hello everybody Welcome to our class crop science EG 101 online class um today we're going to finish the plant structure and tissue uh we going to talk about the third um chapter of this like um uh uh class and which is like right now we uh have to understand the few things about the root the root structure the type you might like um have already have S some information that you already study before or in like in different classes but we are uh going to like to focus in like an information that we need like uh to provide in this class so in a future you're going to have like the basic knowledge for uh few things uh the first of all as all you know like uh the root functions what is the purpose of the root like many of you they will say like for example um absortion nutritions or um take water from the soil that's true but also there is a few things you have to understand which is like enur encourage which is like supporting the plant St The Roots it's made the plant how they stand like in uh in a way that they can absorb more light and uh they have ability to absorb more nutritions and water from the soil so we said the second one which is absorption that mean they taking water and nutritions from the soil and also like it it is like um each plant have a different type of fruits so when we talking about like um taking nutritions from the soil they might like some some plant they taking nutritions also from the water too so uh another part is like the transport it which is like um deliver taking the nutritions uh water and deliver that to the plant or they can take sugar and deliver the to the part they where uh the plant store uh they their food another thing is like storage the food like a food reservation Reserve like in in uh certain places uh if we talking about like Roots like for example uh carrot those are true roots and they are like store uh carbohydrate inside them so the plant will they need them they take them again or they can be uh like something like uh uh beets or other type of fruits and also they can be a type ofation um as you know like U um like there is a few types of the plan they can take and cut instead like cutting the the green vegetation they can take those uh roots and use it as a part of propagation to repeat uh like U increase the numbers of the plant um when we talk about the roots the Roots they have like a many different type like uh it's not just only one like uh for example tab root system which is a primary roote is the main root of the plant and the tab root like a um that's the M root um the first like grow from Abigail B Abigail B and that part like going deep in the soil example for that like a carrot or soy bean alpha alpha it doesn't have to be like the Curr shape but they are like a little bit longer and they support the pl stand and which is uh after that they have like a different type of roots in the same plant that's the example for that one as you can see the shape it looks like a carrot but uh those are alpha alpha plant and another thing is like a fiber root system the fiber root system usually um that root like uh numerous like similar Roots like near soil surface and they like from the name by itself you can understand how much they are like intensive small uh roots in the same area like uh uh they didn't dig deep as uh The Tap Root do but usually uh advantages uh like roots from the lower system nodes and and a good example for the uh like corn wheat uh fuses and this is the example for that so as you can see this one is like we can say uh this part here is a tab root but the other W uh part is like a fiber root so they go like in many different directions uh root type there are like a primary root and the secondary roote primary root which is the we can say the tab root but also and grasses like corn they already have a fiber root but they have like a primary root at the same time they can have a m root that they grow in the bottom which is the first root like you grow from Abigail radical and that's when it's like stting making uh um the the primary root and the first root that emerg from the radical of the seeds and becomes like uh the tab rot later in the tab root system and but this stop growing after like a short time in a fibers uh root system so like that's the only different so when we talk about the primary root we know that both of them they are like a uh like in many different typ type of plant but they are like showing even uh example for the two different uh type of root which is like uh tab root or uh fiber root another thing secondary root branches like and sub branches like from the primary root and also called literal roots that they are like grown to the side like they are not like going deep to the soil but they are like going to a different directions so that we call it like a literal root root or secondary roote those are the tab root this is the main one here the main and this is the secondary root or the literal root root Advantage like advantageous root those are they develop from the stem node uh and became a fiber Roots uh system in the grasses but uh also it's a um PR Roots which is advantageous like root from the nodes uh above the ground and also called uh prop Roots which is like can be shown in uh corn or grain or serum they may be like have like this space um like like in the base of the plant close to the soil and they are like grown deep to the soil not a lot of deeper this is an example for that when we talk about like the root system so this um is like the root structure so if you cut the that slide and cut the root like in this way you will see like the root in the beginning is too small but you will see the root capab which is usually the beginning part here this one