps he has some kind of wisdom or warning that he will give us to help in the future or like seen here from root film [Music] [Music] so here you can see two examples of te oku be used did you spot them both of the two examples here use toku the abbreviation to express doing something in advance the first is y Stu to prepare something in advance so Y is to prepare to do something advance and then the next one is to do something in advance so to do teshima to do something by accident or to finish completely teshima is an incredibly common and useful piece of grammar that's used to express doing something either by accident or completely finishing something it's often used to express regret or to do an unfavorable or regrettable action like seen here in police NS my wife and friends my work 30 years ago I came to leave anything and everything behind so here this could be either expressing regret about his past actions or to show a level of finality to it all like he ended up doing something so he completely left it all to the point of never being able to return so this sentence is kind of like I ended up leaving it all behind 30 years ago Tes shimal can actually be used as just cha or Jo depending on whether the te form has a te or de sound and this is a more casual way of speaking like for example if you were to say that you accidentally fell asleep you could say ahata oops I fell as sleep and in fact the term shimata to say darn it oops or Crap shimata this comes from this shimal verb to do something by accident or to do something [Music] completely I'm sorry for this time we have an expression used to show that you are sorry for doing a certain action so all you have to do is simply put any verb in the te form then follow it by sui maren and it will Express to The Listener that you're sorry for doing that action perhaps you're late for a date you could say or I'm sorry for being late or perhaps like here in snatcher and you happen to be a robot you could apologize for not being able to help Gillian I'm sorry that I'm not able to help so yaku means to be of help Yak to not be able to be of help suen I'm sorry for next we have te Yu this is a piece of grammar that is actually the casual form of teu to give to someone or to do for someone but this is more casual and mostly used in spoken Japanese in casual situations depending on the context it can be a more casual way of saying te auru like here in aium it can't be helped I'll give you some support so here sa means support would be the polite way to say I'll give you support but here he says sa Yu so he's speaking casually Yu can also be a much more rougher way of speaking to your inferiors like this expression K I will kill you it would sound a bit weird to be translated like I will kill you for you right and that's because this use is a little bit more like just do rather than do for like seen here in Dragon Ball fighter Z [Music] you bastard I will send you to hell so to hell I will send you so teu can both be the Casual form of teagu or it can be a quite rough and emotional way of saying that you're going to do something [Music] teata I'm glad that this next piece of grammar that you put with the te form is TE yokata and this is used when you are wanting to express that you're glad that some action was done for example if a romantic interest of yours said to you then good news sounds like they're very glad that they met you this means I'm glad that I met you oh to meet I'm glad that we've met or or like here in bami 3 it was cutting it quite close but I'm glad that you made it in time for the new school term so here man means to make it in time Mani yata means I'm glad that you made it in time so this yokata actually comes from yoi meaning good so it's the past form of good so I'm glad it was good that whatever verb is connected T too in the process of doing and the final piece of grammar that we have at the end for which uses this te form is T toor and this is used to express being in the process of doing something this can be used to express doing an action right at this present moment or something that you're doing right now in general like for example this means that you are right now studying you are currently studying and if you were to break it apart literally toodo means place or scene so it's like the scene of doing that verb there's this image of you doing that action right now I'm in the place of doing this thing and this is just like the previous use of too that we saw which was T toor that really gives this feeling of something happening very recently or right now here T toodo is right now because T is the continuous form so like here in Final Fantasy 7 Crisis Core I have never seen you using that sword or literally I've never seen you in the process of using that sword I haven't seen the scene of you using that sword so is for use and then too is presently using temo and demo even even if or even though this next piece of grammar is very useful to express even even though or even if in Japanese quite like all of the other examples that we've seen you need a verb or adjective or noun in its te form and then you simply add more afterwards to mean even if so like yaso even if it's cheap I will not buy it or even if I eat I am hungry or for example like with nouns even if it's a child it's a thing that you can do or like here in this example from Chrono Trigger however even if you are a woman or even if you are a man those who are strong are