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Leah M. ABORDO,LPT
> HIST 1 INSTRUCTOR
# SPANISH COLONIZATION
# OF THE PHILIPPINES
## UNIT TWO Constantinople By the time the Ottoman Turks
laid siege to the city in 1453, the Byzantine Empire was exhausted and had little power to defend the city. Ferdinand and Isabella (1469) Catholic Monarchs of Europe Pope Alexander VI
On May 4, 1493, issued a papal bull or decree, Inter
Caetera ," in which he authorizes Spain and Portugal to colonize the Americas and
its Native peoples as subjects Between 1492 and 1504,
> Italian Sailor Columbus completed four round-trip voyages between Spain and the Americas, each voyage being sponsored by the Crown of Castile
Portuguese navigator
whose voyages to India (149799, 150203, 1524) opened up the sea route from western Europe to the East by way of the Cape of Good Hope.
Port of Malacca
(1511)
Afonso de Albuquerque Treaty of Tordesillas(1494) Treaty of Zaragoza(1529) THE PHILIPPINES
# BECOMES A SPANISH
# COLONY
## CHAPTER IV During the 15th and 16th centuries, Europe saw an age of
exploration and expansion brought by various factors.
1. The economic motive of finding a direct access to the profitable Oriental trade of luxury goods such
as silk and spices.
2. Scientific and technological progress specifically in
navigational instruments significantly contributed to the success of the exploratory expeditions.
3. The quest to explore unknown and distant lands also involved the religious mission of spreading the
Christian faith.
AGE OF EXPLORATION EXCERPTS FROM FIRST
# VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD
# BY ANTONIO PIGAFETTA First Voyage Around the World
A Chronicler
the Italian who took
part in the said expedition.
ANTONIO PIGAFETTA Spain was able to build a vast empire
over the American continent after having defeated the native Aztecs and Mayas. In 1519, the Portuguese sailor by the name of Ferdinand Magellan would try to fulfill Columbus' promise of reaching the East by sailing West. He would anchor on Philippine shores on the other side of the globe two years later; thus, marking the beginning of Spanish presence and influence on the archipelago.
AGE OF EXPLORATION Portuguese sailor who defected to Spain after his services to the
Portuguese crown were not properly recognized.
He participated in the capture of
Malacca by the Portuguese forces in 1511, King Charles V to furnish him with men and ships for an expedition that would discover a Western route to the East, a feat he would successfully accomplish.
East Asia (primarily China) and the
Pacific and the colonization of the archipelago. FERDINAND MAGELLAN was composed of a fleet of five ships and around 250 men who
were mostly Castillians.
Trinidad,San Antonio,
Conception,Victoria, Santiago
They started off from San Lucar,
Spain, navigated through a strait located at the tip of the South American continent, and crossed the vast expanse of the Pacific Ocean.
March 16, 1521,after almost two
years of hardship at sea, they saw the island of Samar in the eastern part of the country. They named the newly discovered territory Archipelago de San Lazaro because it was the feast day of the saint.
MAGELLAN EXPEDITION March 17,1521- Homonhon(Homunu)
March 31,1521- Mazaua or Limasawa
(Eastern Sunday) first recorded mass in the Philippines with Rajah Colambu of Limasawa and Rajah Siagu of Butuan.
April 8,1521- Port of Cebu(Rajah
Humanon) became the vassal of the King, blood compact and introduced Christianity.
April 15,1521- A cross erected and
more than 800 natives Baptized. MAGELLAN EXPEDITION THE BATTLE OF MACTAN Lapu-lapu one of the chieftains of Mactan refused to honor Spanish Sovereignty in the archipelago.
In turn, Ferdinand Magellan decided
to help Lapu- Lapu's rival, Zulua, in fighting Lapu-Lapu.
On the ensuing battle of April 27, 1521,
Ferdinand Magellan was killed and his forces were defeated by the natives. the expedition tried to make their way back to Spain but only the little ship
Victoria commanded by Sebastian del Cano and 18 survivors arrived in Seville in 1522,completing the first continuous circumnavigation of the world.
The next four decades Several
expeditions were sent by Spain into establish their claims over the Moluccas and each one of them made a stop in the Philippine islands.