we call it the root Tab capab and this part here is the Maric uh region which is responsible uh for like supporting uh the root cap to dig deep in the soil with this part is too small and the uh region of the elongation which is that one starting like making new cells to make elongation and that one increase the toll of the root region of the maturation which is like this one is starting making uh the hair root hair at the root here they are responsible to absorb nutritions and water from uh the soil uh root here projection projection of the single uh I dermal cell um the site of the water and minerals nutrition absorption which which is you can see this one in in microscope under microscope uh we can try some of it um those root like the hero this is the hero they are responsible for uh absorption of the water and nutritions from the soil and this is the structure of it like when you see the hair root that's a small one they usually have cytoplasma and they are like have a nucal uh cell and the mam uh sorry the mature uh root here this one is mature while this one is the young root here which is a very small one so it's like um very very small and very specific part from the plant they uh are responsible for for absorbing water and nutritions from the soil root Anatomy which is the structure of the root type and root hairs uh projection uh of the single uh epidermal like cells the site of the water and the mineral nutrition uh absorption there also a short life must be a continual uh replaced and um require a plenty of oxygen for uh respirations so short life must be a Contin replace it that mean the short the road here they have like a short life they are not like able to stay for a long time and after that they will be um needing like to replace them like they will be changing so large surface area uh also the more they have Roots the more the large area you have when we talking about like the um region of maturation The Zone which is the first part in the hair Productions and the zone of elongation which is the part responsible for the long elongation in in the cell and the memic region which is that part is like behind the root cap and P pushing the root cap uh grown inside and all of those partly they are replacing each other and the root cap is a protected growing root as uh as it pushed into the soil and deeper in the soil um precycle monic tissue within the endosperm of the root and uh casarin strap which is bent around the endosperm that like control uh the passage of the materials from The Roots here and uh um cortex into the xylon uh endosperms U layer of the cell rounding around the uh casarin strip and those are like the casarin strip like as you're going to see it in this part here you can see the root like this is um like uh um a cut in The Roots so you will see the cortex which is like this part here and it has like inside that one the FL exym and the all the root here is small so they can obsorb those are the uh first one they bring in nutritions and water to uh the roots and idms like and precycle IND uh indu um endod derms those are the like making the circles around the roots and casarin like strips which is it's came between um between the indu uh derms and the uh precycle so uh Mar like root cap those are the smallest part in the root and those are like pushing the root and deeper in the soil so Factor affecting the root and management um my in my opinion all the factors they can be affecting the plant growth they will be affecting the root except the light uh temperature they can be like have some effect but um everything affecting inir or direct or in indirect like way uh they will be affecting the root and the function of the root so uh the first part is the fertilizer which is fertilizer replacement depends on the type of uh the nitrogen that we use like in nutritions so nitrogen is a mobile in the soil if you put it there like that mean the plant will night will might will might not get it like as soon as they like leeching uh or uh infiltration down deep in the soil especially if the plant type is not having it doesn't have um like the ability to grow deeper root in the soil another one is the phorus which is like immobile and that mean when it's like something happened it's the deficiency shown and the uh sorry it's a mobile immobile on the soil that's mean is uh can be replaced in the region and that one will be like start uh slowly rasing in the soil and also have the ability to capture in the soil particle while nitrogen if we talking about nitrogen nitrogen will be healed and uh in some particle of the soil but more most of the nitrogen they are exposed either way to uh feralization or they are be affected by uh leeching so we will take a lecture about nitrogen and some nutritions and also the deficiency but uh other thing is like nitrogen can often be applied on the soil surface but uh phor may need like to be uh incorporate like into the soil or banded with the seed by itself um I want to like comment in number B which is like nitrogen can be often uh can often be like applied in the soil surface okay and some type of and some type of fertilizers nitrogen fertilizers they can be uh you can apply it in this soil surface but if you're talking about like a different thing like for example there is a gas nitr that will be bomb to the soil and the other one is like ammonia ammonia when you use ammonia which uh sorry when you use Ura that's Ura it's like have the ability to starting like realization process and that one it's not good that mean you're losing uh nitrogen instead like uh keeping nitrogen too much near the seeds can be causes uh root injured it's like burn down the root and they are like damage the root and that will