beautiful right so this is a very useful piece of language to show that even if you do something or even if you are something whenever a happens B also happen to here is used between two statements to show an incredibly strong connection between the two in fact it's so strong that whenever the first thing is the case the second thing will occur like for [Music] example if you eat pizza every day you will get fat this shows a strong correlation between the two events May Pizza eating pizza every day andas getting fat simply by putting top in between these two it connects them with this strong connection it's often translated as whenever a happens B also happens like seen here in mother 2 the an police are famous for blocking the roads as soon as something goes wrong so here the translation is not quite as clear but the first statement K as for the police Whenever there is something they will immediately close off the roads so here the connection is seen with as soon as the first thing happens so two will the second and that is how you use this use of talk this is quite often used to express General truths or facts about something like if you eat something every single day the general truth or fact is you will get fat [Music] you could say one might say or I'd say this next expression is used to express that someone might say something you could say something I might say something the literal translation is even if you said that it would be okay so using the temo form that we saw previously even if and then it's followed by E which means okay or good this this is a set phrase however so you cannot change it around used like in the following example from Persona 5 where Morana says one could say it's a world in which one's distorted desires have materialized so here he is giving a suggestion for how one might describe the place that you are in so he's been asked what kind of place it is and he's saying you could say it's this kind of place so following the exact words that might be said or you could say you then follow that with to the quoting particle then it's okay to say it to mean that you could say one might say or I'd say this expression can be used with kanji or without so keep your eyes out for either form toy you called named toy you is a piece of grammar that has a wide range of different uses with different meanings in each context for the N4 level the focus is on learning the most fundamental function which is to show what something is called what someone said or or what something is named like for example the country called Japan nion toi so here we can see what is being given the details comes after toyu and what it's called comes before toyu Kuni here for country nion is exactly what it's called so the thing that it's called comes first nion toyu Kuni so in a similar way M the person called Matt or the person named Matt or like G the channel called game ganger or the channel named game ganger or like seen here in Animal Crossing me and a person called shiz will give you support So Boku means me to is and so B sh to the person called or the person named Shizu Kata here is a formal polite way of referring to this person so this person called shisu sh to now the to in toou because it's the quoting particle it can be contracted to te like seen in this example from near [Music] reincarnation is this the place called the cage and so to can often be contracted to te to be used more casually the reason for this is because both to and te are the quoting particles just different levels of formality and so in any grammar point that has T being used as a quoting particle it's very common that it can also be used or seen as tear to make it more [Music] [Music] [Applause] [Music] casual it is said that next in Japanese if you want to say that something is said in a kind of passive sense like for example it is said that Japanese are hard workers you could say here means diligent or hardworking and then directly following the thing that is said with the taught particle the quoting particle and then the passive continuous form of saying to say you so it is said that whatever comes before the Tor particle so like seen here in Dragon Quest [Music] 11 it has come to be said that when you turn 16 climb the boulder of the Gods and say a prayer to the deceased spirits of the land so here we can see that the thing that's being said by others in the passive sense comes immediately before the T quoting particle or like you see in this example it's casual version te and this expression is often used to talk about common expressions Common things that people say like wise sayings or common things that people know or it is said that it is this way so for example it is said that this year's Olympics will be likely to be cancelled due to the Corona virus you could say k [Music] I heard now if you were wanting to quote something that you had heard you could do that by simply following the exact quote of what you heard with toita for example if you heard that a game was really interesting you could say so you are quoting that this game is interesting mhid with toita I heard that or like seen here in Breath of Fire 4 I had heard that there is a dragon in this desert but here to is performing the same function as T would for this grammar point so what they heard is there is a dragon in this desert followed by toita or here I had heard [Music] [Music] that to to think to express exactly what you think you can do quite like the previous