One expedition led by Ruy Villalobos
gave the islands the name Las Phelipinas in honor of the Spanish crown Prince Philip II. MAGELLAN EXPEDITION EXCERPT FROM "INSTRUCTION TO
# MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI FROM
# THE ROYAL AUDIENCIA OF NEW
# SPAIN" KING PHILIP II Ordered the colonization of the
Philippines to further expand the Spanish empire, acquire the wealth and resources of the archipelago, and spread Christianity.
He decided to relinquish his claims to the Moluccas to
Portugal and colonize the Philippines instead. With Fray Andres de Urdaneta was a Spanish conquistador
who led the colonization of the Philippines for Spain.
He was the first Governor-
General of the Philippines and played a key role in establishing Spanish rule in the archipelago.
Instructions given by the king
of Spain to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi to establish a Spanish settlement MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI An expedition under the
leadership of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi was organized in Mexico.
November 20,1564 from the port of Navidad with
instructions handed by the Royal Audiencia of Mexico.
the Philippines would be ruled
from Mexico, also known as New Spain, a viceroyalty of the Spanish empire.
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI February 13- Island of Cebu
The expedition reached Samar on February 14,1565.
Legazpi and his crew went around the Visayas
Islands in the central region of the archipelago and were met by the natives with suspicion and indifference.
Leyte,Camiguin
March 16,1565- in the island of Bohol, Legazpi
performed the blood compact with chief Sikatuna.
April 27,1565- Island of Cebu (Rajah Tupas)
destroyed and establish a settlement.
Nombre de Jesus (Juan Camus) a wooden
image of the holy child which is still intact.
Legazpi ordered a construction of Basilica
Minore del Santo Nio (San Agustin Church)
transferred camp to nearby Island of Panay
MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI EXCERPT FROM "RELATION
# OF THE CONQUEST
# OF THE ISLAND OF LUZON" The master of camp
he found the port and town of Maynilad located
along the mouth of the Pasig River
Peace was negotiated between the Spaniards
and the natives of Maynilad led by its Muslim chief Raja Soliman but hostilities soon ensued and the town was sacked by the Spaniards with the help of their Visayan allies.
Legazpi himself transferred to Maynilad in 1571
and made it the capital of the new colony. This was followed by the pacification of the sorrounding lowlands
they also encountered several Chinese traders in the area which contributed to the decision to
transfer to Manila.
The trade with China would prove economically
crucial to the Spanish colony.
Manila would eventually develop into a city within walls or Intramuros where most of the
Spanish residents lived.
It received the title Muy Insigne y Siempre Leal
Ciudad (Eminent and Ever Loyal City) from Spain.
## MARTIN DE GOITI More than three centuries
Native societies (Luzon and Visayas) The islands were named Las Phelipinas by Spanish voyagers
the population was organized into pueblos or towns
Pagan practices were
suppressed and Catholic Christianity was introduced A central government was established in the colonial capital of Manila.
SPANISH COLONIZATION THREE RESPONSES
## 1. the early revolts
## 2. the campaign for reforms
## 3.the revolution against Spain. CHAPTER SUMMARY European exploration and expansion was driven by the search for access to the profitable Oriental trade, the religious mission of spreading
Christianity and was made possible by the technological advances in navigation.
The Spaniards had three main aims in taking over the Philippine islands,
namely, the expansion of trade, the conversion of the natives to Catholicism, and the extension of territories ruled by the King of Spain.
The subjugation of the native population mainly in the lowlands and
coastal areas of Luzon and Visayas was effected through a combination of local alliances, military intrusion, and religious persuasion. In 1571,Manila became the center of Spanish colonial power in the Philippines.
Strategically located in the heart of the economically productive and
thickly populated Tagalog and Kapampangan regions in Luzon, the city grew to become the paramount city of the archipelago.
# CHAPTER SUMMARY ASSESSMENT
1. How did Spain establish itself in the
Philippines?
2. Explain the context in Europe which made Spain fit out or equip an
expedition to the Philippines
3. Explain the situation of the
Philippines in contact point with Spain. REFERENCES
Cushner, Nicolas. Spain in thePhilippines: From Conquest t o Revolution. Quezon City: Ateneode Manila
Press, 1973.