be like a difficult according to the Salt uh effect of the uh fertilizers and seen more within the nitrogen and potassium than phosphor so if you replace the um nitrogen or the fertilizer close to the root you might like har The Roots so for that reason make sure they are like a little bit far from The Roots so will they will not causing any uh damage and Roads so irrigation example for that one this is the second one the first one we already talk about like which is fertilizer the second one is the irrigation example for um lone grasses um there is like uh three things you when you talk about moisture and like in root and which is the root growing into a moisture soil they are looking for the moisture soil um so if you're frequent shallow watering that mean uh you will uh if you have like a more irrigations like for example every day but in a small amount um that mean like the root they will be crowded they will be stucking like just looking for the water water in this area because they are the first thing they looking for is the water not the nutritions and also the if the the soil not doesn't have enough like uh nutritions uh doesn't have enough water um they will be uh find it difficult because the uh solution water solution or water available they will be uh help the plant to absorb the nutritions but if you lose like if you uh reduce number of like the frequent of irrigations and um but each time like for example if you give it like one gallon per day uh but if you give it like like but every day you so right now you decide okay I'm going to give it the same amount but I'm going to like give it in two days like instead like giv that in 7even days so you're going like a 3 and 1 12 gallon at the same day and then that's it so after 2 days like you're going to give the same thing and that's like maybe encourage the plant to start looking for um the uh go deep in the soil so they start looking for um like uh new area down deeper and have a lot of water so they can start like looking for a water in deep soil usually when we have that one that case like an example good example came to my mind always when we talking about like the Tomato so we have like when we grow tomato when when take the plant transplant it it's just like small plant like this one we want to move it to the field put it in the ground okay cover it give it a little bit of water like we give it water on the first time and after that we make it fast we uh uh like leave leave it there without irrigation for week or 10 days and after that we start like giving water again so what will happen to the plant when it's starving they start like encourage the root like to grow deeper in the soil if they like start um like collecting together they will be like in this shape but if you like uh make them fast and they will be like going de in the soil to look for uh water which is a very good like technique uh how like home owner like goes like an ification maybe um irrigation for two weeks so which one is the more like have more impact or more effect uh I need you like to um write down in a comment if the uh which one which way is much better like to keep the plant um like good have a good water for a long time so is it like the shallow uh frequent irrigation or the like lower frequent uh deeper irrigation like this one here so which one is much better soil Iration and oxygen needed by all Roots so that's a that's a that's a good topic let's talk about that a little bit so by all root like it's need an oxygen in the soil so that's like will be like a different um because soil uh the root they do like a respirations and the soil uh in the soil so that they need like an oxygen for the um uh the respiration to break down the GL glucose that came from the leaves but that's a difference between like a different type of soil if as we take the soil texture you know that like a sandy soil it has like more spaces between the particles while the Clays is like a little bit like a small uh po spaces between the soil particles so they are like less in oxygen compared to the sand however there is another factor is like the med um from both is much better like is if you have like uh salty Lomi or Lomi clay that will be better than uh like uh extreme clay or extreme Sandy that mean they are like have a different characteristic which is affecting the soil respiration uh respiration for the root here is replacement and and energy for the root metabolism and require which is an oxygen and also AES of water uh restricted in the soil air so sometimes we have like a soil availability which is that uh not a Free Soil free water it's a um so I'm assume uh let's try to explain a little bit this one's not going to work give me a second I will try to use this one here no okay [Music] so usually the better like um um distribution between uh water soil particle and the air in the soil it has to be like an an Optimum um uh for the planted growth like for root they can be like live in that area it's like make it more comfortable so for example um there is like a few different type of plant they have like a different requirement they can live um there's a few um uh plant they can live very well in sandy soil but the other plant they can live uh great in like a clay soil um so for example rice rice require a lot of water require a lot of uh clay more than sandy soil they will not grow in that one another crop like we're talking about like for example it's a cranberry they also like have to be like soaked in in water and also uh uh when we talk about like something for example wheat wheat is require like a mid like a clay silty Lumi something like that if we talking about like potato they will be like mostly going to the sandy soil more