two examples and simply follow what you think with the quoting particle to followed by or more the verb to think to say that you think something perhaps you are thinking of studying abroad in Japan you could say I am thinking of studying abroad or like here from Kingdom Hearts 3 [Music] I thought that maybe there is still darkness in me or like this other example from Kingdom Hearts 3 I thought that if I asked Hercules I might understand a way to restore my power so I came here so here in both of these examples the exact thing that he is quoting he thought is shown just before the top particle or the T particle so like in this example here I might understand a way to restore my power I thought to to among other things such as or like Toka is usually used to list multiple examples though it can be used only once with one example and this will imply that you could say more examples but you're only saying one this means among other things such as or like so I might say I like games such as Final Fantasy and near Auto Ma so you can see how these are not the only games that I like but games such as these are what I do like they're examples and there is the implication with TOA that I like more as well that is how you use Toka like seen here in Persona 5 so here the speaker is trying to guess what that place was that they just went to and so he lists a whole bunch of possible theories things so here he's like things like a castle kamos things like kamos things like that strange cat so you can see here that toa's function is to list of multiple different examples of whatever it is you're talking about whether it be things you like or things you want to understand it's a really useful piece of grammar where to is very definitive it's this and this but TOA is like this and then the potential of other things things like this [Music] too just about to or on the verge of doing something toodo to mean just about to or to be on the verge of doing something is used with verbs in the Casual nonpast form so I'm just about to go out or sh I was just about to believe it or like seen here in Zeno too so here he says that he was about to want to say why does he have that kind of power but then he realized that he should have paid more caution to the color of his pupils so perhaps the color yellow of his eyes implies some sort of mysterious power that he is referring to but the key thing here is e tooro I almost wanted to say or I was just on the verge of wanting to say so again we see another example of this toor really putting emphasis on this present moment this thing happening right now but in this way with the Casual non-past form of verbs it means that you're about to do the thing you're just on the verge of doing it [Music] [Music] to continue to for many long years and months I have continue to wait here the character says Mach and this means to have continued to wait so to do this with other verbs first you need to put the verb into the mus stem so you put it into the mus form hashid mus to run and then hasid get rid of the mus so that's now the stem form and then hashid to to continue to run or perhaps you intend to continue to study Japanese you could sayi I intend to continue to study Japanese from here on so just like hajimu and Oru this again you put the verb in the stem form withu to say to continue to do that [Music] [Music] verb named or called as I previously mentioned here finally is TE the Casual quoting particle so whenever you see this tear just know that it functions exactly the same as the top quoting particle it's just the Casual form so like here in this adorable upcoming game so here the cat here is speaking with a little girl saying that hey I've been saying hello to you every single day because she only just recently uh gained the power to be able to hear the cat's voice often you'll see the exact words that are being quoted here in Brackets like here you can see Ohio is exactly what the cat said that he said every day other times you need to just read within the context of the sentence what is being quoted exactly another great example here from suid again is when she goes to enter the shrine and she says said whenever you enter a shrine always make sure to wash your hands so this time what she is quoting is everything before the te particle here so Ginger so here you can actually see the words that her grandma said wash your hands every time that you enter the shrine that's that's what grandma [Music] [Music] said the p passive form and now finally onto the passive form in Japanese we learned a similar form the potential form previously however please take very special care not to confuse the two the potential form while at times may share similarities in the way certain words are conjugated they are not the same and often follow very different conjugation rules and very different meanings so please be careful so we've talked about how passive language is used in Japanese and here we now have the verb form that turns all verbs into passive verbs this means the focus is on the action itself rather than who is doing the action this makes it at times feel distant polite or maybe even a little bit cold and unconnected emotionally to the situation to form the passive form we change the ru in r verbs to which is the same as the potential form but this time you cannot drop the RA in Ru that is locked on for Passive next for U verbs unlike the potential form for the passive form you must put the verb in