Lecture Notes: The History of the Sultanates in Yogya and Solo

Introduction

• Overview of palaces in Yogya and Solo
• Historical significance of the Sultanates: Ngayogyakarta, Pakualaman, Kasunanan of Surakarta, and Mangkunegaran
• Purpose: To trace the stories and origins of these kingdoms

Historical Background

• Demak Mosque - Origin of Islamic kingdoms in Java
  • Key kingdoms: Demak ➜ Pajang ➜ Mataram
  • Demak disbanded, leading to the establishment of Pajang.

Founding of Mataram

• Ki Ageng Pemanahan:
  • Established the Duchy of Mataram after defeating Arya Penangsang.
  • Not the first Islamic King due to status under Pajang.
  • Other key figures: Ki Penjawi, Ki Juru Mertani, Ki Ageng Selo.
• Mataram became independent under Danang Sutawijaya.
  • Adopted son of Sultan Hadiwijaya.
  • Rebellion against Pajang after Sultan's refusal to grant independence.

Transition of Power

• Panembahan Senopati (Danang Sutawijaya) ruled until 1601.
  • Title change to Panembahan Senopati Ing Ngalaga.
• Prabu Hanyokrowati followed, significant contributions to Javanese culture (Sekaten Festival, Hanacaraka script).
  • Refusal to compromise with VOC, led wars in 1628-1629.
• Amangkurat I:
  • Shifted to diplomacy with VOC, moved the palace from Kerto to Pleret.

Conflicts Under Amangkurat I

• Multiple conflicts, including with his son Raden Mas Rahmad.
• Raden Mas Rahmad’s temporary rebellion against his father.
• Raden Trunojoyo:
  • Resistance led to Mataram's instability, coalition with VOC.

Succession Issues

• Amangkurat II took over after Amangkurat I's death.
  • Reestablished power with VOC assistance.
• Internal conflicts with younger brother Pangeran Puger.

Establishment of Surakarta and Mangkunegaran

• Pakubuwana II established Surakarta.
  • Built new palace post-conflict with VOC.
• Mangkunegaran founded by Pangeran Sambernyawa (Raden Mas Said).
  • Result of the Salatiga Agreement, defined territories under Surakarta.

Giyanti Agreement

• Split Mataram into Surakarta Hadiningrat (PB III) and Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Hamengkubuwana I).
• Established cultural differences between Yogya and Solo.

Political Dynamics Post-Giyanti

• Continued power struggles and alliances with VOC.
• Establishment of Pakualaman by Prince Notokusumo under British colonial rule.
  • Reflective of the Dutch and British political manipulations.

Summary

• The historical evolution of Mataram and its split into Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Mangkunegaran, and Pakualaman.
• Key figures and events significant to the power dynamics of these Sultanates.
• Cultural implications of the splits and establishment of new identities between the regions.

Conclusion

• The lecture highlighted the rich history and intricate political relationships that shaped modern-day Yogyakarta and Solo.