Elliott, J.H.Imperial Spain, 1469-1716. New York: The New American Library Inc., 1963.
Phelan, John Leddy. The Hispanization of the
Philippines: Spanish Aims and Filipino Responses 1565-1700. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1959.
Rafael, Vicente.Contracting Colonialism: Translation and
Christian Conversion in Tagalog Society under Early Spanish Rule. Quezon City:Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1988. THANK
# YOU Introduction of
# Colonial Institutions
> Prepared by: Leah Abordo,LPT
## Chapter 5 AIMS OF SPANISH COLONIZATION
THREE G's
God - propagation of Catholic Christianity
Gold -economic wealth / acquire riches
Glory - to be the greatest empire in the world
CENTRAL GOVERNMENT UNDER SPAIN
Spain established ONE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT in the
Philippines.
Many independent barangays of our ancestors disappeared.
One government alone ruled most of the country. Thus, for the first time in history, we became united as one
nation called " FILIPINAS ". The rest of the world came to know our country by that name A. SOCIAL CLASSES B. POLITICAL STRUCTURE Since Spain was far from the country, the Spanish king ruled
the Islands through the viceroy of Mexico, which was then another Spanish colony.
1. KING OF SPAIN
2. VICEROY OF MEXICO
3. PHILIPPINES
When Mexico regained its freedom in 1821, the Spanish king
ruled the Philippines through a Governor General.
1. KING OF SPAIN
2. GOVERNOR GENERAL
3. PHILIPPINES PROBLEMS THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that was composed of a NATIONAL
GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL GOVERNMENTS that administered provinces, cities, towns and municipalities.
1.NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:
maintained peace and order
collected taxes
built schools and other public works
THE GOVERNOR GENERAL
The King's representative and the highest- ranking
official in the Philippines. THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
He had GREAT POWERS .
He had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those personally chosen by the King.
He was the commander in chief of the colonial armed forces.
He was also the president of the Royal Audencia . (Like the
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court today)
There were 115 Spanish Governor-Generals in our country.
The first one was Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1565-1572) and
the last was Diego de los Rios (1898)
The Governor General and other government officials had
so much power that it was commonly abused .THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created:
THE RESIDENCIA
THE ROYAL
THE VISITA
AUDENCIA
THE RESIDENCIA
This was a special judicial court that investigates the performance of a Governor Genera l who was about to be replaced. THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
The highest court in the land during the Spanish times.
1. THE ROYAL AUDENCIA
2. LOCAL GOVERNMENT
THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
The Spaniards created Local Government Units (LGU) for the provinces. There were two types of
local government units:
1.ALCALDIA
2. CORRIGIMIENTO THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE Though they were paid a small salary, they enjoyed privileges such as the INDULTO DE COMERCIO or the right to participate in
the GALLEON TRADE.
AL CADIA
led by the Alcalde Mayor governed the provinces.
DUTIES OF THE ALCALDE MAYOR:
They represented the Spanish king and the Governor-
General
They managed the day-to-day operations of the provincial
government
Implemented laws and supervised the collection of taxes
CORREGIMIENTO
Headed by Corregidor governed the provinces that were not
yet entirely under Spanish control. THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
Larger towns became cities called AYUNTAMIENTO . It
became the center of trade and industry.
The ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO
It is composed of:
1. ALCALDE (MAYOR)
2. REGIDORES (COUNCILLORS)
3. ALGUACIL MAYOR (POLICE CHIEF)
4. ESC RIBANDO (SECRETARY)
Each province was divided into several towns or pueblos headed by GOBERNADORDCILLOS (Little Governor)
MAIN DUTIES:
Efficient governance and tax collection. THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
FOUR LIEUTENANTS AIDED THE GOVERNARDORCILLO :
1. The Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant)
2. The Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant)
3. The Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the fields)
4. The Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)
GOBERNADORDCILLOS
They had SMALL SALARIES but were exempted from
PAYING TAXES
QUALIFICATIONS :
Any NATIVE or CHINESE MEZTIZO
25 years old
Literate in ORAL or WRITTEN SPANISH
Cabeza de Barangay for 4 years THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
The Reduccin system
was a Spanish colonial policy implemented in the Philippines to force indigenous populations into centralized settlements, called "reducciones " or "pueblos ," to facilitate control, taxation, and conversion to Christianity.