the negative form and then remove the n and replace it with Ru so C to buy would be Ka n get rid of the N Kawa Ka or EU to say would be n get rid of the N just like how we saw previously in to that is the passive form sudu this time has its own form for Passive speech and this is s and Kuru has the same as its potential formu so let's take a look at some examples first from metal gear solid four mercenary units hired for money and manufactured unmanned weapons are repeating an endless war so here we have two examples of passive verbs in one sentence the first is y to employ or hire here seen as yat be employed and then we have skuru here for manufacturer seen asur so we can see see in both cases the verb ends in Ana sound Y and and so here the person who's doing this action is not clear who is hiring The Mercenaries who is manufacturing we don't know that's because it's said in the passive form or like seen here from Animal Crossing here we have Shizu the kind of Secretary of Animal Crossing saying that day a visitor has come to stay at the campsite and the passive form of Kudo to come has been used this is both the passive form but it's also a use of kago here to show respect to the customers as previously mentioned speaking indirectly can be a way of speaking kind of respectfully towards someone we can also tell that she's speaking in this form because she uses the O in front of K and that is also honorific speech another example of this polite use of the passive form is here from [Music] langa here the literal translation would be something like Father what is being said which is clearly strange if you look at it just as the passive use but when you consider that it can also be used as a form of respectful K or speech you can see that he is clearly using that in this situation as he's not only talking to his father but also a king and so being respectful and not speaking so direct of his actions is something that it calls for for this situation so just remember the passive form is different from the potential form even if it shares the same conjugations for r verbs and also that the passive form is used to show that an action is happening kind of indirectly without directly stating that action it's being done and this can actually be used in KGO and polite speech as well because speaking indirectly can also be polite fore foreign fore a but B this next piece of grammar is very commonly used to express a comparison between two things often taught in textbooks with this kind of textbook example I can write but I cannot write Kan so here we have a sentence with two w particles and a gar particle in between the two statements this is a clear sign that the sentence is comparing the two together because the W particle has this function of comparison here speaking of one's writing skills that you can do one but not the other something [Music] something okay I understand your feelings but there isn't any leeway for mourning so here the first fact is accepted so his feelings are understood however and now we have the other side that is the thing that he cannot accept or allow there is no time for mourning so just like I can write a but I can't write B here is I can understand your feelings but the next thing we don't have time [Music] [Music] for easy to likely to or prone to next we have how to say that a verb is easy to do kind of like the opposite of Nik but it can also be used to express that someone is likely to do something or they even have a tendency to do something to form this it's exactly the same as niku just put the verb in the mus form then drop the mus so t t Yu easy to eat Kik to listen easy to listen to or like here in Pokemon Dungeon I knew it I thought it would be an easy place to live for Mugo here we have sumu to live made into suu to express somewhere being easy to live perhaps it's due to its great location or its Comforts regardless this is how you show that something is easy to do so tasu [Music] at last finally and at last we now have the adverb used to express well at last or finally barely or narrowly and it's used before the thing that you finally are able to do or can even be used just by itself like yat so like here from sueran 2 after just barely saving you in the nick of time time your savior says we finally caught up so this shows that he's been trying to oer for some time now he's been trying to catch up and only now was he finally able to catch up as I just mentioned it can also be used by itself to Simply mean finally or at last like seen here in the final suen game ever made for the PSP [Music] Yodi than rather than or more than Yodi here generally has two different uses in Japanese the first is to say rather than a b or B is more something than a like here more than English Japanese is difficult or more naturally put Japanese is more difficult than English or it can be put in front of adjectives by themselves to Simply mean more of that adjective without needing another thing to compare against like Yi sakin or Tha I would like to make a better product so here it's not clear what it's better than perhaps it's just better than it was previously in this use it doesn't matter matter as it can just be used by itself in front of the adjective here e for good Yi e meaning better or like scen here in Witcher three that child appears to like practical more than Theory more than Theory she likes practical jeni so it can be used both as a comparison between two things or you you can