Hello everyone, Hello everyone and welcome to anatomy of the upper limb on the Medici channel. and welcome to Anatomy of the Upper Limb on the Medici channel. I'm Kevin Dornelis, I'm Kevin Dornelles and in this class we're going to look at the surface and bones of the shoulder.
and in this class we're going to look at the surface and bones of the shoulder. The topics of our class are the surface and regions of the upper limb, The topics of our class are the surface and regions of the upper limb, the associated components of the upper limb, the associated components of the upper limb, the clavicle, the clavicle, the scapula, the scapula, the humerus, the humerus, and the shoulder joints. and the shoulder joints. Okay, Okay. Starting with the surface and regions of the upper limb, starting with the surface and regions of the upper limb, in an anterior view we can divide the upper limb into the shoulder, in an anterior view we can divide the upper limb into the shoulder, arm, arm, forearm, forearm, and hand.
and hand. Okay, Okay, in a posterior view we do the same thing, in a posterior view we do the same thing, and these are the regions of the upper limb, and these are the regions of the upper limb, repeating shoulder, repeating shoulder, arm, arm, forearm, forearm, and hand. and hand.
And just as we saw in the introductory general anatomy class, And just as we saw in the introductory general anatomy class, on the surface we have skin, on the surface we have skin, subcutaneous tissue, subcutaneous tissue, and then the deeper tissues such as muscles, and then the deeper tissues such as muscles, ligaments, ligaments, and bone tissue. and bone tissue. Okay, Okay, now let's move on to the skeletal components of the upper limb, now let's move on to the skeletal components of the upper limb, and here we have the bones that generally make up the upper limb, and here we have the bones that generally make up the upper limb, the clavicle and the scapula, the clavicle and the scapula, as well as the humerus, as well as the humerus, also the radius and ulna, also the radius and ulna, formerly called the ulna, formerly called the ulna, and in the hand we have the carpal, and in the hand we have the carpal, metacarpal, metacarpal, and phalangeal bones.
and phalangeal bones. Okay, Okay, here's a posterior view of the same thing. here's a posterior view of the same thing. And now let's start with the shoulder itself. And now let's start with the shoulder itself.
The shoulder is made up of the clavicle, The shoulder is made up of the clavicle, the scapula, the scapula, also called the shoulder blade, also called the shoulder blade, and the proximal portion of the humerus. and the proximal portion of the humerus. Okay, Okay, So there we have the shoulder region outlined and we'll continue with the first bone we're going to talk about in this class, so there we have the shoulder region outlined and we'll continue with the first bone we're going to talk about in this class. which is the clavicle. which is the clavicle.
Above, Above, we have a cranial view from above, we have a cranial view from above, as if we were in the skull, as if we were in the skull, and there we look down and see the clavicle from above, and there we look down and see the clavicle from above, and a caudal view, and a caudal view, as if we were in the abdomen and looking up. as if we were in the abdomen and looking up. So we're going to look at this lower part of the clavicle.
So we're going to look at this lower part of the clavicle. What can we see there in the clavicle? What can we see there in the clavicle? There we can mark the conoid tubercle, There we can mark the conoid tubercle, also the clavicular body and its two extremities, also the clavicular body and its two extremities, the chromial extremity and the external extremity. the chromial extremity and the external extremity.
One articulates with the acromion and the other with the sternum. One articulates with the acromion and the other with the sternum. There is the external articular facet.
There is the external articular facet. Now in the caudal view we can see the same thing, Now in the caudal view we can see the same thing, the acromial extremity. the acromial extremity, an acromial articular facet as well, and acromial articular facet as well, as well as the external extremity, as well as the external extremity. the conoid tubercle and there an important groove for the subclavius muscle. the conoid tubercle and they're an important groove for the subclavius muscle.