This system aimed to consolidate scattered barangays (pre-colonial communities) into organized towns, often centered around a church and plaza , significantly reshaping traditional Filipino life and creating the layout for many
modern town centers.
BAJO DE LAS CAMPANAS
the community relied on the sound to know about the
events of the town such as births and baptisms, matrimonies, and deaths, customary activities ecclesiastical services, and curfew. C. ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS I. TAXATION Filipino style paid taxes to Spain
1. TRIBUTE (TRIBUTO)
the Filipinos were compelled to pay tribute called
TRIBUTO , to the colonial government.
The tributo was imposed as a sign of the Filipinos' loyalty to the king of Spain.
BETWEEN 16 TO 60 years old
1571-1884 = 8 reales (P1.00) per year
ther forms of payment: (Gold, Chickens, Textile,
Cotton and Rice) I. TAXATION 2. CEDULA (Personal Identification Paper)
In 1884, Tribute was nullified and replaced by the CEDULA.
The cedula was a certificate identifying the taxpayer.
It recorded his
name, age, birthplace, marital state, occupation, place of residence,
nationality and sex
3. DIEZMOS PREDIALES or TITHES
The diezmos prediales was a tax consisting of one-tenth (1/10) of the
produce of one's land.
4. THE DONATIVO DE ZAMBOANGA
Introduced in 1635, was a tax specifically used for the conquest of
Mindanao. I. TAXATION I. TAXATION special tax of 1/2 real or rice was collected. This
collection was used to crush the Moro raids.
5. VINTA
This tax was collected to fund vintas to guard the
coastal areas of Luzon to defend the area against Muslim pirates.
ON TAXATION
Impose and collect revenue for public purose
Before One family paid tribute amounting to eight reales or one peso . If unmarried one-half tribute
In 1589 it was increased to ten reales
I'm 18 51 it was increased to twelve reales
In 1884 it was abolished and was replaced with a
personal cedula tax. I. TAXATION I. TAXATION I. TAXATION Fray Martin de Rada
First member of the order of Saint Augustine to labor in the Philippines
In a letter written in San Pablo,Manila on June 21,1574
De Rada believed that the Spanish king's Instrucciones only permitted the collection of tributes from " pacified "natives, meaning those who had submitted to Spanish
rule.
He argued that there was no mandate for the Spanish
to wage offensive wars against unpacified natives, and that taking tribute by force or hostility was not allowed.
No Pacification , No Tribute :
Therefore, if a community was not pacified, the Spanish
had no right to demand tributes from them. II. BANDALA SYSTEM The government imposed the BANDALA system to increase the funds for wars against other European
explorers.
th e farmers are forced to sell their produce to the government.
The government would buy the harvests of the farmers but would only give them PROMISSORY NOTES.
Bad Effects:
The Filipinos became poorer III. FORCED LABOR Also called POLO Y SERVICIOS
All male Filipinos from 16 to 60 years of age were required to give their free labor, called POLO , to the
government.
Obligated to do:
Construction of buildings,churches and cutting trees to make logs
This labor was for 40 DAYS A YEAR.
are supposed to be paid 1/4 reales .
The workers were called POLISTAS
In 1884 the number of days was lessened to 15 days
per year. III. FORCED LABOR To be exempted:
Pay FALLA = 1 12 reals
Bad effects :
Polo was made at the same time as planting and
harvesting
Separation from family
Relocation to different places (sometimes outside the
Philippines)
Lessened the male population IV. GALLEON TRADE Also known as the MANILA-ACAPULCO TRADE
Trading was done Between Manila and Acapulco, Mexico
This was a government monopoly that lasted for 250 years
The galleons carried spices, porcelain, ivory, lacquerware,
silk to be sold in Mexico
The trip to Mexico lasted for 200 days
The return trip lasted for 70 days
Only the elite can benefit from this trade.
People needed to buy a BOLETA .
The boleta is the ticket worth P 250.00.