just make an adjective more like Yi e even better plan to or intend to next we have a nice and easy piece of grammar that is used to show that you plan or intend to do something to use this simply put it after the dictionary form of verbs or nouns with the nor particle in between so for example like I plan to go to Ora or my plan to travel is around 2 weeks or like seen here in Metal Gear Solid well it was planned however to be supplied to foxhound so here oton is talking about the invisibility cloaks which were planned to be supplied to foxhound but they never were so as we can see Y in all of these examples talk about your plans whether it's a verb plan or it's a plan that uses a noun for example a plan for about two weeks [Music] y appears seems or looks as if so we've already learned a few Expressions already at the N4 level that expresses how someone seems appears or looks like and now we have Yoda this differs from the others in that Yoda is based upon your own reasoning or Judgment of some information it appears a certain way perhaps because you've thought about it and that makes sense rather than something you've heard or saw this reasoning and judgment can still be based on information that you see but it needs to be this firsthand information so like here KO joah she doesn't appear happy this might be because you see her facial expression or maybe it's because of a Vibe she's giving off maybe you sense something from her regardless Yoda is used us here because the speaker has used some of his or her own reasoning or judgment and then came to this conclusion about this person's apparent State you can use it with verbs in the Casual form it looks like it has begun Haim y nouns with the nor particle so y e adjectives by themselves like tanos y or na adjectives with the na like nyaka so like in our first example here from 13 Sentinels it appears like you aren't injured anywhere right so here the boy is likely making this judgment based on the fact that she doesn't seem to be in apparent pain or perhaps he can't see any injury regardless this is his judgment or reasoning that she appears to not be in pain or like here from the video game that once spurred the classic meme oh your base are belong to us what happened someone set up us the bomb or in Japanese it appears an explosive was set by someone so we have here shikake the passive form of shikaku to set a trap or to plant an explosion and then it's followed by your death it appears to be the case now as I mentioned with MAA this is the same as maida however MAA is a little bit more casual than Y and so you are more likely to see Y in written speech or formal situations and you're more likely to use MAA in spoken situations your KNE or your n like as and similar to next just like how s can be used to modify nouns and verbs with S and S so too can y be used to modify them with Y and Yi the same rules apply to your where this is used to express someone's reasoning and judgment as to why something appears to be a c certain way like here from Metal Gear Solid 5 where you finally rescue the tortured Miller back from the enemy and here with his Phantom limbs he explains that so his Phantom limbs throb like they are still here M koni aru here the verb that your KNE is actually attached to has come earlier in the sentence uku to throb or ache as we've seen previously sometimes for artistic or dramatic effect word placement can actually be moved around and that's what's being happened here so he says that pain forever throbs mother koni arui like it's still here or like scen here in Triangle strategy [Music] precisely in times like this we must stay holding on so here meaning times like this referring to the very difficult situation they face being chased out of their own land by the enemy and finally like here in this example from Valkyrie [Music] Profile save him what exactly does saving him indicate so here in this example of yo we can see Don what kind of thing so in all of these examples just like we saw with SAA and S we can see that the KN goes with verbs and the na goes with nouns like we have here yuku it throbs like that y toi a time like that y c a thing like [Music] that Yu to reach the point that or to come to be that the next piece of grammar here Yu is used to express reaching the point that or coming to be that so for example if you study Japanese a lot you will study to the point that you can now speak Japanese we can use this expression with verbs in the dictionary form so like I just said or in the N form so if we have a look at the example here in Star Ocean [Music] we have come to call the crashed meteorite the magical stone the sorcery Globe so here it expresses a period of time passing to now Reach This stage where they now call the stone a certain way so they've come able to call this Stone the sorcery globe or like seen here from Animal Crossing when looking at the review of my lovely Island I find this note written the charts happened because my older brother moved there so I've come to hang out there but it's really a wonderful place so Kuru to reach the point of coming and so this usually indicates some sort of maybe struggle or journey to get to a certain point whether it's get to a certain point of being able to speak Japanese or here get to the point of being able to come over and just hang out [Music] [Music] Yi sudu to try to or to make sure that y sudu this time is used to express that you try to make something a certain way