than the clay soil because uh clay soil makees them like like a um have a different shape and struggling so the potato instead like um potato like being as a circle potato I want to take this part here instead like uh potato usually have this shape it's going to be like have this rough shapes and no one going to buy that it's the for the marketing it reduce the quality and uh uh also uh reduce the um the value of the potato a lot of part measure that you trying to peel uh this um potato from outside which is make it difficult anyway uh soil should be like as we're going to take this one like for example the soil um let's divide it like to um to two Circle um one Circle but this one here and this one here that's one is like is going to be air and this one is soil sorry this looks weird um and this one is going to be like water so like this one 25% and this one is 25% and that one is 50% that's usually uh the optimum um uh combination of The Soil and Water and Air in the soil so that's um that's another Factor so let's continue with like range which is also like the space between the particle they all control this uh part here and how much they can leaching um the water like the extra water that uh exist in the soil one of the factors that we uh have like we going to focus on is the the um water um water um available in the soil and usually water they have like three types of water the first one is the tied to the soil particle which is um this soil particle the water will be tied to it even for the root is difficult if it's like not if it's impossible to uh for the root to absorb this uh water they will not benefit from it uh there is another like water which is we call like um um uh free water the free water which is the water that an extra and that water should be reaching down um but if we talking about like another type of the um the part that we need to talk about is like the water hold capacity the water hold capacity which is um that mean the water they can be like for example if you have a pot and you put like one cup in the pot the extra water will be drained from the bottom but the soil by itself is going to be like wet so that's is the water hold capacity how much they can carry water in there between their particle where they attached um the the water have like two things which is cohesion and adhesion and those part like of this water characteristic they making like holding to the soil particle and holding together and that's like make the water soil can be hold much um a much higher um uh water um anyway this is a different topic but today we're going to talk about like uh the drench which is like the AIS water that like sometimes uh necessary for the successful BL to growth to have like those water drain in the bottom rice like how does it like grow uh in standing water that's like a um uh there is a two- part in the rise they have ability to live in water like a extra water um the rice field if you didn't see it before they have like uh um uh most of the feel like soaking in in a water and that water will be uh like a uh good for the plant because the plant have an ability have a two-part called uh enrichment which is like tissue that like in uh short like they can be um uh help uh to like the rice to be um like uh live in in in a water and uh like a um um Li Union which is uh channel that in the root by itself those are the uh prevent and they can hold in an oxygen inside it and those are good for um as you can see those I'm talking about this part here those holes um that's make the Rices more flexible to live in uh Place have a lot of water cultivation other factor which is like a grown crop and historically done of the wheat control but uh destroy some crop Roots sometimes um there is another thing we do it like in um in purpose but not like controlling weed uh weed it's a uh like breing like for example some trees they have like we Brew The Cutting like the extra branches in the top at the same time sometimes we do Bruning in the soil by tilling the land and that one is will be cut like some of the root but we cannot like control but if they cut it then they will be die and reduced amount of the root in the soil anyway when we need like to control uh weed so herbicide has largely replaced uh the need of the cultivation of the more most like raw crbs um herbicide they sometimes some in some type of herbicide they have residual they will be stay in the soil for long time not long time but it's like a time enough to uh affecting the second crop that you grow in the field uh soil physical conditions are very important um Al so as we mentioned as like the soil combination of the soil structure that's a so soil uh texture so the soil structure also are very important and the physical physical uh conditions is like compacting ler restricting the root growth that's a good example for that this one here uh and the natural like gravel layers and the clay pen in a soil a clay pan that mean the soil will be uh more harder when the clay is starting drying if it's dry it's holding a lot of water the water hold capacity a lot high but if it's like dry there's going to be like a causing problem to the root they're going to be like a sold as a rock and com compaction causes Till by till like that sometimes or practices uh like of tilling theep till that's mean uh distribution it's making the the soil in the beginning of the teing like fluffy and after that the causing soil compacting the soil will be very hard and tough to uh for the roots to dig deep in weight like uh uh and type of tail uh Implement that which is like sometimes require a deep tillage uh to break up the com uh compaction of the soil and ribbing that's the type of the uh tail the Deep