Bad Effects :
Neglect of local products
The Filipinos became poorer .. IV. GALLEON TRADE V. TOBACCO MONOPOLY The government established a monopoly on tobacco in 1781 .
Provinces like Ilocos, Cagayan, Nueva Ecija were to plant
NO OTHER CROP EXCEPT TOBACCO
They dictated :
Where to plant (certain provinces only)
How much to harvest
How much to pay the farmers
Farmers had to produce a certain amount (QUOTA)
Tobacco leaves were sold to the government for a very low
price
Failure meant FINES V. TOBACCO MONOPOLY Good effects:
The tobacco monopoly raised so much money
for the government and made Philippine tobacco famous all over Asia.
Bad effects:
Abused by the government agents
Hunger due to shortage of food (farmers were not allowed to p lant another crop)
Lasted for 100 years (1781 to 1881)
In 1881 , King Alfonso XII removed the tobacco monopoly.
Ilocanos made a shrine in his honor. The country was divided into parcels and
assigned to deserving Spaniard to govern and
care.
These parcels were called ENCOMENDAS .
TWO TYPES OF ENCOMIENDAS:
1. Owned by the King of Spain = ROYAL
ENCOMIENDA
2. Owned by private individuals = PRIVATE
ENCOMIENDA
ENCOMIENDERO
Tasks :
To defend his encomienda from outsiders
Peace and order within his encomienda
Assist in spreading Christianity
# VI. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM VI. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
Privileges:
Collect taxes according to the limit
Abuses:
Collected more tax than required
Take all the harvests for themselves
Farmers were persecuted for not paying taxes
Farmers became hungry
Some friars would pity the Filipinos and wrote
to the King of Spain to report their abuses.
This was always abused and later abolished. VI. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM VI. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM Fray Domingo de Salazar
was the first Bishop of Manila (15791594) and a prominent Dominican friar known as the " Las Casas of the Philippines " for his fierce defense of the rights
of Filipino natives against the injustices of the Spanish colonial regime.
follower of noted critics of the Spanish imperial enterprise like the jurist
Francisco de Vitoria and the historian/activist Bartolom de las Casas .
He organized the Synod of Manila in 1582 to address colonial abuses,
advocated for reforms in colonial governance, and founded a seminary, demonstrating a deep commitment to justice and the well-being of his flock.
Participants :
Bishop
Religious and diocesan clergy
Competent laymen (resource persons) VII. OBRAS PIAS
It was a charitable foundation specifically used
charity work, religious activities and educational purposes
it became a banking institution run by the friars.
It started the funds for the first government bank in the Philippines called: BANCO ESPANOL-FILIPINO de ISABEL II in 1851
Banco Espanol-Filipino de Isabell II was the first to use
currency notes in paper
Today, Banco Espanol-Filipino is now called: THE
BANK OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS (BPI) VII. OBRAS PIAS VII. OBRAS PIAS D. RELIGION
With the help of the soldiers, the missionaries easily conquered territories of the colony and converted the natives to Christianity.
The various missionaries who used their religious influence to facilitate the teaching of Gospel and propagation of Catholic
Christian faith were
the Augustinians (1565)
the Franciscans (1577)
The Jesuits (1581)
the Dominicans (1587) t
he Recollects (1606) E. SOCIAL RESULTS
The Filipino conversion to Christianity inevitably meant the adoption of fiesta as a socio- religious
event celebrating the feast day of the patron
saint of the Catholic town as an occasion of thanksgiving for a bountiful harvest and other blessings. F. ARCHITECTURE
SAN AGUSTIN CHURCH
oldest church in the Philippines G. EDUCATION
In 1863, the Spanish government enacted and implemented an educational reform primarily designed to improve the state of education throughout the archipelago.
The decree provided for the establishment of at least one school for boys and one for girls in every town.
The decree also provided for the establishment of anormal school for male teachers under the supervision of
the Jesuits and created a commission of eight members headed by the Governor General.
1.University of Santo Tomas-oldest pontifical university in
the Philippines founded by Dominicans in 1611
2. Colegio De San Juan De Letran- founded in 1601
3. Colegio De Sta. Potentiona-1589
4. Colegio De Sta. Isabel- 1632
5. College of La Concordia- 1869 QUESTION
# TIME THANK
# YOU