or that you make something a certain way you use it also with verbs in the dictionary form or the N form like this example I am making sure that I study Japanese every day or I am trying to study Japanese every day or like here in BioShock Infinite if it were me I would make sure to not talk about that kind of thing so here's showing that in this this world there is a very strict regulation on what you can and cannot say and he is trying to not let his true thoughts out in public shaiu means that you are going to make an active effort so that you don't do that verb here is hanas to talk [Music] thinking of doing or planning to next up is y and this time it's a different yo than what we've just been looking at this Y is actually the Y from the volitional form so let's study like Beno sh so if we wanted to say I'm thinking of doing something or I'm planning of doing something like for example study we can say I'm thinking or planning to study Japanese and so this is how we express thinking of doing or planning to do something in Japanese we put a verb into the volitional form followed by to or more because the volitional form can show this intention so it's like I'm thinking of intending on doing this right I'm planning on doing this or like seen here in Zeno I'm thinking of just remodeling this land crab for a bit so here showing his intentions of doing the action he hasn't yet done this kaiso this remodeling of the land crab but it shows that it's his thought his plans he's thinking of doing this and so that's why he said I'm thinking of doing it zi by all means certainly zi is quite a useful little adverb here that means by all means certainly or definitely and it's used generally to recommend or urge someone else on to take a certain action it's often seen as kind of like an invitation for example an invitation for someone to come to your house or your shop like by all means next time please come to my house or for example if they wanted to entice you to try some of their Delicacies they might say or like seen here in Final Fantasy 8 being recommended to go check out the dummy of the president if you haven't already and so here please by all means come take a [Music] look so zenen n not at all this next piece of grammar is one that often gets poorly explained in textbooks and in schools zenzen n is used to express not at all like for example not at all being able to speak Japanese Zen so in the classroom you may be taught that this means not at all I even just said it and it certainly fits a lot of the time but instead if you think of it as meaning totally then you'll see how it can be used beyond what you were taught in the textbooks generally you're taught that you can only use it with negative verbs in in fact I've even seen it written in the textbook in Brackets saying only with negative verbs like seen here in Naruto it hasn't changed at all great a perfectly fine translation but in actual fact zen zen has slowly become more commonly used with positive verbs as well and while this may get you marked incorrectly on a test again this is one part of how language is ever changing and evolving and zen zen has definitely become completely normal to use with positive verbs even if it's wrong according to the grammar textbooks like scen used here in Initial D [Music] [Applause] [Music] zen zen wholly entirely completely and totally zen zen chigal completely different but wait where is the negative verb what's going on in fact zen zen is very commonly used with positive verbs especially in spoken Japanese and this is where thinking of it meaning totally is a kind of One-Stop answer to both situations if we go back in time now and look at the Naruto Example The Village hasn't changed at all this same sentence you could also say it totally hasn't changed and it would pass as being the exact same meaning so now with this use of the positive zen zen like Zen zenu it's totally all right or zen zen K it's totally cute or Zen zenu I'm totally sleepy or even negatives zen zen Shai I totally don't know we can see that in all of these uses of zen zen it's always this extreme case it's the extreme case of something not changing zenzen katai it's the extreme case of something being cute zenzen Kawai so while your Japanese teacher at University or school May teach you that this is incorrect Japanese the matter of the fact is that it is used and it has been commonly used in Japan for decades and it will likely be continue to be normalized as more and more young people continue to use it more and more and so while yes it can be translated as not at all I personally like to look at it as totally because we can use that for both positive and negative situations and it properly expresses the extreme nature of zen zen difficult to do and now ladies and gentlemen congratulations we have now finally reached the final grammar point for this video and you have now learned every single piece of grammar for the jlpt and4 level in one single video here to finish it all off we have zai difficult to do but wait haven't we already learned how to say this with nikui yes but if you remember I mentioned that there was a second way to express a verb being difficult to do and here it is zudi the difference between the two can again be seen when you look at the Kani of these two pieces of grammar Niki comes from Nashi to be difficult or complicated to do like the actual process is challenging in itself but comes from something that is painful