Lecture Notes: Top 200 Drugs Series - Part 7: Antibiotics, Antifungals, and Antivirals

Introduction

• Presenter: Amanda, a pharmacist.
• Topic: Discussion on antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals as part of the Top 200 Drugs series.
• Content: Indication, pharmacology, generic and brand names.

General Information on Antibiotics

• Purpose: Treat bacterial infections, not viral or other microorganisms.
• Mechanism:
  • Bactericidal: Kills bacteria.
  • Bacteriostatic: Inhibits growth of bacteria.

Types of Antibiotics

1. Penicillins

• Type: Beta-lactam antibiotics.
• Mechanism: Damage bacterial cell wall (bactericidal).
• Usage: Wide range of bacterial infections.
• Examples:
  • Amoxicillin
    • Brand Name: Amoxil.
  • Amoxicillin with Clavulonic Acid
    • Brand Name: Augmentin.
    • Note: Clavulonic acid is not an antibiotic; it inhibits enzyme breaking down penicillin.

2. Cephalosporins

• Type: Beta-lactam antibiotics.
• Mechanism: Damage bacterial cell wall (bactericidal).
• Usage: Ear, sinus, urinary tract, and GI infections.
• Examples:
  • Cephalexin
    • Brand Name: Keflex.
  • Ceftoneer
    • Brand Name: Omnisf.

3. Fluoroquinolones

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial DNA replication (bactericidal).
• Usage: UTIs, respiratory infections; strong antibiotics for resistant infections.
• Examples:
  • Ciprofloxacin
    • Brand Name: Cipro.
  • Levofloxacin
    • Brand Name: Levaquin.

4. Sulfonamides

• Common Name: Sulfa drugs.
• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial folic acid synthesis (bacteriostatic).
• Usage: UTIs, bronchitis, prostate infections.
• Examples:
  • Sulfamethoxazole with Trimethoprim
    • Brand Name: Bactrim, Septra.
    • Note: Combination is bactericidal.

5. Macrolides

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).
• Usage: UTIs, ear, respiratory, stomach, skin infections, and STDs.
• Examples:
  • Azithromycin
    • Brand Name: Zithromax.

6. Lincosamides

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).
• Usage: Anaerobic infections (dental, respiratory, skin).
• Examples:
  • Clindamycin
    • Brand Name: Cleocin.

7. Nitroimidazoles

• Mechanism: Inhibit bacterial nucleic acid synthesis (bactericidal).
• Usage: Anaerobic infections and anti-protozoal activity.
• Examples:
  • Metronidazole
    • Brand Name: Flagyl.

8. Nitrofurans

• Mechanism: Disrupt bacterial protein, cell wall, RNA, and DNA synthesis (bactericidal).
• Usage: UTIs.
• Examples:
  • Nitrofurantoin
    • Brand Name: Macrodantin, Macrobid.

9. Tetracyclines

• Mechanism: Disrupt bacterial protein synthesis (bactericidal).
• Usage: Intestinal, respiratory, urinary tract infections, anthrax, STD, gum disease, acne.
• Examples:
  • Doxycycline
    • Brand Name: Vibramycin, Doryx.

10. Topical Antibiotics

• Examples:
  • Mupirocin
    • Brand Name: Bactroban.
    • Usage: Skin infections (staph, strep, MRSA).

Antifungals

• Usage: Fungal and yeast infections.
• Types in Top 200: Azoles.
• Examples:
  • Fluconazole
    • Brand Name: Diflucan.
  • Ketoconazole
    • Brand Name: Nizoral.

Antivirals

• Usage: Viral infections; effective during viral replication.
• Examples:
  • Acyclovir
    • Brand Name: Zovirax.
  • Valacyclovir
    • Brand Name: Valtrex.
  • Oseltamivir
    • Brand Name: Tamiflu (treats influenza).

Conclusion

• Future Topic: Part 8 will cover antidepressant and antipsychotic medications.
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