And finally, And finally, an impression given by the costoclavicular ligament, an impression given by the costoclavicular ligament, the clavicular portion of that ligament, the clavicular portion of that ligament, the costoclavicular ligament that goes towards the rib. the costoclavicular ligament that goes towards the rib. Very good, Very good, now we are going to look at the scapula, now we are going to look at the scapula.
also called the shoulder blade. also called the shoulder blade. In an anterior view we begin by demarcating its lateral border, In an anterior view we begin by demarcating its lateral border, as well as its medial border, as well as its medial border, its superior border and three angles, its superior border and three angles, the superior angle, the superior angle, inferior angle and the lateral angle. inferior angle and the lateral angle.
And there we see some details, And there we see some details, such as the subscapular fossa, such as the subscapular fossa, the scapular neck, the scapular neck, a superglenoid tubercle that is above the glenoid cavity, a supraglenoid tubercle that is above the glenoid cavity. which is why it is called the supraglenoid tubercle and an infraglenoid tubercle because it is below the glenoid cavity, which is why it is called the superglenoid tubercle. and an infraglenoid tubercle because it is below the glenoid cavity, which is the one that demarcated them.
which is the one that demarcated them. Very good, Very good, here we continue with the acromion and also the coccoid process. here we continue with the acromion and also the coccoid process. Another important structure is the scapular notch that is demarcated in this circle.
Another important structure is the scapular notch that is demarcated in this circle. And well, And well, Now we are going to see a posterior view where we see its lateral border, now we are going to see a posterior view where we see its lateral border, its medial border, its medial border, and a superior border. and a superior border.
Three borders and three angles. Three borders and three angles. A superior angle, A superior angle, an inferior angle, an inferior angle, and a lateral angle.
and a lateral angle. The details are the infraglenoid tubercle. The details are the infraglenoid tubercle. I had already explained the glenoid cavity itself.
I had already explained the glenoid cavity itself. There we see the acromion, There we see the acromion, the coracoid process, the coracoid process. the scapular notch that I had already mentioned, the scapular notch that I had already mentioned, and the scapular spine, and the scapular spine.
which is a very important structure in the posterior portion of the scapula. which is a very important structure in the posterior portion of the scapula. And if you notice, And if you notice, what you can see here is that the scapular spine continues with the acromion.
what you can see here is that the scapular spine continues with the acromion. In other words, In other words, the acromion is like a bony appendage that comes out of the scapular spine and also forms an angle here, the acromion is like a bony appendage that comes out of the scapular spine and also forms an angle here, which is why it is called the acromial angle. which is why it is called the acromial angle.
Very good. Very good, there we see the supraspinous fossa and an infraspinous fossa. There we see the supraspinous fossa and an infraspinous fossa.
What marks the difference is the scapular spine. What marks the difference is the scapular spine. Above, Above, we have the supraspinous fossa. we have the supraspinous fossa.
Below, Below, the infraspinous fossa. the infraspinous fossa. Okay.
Okay. And there we see the scapula in a lateral view. And there we see the scapula in a lateral view.
And there we have the posterior face, And there we have the posterior face, the anterior face. the anterior face. On that same face you can see the lateral border, On that same face you can see the lateral border, an inferior angle, an inferior angle, and superior angle, and superior angle, the glenoid cavity, the glenoid cavity, very important.
very important. the supernoid tubercle and the infraglenoid tubercle, the supernoid tubercle and the infraglenoid tubercle, as well as the acromion. as well as the acromion.
And finally, And finally, the coracoid positron. the coracoid positron. Very good. Very good. Now we are going to see the humerus and what interests us here are the upper two-thirds of the humerus that are part of the shoulder.
Now we are going to see the humerus and what interests us here are the upper two-thirds of the humerus that are part of the shoulder. There we have the upper two-thirds and we are going to see it in an anterior view where we mark the humeral head. There we have the upper two-thirds and we are going to see it in an anterior view where we mark the humeral head. the anatomical neck, the anatomical neck, a surgical neck, a surgical neck, so two necks, so two necks, one anatomical and one surgical. one anatomical and one surgical.
Very good. Very good. The greater tubercle are also called the tracheate and the lesser tubercle also called the trochan.
