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Indian Logic, People Development, and Environment: Key Points

Jul 17, 2024

Indian Logic, People Development, and Environment: Key Points

Introduction

  • Welcome and greetings.
  • Heavy rain in Chennai causing power cuts.

Today's Lecture Outline

  1. Six Pramanas in Indian Logic
  2. Types and Classification of Pramanas
  3. Quick Revision for Exams
  4. People Development and Environment
    • Duration: Indian Logic (1 hour), People Development and Environment (1.5 hours)

Indian Logic

Six Pramanas (Ways of Getting Knowledge)

  1. **Perception (Pratyaksha)****:
    • Direct knowledge through sense organs.
  2. Inference (Anumana):
    • Second-hand knowledge based on prior experience.
  3. Comparison (Upamana):
    • Knowledge through analogy and comparison.
  4. Postulation (Arthapatti):
    • Knowledge through assumption without direct evidence.
  5. Absence (Anupalabdhi):
    • Knowledge through non-perception of an object.
  6. Verbal Testimony (Shabda):
    • Knowledge through words and scriptures.**

Types of Perception

  • Stages: Nalp (without feature knowledge) and Svikalp (with detailed knowledge).
  • Direct Perception (Laukitka): Through sense organs.
  • Indirect Perception (Alaukika): Through special faculties (e.g., Yogic perception).
  • Examples: Sāṃkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa, Vedanta schools of thought.

Types and Structure of Anumana (Inference)

  1. Purpose
    • Swartanu (Convincing oneself)
    • Paratanuman (Convincing others)
  2. Cause and Effect
    • Purvat Shat (Future inference)
    • Seshavat (Present inference)
    • Saman (General correlation)
  3. Application
    • Kevalanvayi, Kevalavyatireki, Anvayavyatireki
  4. Examples
    • Analogy of fire and smoke for inference examples.

Characteristics of Hetu (Reason)

  • Panchalakshana:
    1. Pakshadharmata (Presence in subject)
    2. Sapakshasattva (Presence in similar instances)
    3. Vipakshyasattva (Absence in dissimilar instances)
    4. Abadhit (Non-contradicted by other sources)
    5. Asatkaryak (Should not prove contradictory conclusions)

Fallacies in Indian Logic (Hetvabhasa)

  1. Savyabhicara (Irregular Middle)
  2. Viruddha (Contradictory Middle)
  3. Prakaranasama (Unproved Middle)
  4. Satpratipaksha (Inferential Contradictory Middle)
  5. Badha (Non-inferentially Contradictory Middle)
  • Examples and mnemonic devices for memory.

People Development and Environment

Protocols and Conventions

  1. Ramsar Convention (1971)
    • Preserving wetlands.
    • India joined in 1982.
  2. Stockholm Declaration (1972)
    • Global interest in conservation.
  3. CITES (1973)
    • International trade of endangered species.
  4. CMS (1979)
    • Migratory species preservation.
  5. Nairobi Convention (1985)
    • Marine environment preservation.
  6. Vienna Convention (1985)
    • Ozone layer protection.
  7. Montreal Protocol (1987)
    • Substances depleting the ozone layer.
  8. Brundtland Commission (1987)
    • Sustainable development goals.
  9. UNFCCC (1992)
    • Climate change action (Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement).
  10. CBD (1992)
  • Biological diversity.
  1. UNCCD (1992)
  • Combat desertification.
  1. Kigali Amendment (2016)
  • Phase down HFCs.
  1. Global Environment Facility (1991)
  • Focus on critical areas like biodiversity and climate change.
  1. Agenda 21 (1992)
  • Comprehensive plan of action for sustainable development.

Ozone Layer and Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS)

  • ODS Examples: CFCs, HFCs, Methyl Bromide, etc.
  • Greenhouse Gases: CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, etc.

Key Concepts in Pollution

  1. Air Pollution
    • Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Oxides, Sulfur Dioxide, Ammonia, Lead.
  2. Water Pollution
    • Parameters: Physical (color, taste, turbidity), Chemical (pH, COD, BOD).
  3. Noise Pollution
    • Levels for Industrial, Commercial, Residential, and Silent zones.

Conclusion

  • Emphasis on revision and understanding core principles for exams.
  • Encouragement to subscribe, comment, and engage for more resources.

Next Steps

  • Upcoming Topics: ICT, Higher Education Research.
  • Review session details and engagement through the channel.

Note: Be sure to review this material thoroughly in preparation for your exams and engage with any additional resources provided.

Full transcript