or difficult emotionally or physically and here is exactly what the difference is so to use it you simply put a verb in the stem form followed by zi and it will mean that the verb emotionally or physically puts a burden on you so it's difficult to do so means that something is difficult to say in its process but means that it actually pains you to say something or like here in the Pokedex for the hilarious looking fish arctovish sh it catches its prey by freezing its surroundings but its mouth is on the top of its head making it very difficult to eat so this incredibly unfortunate fish has a mouth on the top of its head and so eating is a painful thing to do and so here zerai is used to show the distress that the poor fish has to go through just to eat food with a mouth on top of its head and that's it congratulations everyone you have now completed the JL ptn for grammar I hope my explanations weren't w said I and that was a big big video so congratulations everyone all Scot summer thank you very much for watching I hope that you found this video helpful uh this was a really really big project for me um you may have noticed it's been over a month since I last released a video I have not been slacking off I have been working something like 10 to 12 hour days every single freaking day this whole month and I've only just barely managed to get this video out so it's been an absolute monster so I hope you guys have managed to enjoy this video and hopefully you enjoyed the N5 video as well I really like this kind of video I love how it's kind of a complete contained video this is absolutely every single piece of grammar that you need to learn for the N4 all right here in an easily accessible format that's quite enjoyable uh you know watch as it you know progresses through all of these different video games throughout history as you get all this review through grammar and you can pick up some vocabulary on the way I really like it hopefully this size of this video isn't too much I wanted it to be more like the N5 video and that was my plan I thought it was only going to take about 2 weeks the N5 took about 2 weeks and that was crazy work this time it's more like a month plus um and the size also seems to to be about twice the size of the N5 so the N4 has definitely been a a real challenge to make so I hope you guys enjoy please consider supporting the channel through patreon I really do appreciate it it definitely helps keep the channel going and you know continue making these types of videos so from now on I'm going to be moving into the vocabulary series I'm now going to be going back to work fulltime uh so my vocabulary series are much more easier to make than this ridiculous video that takes me a whole month to make so I will be looking at trying to release a vocabulary episode once every one to two weeks as as often as I can uh that's pretty much all I'll be working on until the summer holiday I'll just keep on making a vocabulary Series so I hope you guys look forward to that sorry everyone for keeping you waiting for episode three for the vocabulary series it's just that I really wanted to get this project done cuz it's a real big one and uh I think this is going to be a really good way to start off the year start off the semester with just this absolutely of a video and I was actually just thinking while making this video that I went to University for 4 years and the level that my University prepared me after three years of study three whole freaking years I still didn't even get halfway through the N4 okay you guys right now having watched this video have gotten more out of it that I did from going to University so I don't know if everyone else's University experience has been the same as that but for me it's definitely not that great the whole university thing when I went to Japan it was amazing but University in Australia uh was really slow really slow pacing so hopefully I can actually manage to give you guys a better education here on YouTube than I got at my own University and hopefully it's already a lot more fun going through video games I'm having a really fun time reliving all of my favorite video games as we kind of go through all of this and uh I think for the N3 I will be slowly collecting examples over this year uh so it may be summer break or it may be winter break that I aim to do the N3 video uh but I'm just going to slowly get examples cuz this has been a really tough month for me making this video so I hope you guys appreciate it I hope you guys enjoy it and thank you very much uh for watching and enjoying the channel and I hope you look forward to everything that I continue to make into the future as we go and collect and learn every single piece of Japanese through video games so as always I want to see an an thank you to all of the supporters on patreon thank you so much for all of your support you guys are freaking amazing really thank you so freaking much and a huge thank you to all of the people who contribute to the Discord Community it is such a special place I know I keep on saying it but I really really do appreciate every single person on the Discord thank you so much for all of your contributions to the community being such wonderful people I have not met a single bad person yet on Discord so you guys are just amazing thank you very much thank you you so much for supporting the channel so as always thank you very much for watching and I'll see you all again next time see you