tail to flip uh the soil that you already have but that one also it's maybe uh affecting the soil and you can maybe add it like another different technique to avoid the um the T field uh pin pin weed look example for perennial roots that like a seoud like adventitious shoot and those like adventitious shoot they can not be controlled by uh tell so that's the more you tell them the more they go down because advantageous uh root shoot that mean they are like living under the soil this part here as you can see and this part will make a lot of roots so if you cut this piece here put it in the soil they will be grow they will be Mak a root they will be making new plant so this type of plant is difficult to control by tail any herbicide like use Mill um both top and root Roots um to be effective which which is we call a systematic systematic herbicide um that mean the herbicide they can be um uh like absorbed by the plant absorbed by the leaf when you supay it like in the top of the plant and they will go with the xylm and the FL to the old part of the plant they will go absorb and go down to the roots and go down like up to the fruits to the leaves to the flowers everywhere and they start killing the plant which is very good like for example this type um this plant which is uh uh bind weed and that's one is like Kill by systematic um like another type of root like it's not root it's a stem but it's modified stem which is have Ray zooms um any type of weeds that have Ray zooms they have to have like a a systematic uh herbicide to control them por claing and grazing management why are we talking about for climate and grazing management okay so when we like usually if we like sometimes we grow like alpha alpha right alpha alpha is not like crop that human can benefit from it but it's good for the soil they will be fixing nitrogen they will be there like they have deep root which is increase organic matter and uh also you can harvest the alpha Alpha many times right so what will happen when you harvest alpha alpha they have like in a certain stage so we have to look for that certain stage for example the root store like reserve uh as you can see in this one like this is before cutting and they are like completely black because uh dark they because they have uh enough like carbohydrates to inside them while if they like cutting they the plant will be like there is no manufacturer there is no uh like photos scienti is going on so they they will be like start like uh using the uh storage um uh sugar that's in the root to bring like to form a new growth in the top of the soil when they starting like a growing until they make it like a good can like that one they will be consuming as you can can see the uh lighter light uh color here that mean the plant consume more carbohydrate from the root and they will be after that like as you can see this is the most like the stage when it's like um the plant consume most of the carbohydrate that they already store so in this stage and after that one the plant will be starting making chlorophyll uh and the chlorophyll making carbohydrate which is like by photosythesis and that will be store again and again you can cut it at this stage but imagine if you cut it in this stage okay you're going to have like a crop yeld maybe but it's not enough the first place and the second place you will consume all the car that stored in the root uh that's a good example for that one when it's cutting like the roots they will be changing and uh the root stop growing uh for a period and of time and when top uh are Cuts but uh cut and as a plant uh shift G uh gear to replace the leaves and as the uh like instead uh making new they will be making uh uh green uh leaves and new leaves so they can support the plant to growth prepare for crop management would which is balancing between like a leaf area and removal uh uh Leaf uh area and the leaf area that left to support the plant growth the root growth and the storage so for example that for that reason um they can be like say cut half and leave half which is uh that's not going to work in like most of the plant another thing is like breathing and genetic what we talk about like what is that related with with okay so cultivar can be a broad uh uh uh bar like a rabid or more extensive root growth like they have like a different according to the variety however that usually means like less T root growth and probably less yell too so there is like a few things like for example breathing uh uh for drought resistance and usually related to a greater route and uh versus the T growth uh growth uh but hard like to maintain a yeld uh high yield so how to manage that that will be like a little bit different from uh part to a part like a plan to a plant so usually most crops have like about two one 2 to one top tab uh Top Root sorry Top plant like a part green part stem leaves other part and one like Roots Rao but sometimes like 1/3 of the total dry weight is as root so um so that mean this the one here is that that the 1/3 of the total dry weight so as you can see the example here so if you divided that to three that mean the third of the planted dry weight will be under the soil compared to uh drought resistance buffalo grass with the 1 to 10 top Roots which is Rao and that's that's maybe 91% of the planted dry weight is root um so as you can see variety different things they going to like give you different uh uh result anyway um I think um that's what all what we have today but not the end of the lecture I wish that you watch this video uh we going to like um after that one see you next lecture and if you have a question please uh send me an email thank you and watch the video before we go Roots types regions and