The greater tubercle are also called the tracheate and the lesser tubercle also called the trochan. And between them we have a groove, And between them we have a groove, what is it going to be called? what is it going to be called? Intratubercular groove, Intratubercular groove, because it is between the tubercles.
because it is between the tubercles. and it's also called the bicipital groove, and it's also called the bicipital groove, that same groove, that same groove, because that's where the tendon of the long head of the biceps is going to run, because that's where the tendon of the long head of the biceps is going to run, so it's called the bicipital groove. so it's called the bicipital groove.
Okay, Okay, following the lesser tubercle, following the lesser tubercle, we have the crest of the lesser tubercle, we have the crest of the lesser tubercle, as well as the crest of the greater tubercle, as well as the crest of the greater tubercle, following the greater tubercle. following the greater tubercle. And finally, And finally, a tuberosity that's called the deltoid tuberosity, a tuberosity that's called the deltoid tuberosity because it's an important attachment point for the deltoid muscle. because it's an important attachment point for the deltoid muscle. Now, Now, in a posterior view, in a posterior view, we're going to demarcate the humeral head, we're going to demarcate the humeral head, the anatomical neck, the anatomical neck, and the surgical neck, and the surgical neck, the two necks of the humerus.
the two necks of the humerus. There's also the greater tubercle, There's also the greater tubercle, also called the greater tubercle, also called the greater tubercle, and the humeral body, and the humeral body, as well as a groove for the radial nerve. as well as a groove for the radial nerve.
Very good. Very good. Now we see a superior view of the upper extremity of the humerus, Now we see a superior view of the upper extremity of the humerus, where we can see that circumscribed structure that is the humeral head, where we can see that circumscribed structure that is the humeral head, the anatomical neck around the humeral head and the greater tubercle another kitter, the anatomical neck around the humeral head and the greater tubercle another kitter, as well as the lesser tubercle another kitter. as well as the lesser tubercle another kitter.
where we can see very well now the difference in size between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle and between them the intertubercular groove between the tubercles, where we can see very well now the difference in size between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle and between them the intertubercular groove between the tubercles, also called the viscipital groove, also called the viscipital groove, through which the tendon of the long head of the biceps passes. through which the tendon of the long head of the biceps passes. Very well, Very well, now we are going to see what the shoulder joints are.
now we are going to see what the shoulder joints are. These are the acromioclavicular, These are the acromioclavicular, external clavicular and gleneral. external clavicular and gleneral.
There we can see in an image what these joints are. There we can see in an image what these joints are. The acromioclavicular joint between the acromion and the clavicle, The acromioclavicular joint between the acromion and the clavicle, the lateral clavicular joint between the sternum and the clavicle, the lateral clavicular joint between the sternum and the clavicle, as well as the glenoral joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the humerus or the head of the humerus.
as well as the glenoral joint between the glenoid cavity of the scapula and the humerus or the head of the humerus. Okay, Okay, now we're going to look at them one at a time. now we're going to look at them one at a time.
We'll start with the acromioclavicular joint, We'll start with the acromioclavicular joint, where we'll highlight this ligament, where we'll highlight this ligament, which is the coracoid ligament. which is the coracoid ligament. Ligaments are simple because they tell us where to where certain structures connect or literally link. Ligaments are simple because they tell us where to where certain structures connect or literally link. So, So, the acromioligament between the coracoid process and the acromion.
the acromioligament between the coracoid process and the acromion. Then the acromioclavicular ligament between the coracoid process and the clavicle, Then the acromioclavicular ligament between the coracoid process and the clavicle, a ligament called the trapezoid ligament, a ligament called the trapezoid ligament. and a ligament called the conoid ligament.
and a ligament called the conoid ligament, which together are called the clavicular ligament between the coracoid process and the clavicle. which together are called the clavicular ligament between the coracoid process and the clavicle. It's a group of ligaments that is called the coracoclavicular ligament.
It's a group of ligaments that is called the coracoclavicular ligament. Okay, Okay, now let's go to that superior view of the same joint, now let's go to that superior view of the same joint, the acromioclavicular joint. the acromioclavicular joint.
