Overview
This lecture explains the process of composing a melody using the structure of a standard music exam question, focusing on key selection, modulation, cadence points, melodic variation, and final presentation.
Identifying the Key and Structure
- Determine the key by identifying the sharps or flats in the key signature (e.g., two sharps = D major).
- Write out the scale for the chosen key (D E F# G A B C# D).
- Identify the dominant (fifth note) and subdominant (fourth note) for harmonic reference.
- Plan your template/form along the side of your workspace.
Modulation and Cadence Planning
- Modulate to the dominant key in bars 7–8 by altering the subdominant (change G to G# in D major).
- Mark cadence points: use imperfect cadences before modulations and end with a perfect cadence.
- Use chord I (tonic: D F# A) and chord V (dominant: A C# E) for cadence bars.
Melody Construction and Variation
- Create an initial phrase (A) starting and ending on the tonic note.
- Vary the A phrase (A1) by altering rhythm, range, and melodic movement.
- Ensure the modulation is clear by adjusting accidentals near the cadence.
- Sequence melodic material in the B phrase (bars 9–12), often using patterns from A.
- Return to the tonic for the final phrase (A2), adding variation (higher/lower register, longer notes).
Adding Musical Elements
- Add phrasing marks (slurs) to indicate stepwise/smooth movement.
- Include dynamics (e.g., start mezzo-forte, crescendo to modulation, decrescendo for contrast).
- Use pauses and commas to mark ends of phrases.
- Select an appropriate instrument based on range and technical demands (e.g., violin for wide range and fast notes).
Key Terms & Definitions
- Tonic — the main note/chord of the key (first note of the scale).
- Dominant — the fifth note/chord of the key, important for modulation.
- Subdominant — the fourth note/chord, altered during modulation.
- Cadence — a harmonic progression that ends a phrase (imperfect: unfinished, perfect: finished).
- Modulation — changing from the original key to a new one.
- Phrase — a musical sentence; melody is often structured in repeated and varied phrases.
- Sequence — repetition of a musical motif at a different pitch.
- Dynamics — indications of loudness/softness (e.g., MF, crescendo).
Action Items / Next Steps
- Practice writing out scales and identifying key signatures.
- Compose sample melodies using the described structure and techniques.
- Listen to and evaluate your melodies to improve your sense of what works.