root systems the part of a plant which acts as it centralized system providing strength growth and nutrition to the rest of the parts is the root the root end of an embryo of a seed possesses a radical from which the first root of the plant develops upon germination of the seed the roots are generally divided into two categories one primary Roots which originate from the embryo and usually persist throughout life and two adventitious Roots which arise secondarily from the stem leaf or other tissues and may be either permanent or temporary the root is the descending portion of the axis of the plant and grows away from light root growth is generally directed towards gravity that is it is positively geotropic usually the root is not green in color however in certain cases when the root is exposed to light for a prolonged period it turns green in color as in the case of ospa some orchids and water chestnut the root does not commonly bear buds sometimes the roots are seen to Bear vegetative buds for vegetative propagation example in case of sweet potato such plums sometimes propagate by root cuttings the root ends in and is protected by a cap-like structure known as the root cap the root Bears unicellular hair that appear in a cluster in the tender part of the root a little behind the Apex root hair possess very thin walls made of cellulose they absorb water and minerals from the soil lateral Roots always develop from an inner layer and are called endogenous they are produced endogenously from pericycle Roots are much variable in their shape and structure it is related either to their function or environmental conditions on the basis of place of origin there are two types of roots One Tap roots and two adventitious Roots the root that develops directly from the radical is known as the primary route which in most cases persists and becomes stronger to form the tap root the tap rout grows vertically downwards to Shorter or longer depths and produces lateral branches called secondary Roots these May further Branch to give rise to tertiary Roots the Roots that develop from any part of the plant other than the radical are known as adventitious Roots they may develop from the base of the stem repl placing the primary root or in addition to it or from any node and Inter node of the stem or the branch or even from the leaf on the basis of the nature of their development adventitious Roots may be categorized as follows one fibrous Roots may be given off in clusters from the base of the stem as in case of onions or from the nodes of creeping branches of cross es or the lower nodes of the stem as in case of maze two folar Roots develop from the leaf example in bopm begonia BOGO stemon Etc three true adventitious roots are given off by many plants from their nodes and sometimes from the inter nodes as they creep on the ground example in in Penny wat the advantageous roots are also produced from Branch cuttings when they put into the soil example in Rose sugar cane tapioca Etc the whole extent of the roots of a plant is called the root system the development of the root system differs fundamentally in vascular plants and may be classified into two categories one the tap root system and two the fibrous root system the tap root system is normally found in diotti ains and gymnosperms whereas the fibrous root system is commonly found in monocoins Tap Root produces lateral branches which are known as the secondary Roots which in turn produce the tertiary roots and so on lateral roots are produced in acropetal succession that is the older and longer roots are away from the tip and the younger and shorter ones are towards it the Tap Root normally grows vertically downwards while the secondary or tertiary Roots grow obliquely downwards or horizontally outwards the tap Roots absorb water and mineral salts from the soil and give proper Anchorage to the plant in monocot Lins the radical also gives rise to the primary root but this does not develop any further and soon perishes and is replaced by many thin Roots develop from the base of the stem these are known as the fibrous Roots such Roots also develop from the nodes of the stems as in case of sugar cane bamboo and other grasses let us look at the different parts of a root the tip of each root is covered by protective root cap a thimble shaped covering of cells which fits over the rapidly growing meristematic region that is the cyrens the outer part of the root cap is rough and uneven because its cells are constantly being worn away as the root pushes through the the soil the growing Point consists of actively dividing meristematic cells from which all the other tissues of the root are formed the growing point also gives rise to new root cap cells to replace the ones worn away immediately behind the growing point is the zone of elongation where the cells remain undifferentiated but grow rapidly in length by taking in large amounts of water the growing point is about 1 mm in length and the zone of elongation is 3 to 5 mm long these two are the only parts of the rout that account for the continued elongation of the root above the zone of elongation is the zone of maturation characterized externally by a covering of whitish root hairs in this Zone the cells differentiate into the permanent tissues of the roots each root hair is a slender elongated lateral projection from a single epidermal cell through which most of the water and minerals are absorbed root hairs are delicate and shortlived new hairs are constantly formed just behind the zone of elongation and old hairs further back back wither away and die as the root elongates only a short segment of the root perhaps 1 to 6 cm long has root [Music] [Music] hairs [Music] [Music] [Music]