There we demarcate the coracoacromial ligament, There we demarcate the coracoacromial ligament. the acromioclavicular ligament and the ligament as a whole, the acromioclavicular ligament and the ligament as a whole. the coracoclavicular ligament.
the coracoclavicular ligament. Okay, Okay, let's move on to the next joint, let's move on to the next joint, the externus clavicular joint, the externus clavicular joint, where we highlight the externus clavicular ligament between the sternum and the clavicle, where we highlight the externus clavicular ligament between the sternum and the clavicle, and the interclavicular ligament, and the interclavicular ligament, that is, that is, between the clavicles. between the clavicles.
Yes, Yes, it goes from one side to the other. it goes from one side to the other, as well as the costoclavicular ligament that connects the clavicle to the ribs. as well as the costoclavicular ligament that connects the clavicle to the ribs, more specifically to the first coastal arch. More specifically to the first coastal arch.
Costoclavicular ligament. Costoclavicular ligament. Okay, Okay, the next joint and a very important one is the glenorial joint. the next joint and a very important one is the glenorial joint.
What we highlight here is this sheath that serves for protection, What we highlight here is this sheath that serves for protection, disarticulation, disarticulation, and allows mobility, and allows mobility, which is the synovial sheath of the glenorial joint. which is the synovial sheath of the glenorial joint. This same one has an axillary recess as if it were something extra.
This same one has an axillary recess as if it were something extra. So, So, the axillary recess, the axillary recess, and there we demarcate the intertubercular synabeal sheath that protects and covers the tendon of the long head of the biceps, and there we demarcate the intertubercular synabeal sheath that protects and covers the tendon of the long head of the biceps, which passes through where, which passes through where, through the viscipital groove, through the viscipital groove, also called the intertubercular groove, also called the intertubercular groove, which is the one I had marked here, which is the one I had marked here, through which the tendon of the long head of the biceps passes, through which the tendon of the long head of the biceps passes, with its protective sheath. with its protective sheath.
Okay, Okay, there we see an anterior view and a posterior view of that glenoral joint, there we see an anterior view and a posterior view of that glenoral joint, now with the ligaments that cover the entire innermost sheath. now with the ligaments that cover the entire innermost sheath. And there we have the joint capsule, And there we have the joint capsule, which is a capsular complex that serves to connect the joint, which is a capsular complex that serves to connect the joint, as well as a coracoral ligament that links the postosoricoid to the humerus. as well as a coracoral ligament that links the postosoricoid to the humerus.
In the posterior view we highlight the joint capsule that therefore forms that complex that I had already mentioned, In the posterior view we highlight the joint capsule that therefore forms that complex that I had already mentioned, the capsuloligamentous complex that promotes the fixation of that entire glenoral joint. the capsuloligamentous complex that promotes the fixation of that entire glenoral joint. And now we continue with a 3D atlas so that you can see the functionality and importance of understanding the bone and ligament composition of the shoulder. And now we continue with a 3D atlas so that you can see the functionality and importance of understanding the bone and ligament composition of the shoulder. Very well, Very well, my friends, my friends, I chose this movement so that you can understand the importance of this shoulder joint in general.
I chose this movement so that you can understand the importance of this shoulder joint in general, where we mark the glenoral joint, Where we mark the glenoral joint, the acromioclavicular joint, the acromioclavicular joint, as well as the externoclavicular joint in class. as well as the externoclavicular joint in class. And here we see how these joints move together and are arranged to promote different movements that the shoulder can make.
And here we see how these joints move together and are arranged to promote different movements that the shoulder can make. In this case, In this case, it is abducting and adducting, it is abducting and adducting, which will be done in a few seconds. which will be done in a few seconds. Adduction, Adduction, you see? you see?
So these joints are very important for all these movements to occur. So these joints are very important for all these movements to occur. Very well, Very well, my friends, my friends, as a bibliography I used human anatomy from the Rubis Liard 5th edition Prometheus card, as a bibliography I used human anatomy from the Rubis Liard 5th edition Prometheus card, text and anatomy atlas.
text and anatomy atlas. Don't forget to follow the Medici channel on Instagram. Don't forget to follow the Medici channel on Instagram.
See you in the next class. See you in the next class.