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Define 'Object' in the context of Margaret Mahler's theory.
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In Mahler's theory, an 'Object' refers to people, parts of people, or things symbolically representing a person.
What might be a potential exam question based on Mahler’s theory?
A potential exam question could ask about the impact of separations within the first 3 years of life on a child's development according to Mahler’s Object Relations Theory.
Explain the significance of the 'Practicing' subphase in separation-individuation.
In the 'Practicing' subphase (9-15 months), the infant begins to explore away from the mother by crawling and walking. The caregiver's presence within the vicinity offers reassurance to the child during exploration.
How can healthy object relations impact adulthood?
Healthy object relations can lead to unconscious support and comfort, while a lack can result in insecurity and low self-esteem in adulthood.
What characterizes the 'Normal Symbiotic Phase' in Mahler's theory?
The 'Normal Symbiotic Phase' (1-5 months) is when the infant becomes aware of the mother but lacks a sense of individuality, believing they are one with the mother and focusing solely on her.
Explain the impact on a child if a caregiver is impatient or unavailable during the rapprochement phase.
If a caregiver is impatient or unavailable during the rapprochement phase, the child may develop a fear of abandonment, which can impact their emotional security.
What developmental milestone is achieved in the 'Object Constancy' phase?
In the 'Object Constancy' phase (24-38 months), the child understands that they and the mother are completely separate individuals, establishing the foundation of individuation with a stable personality and clear sense of self.
What occurs during the 'Differentiation and Hatching' subphase?
During the 'Differentiation and Hatching' subphase (5-9 months), the infant becomes alert and interested in the caregiver's differences, engaging in actions like pulling on the mother’s hair and clothing out of curiosity.
What did Mahler discontinue the 'Normal Autism' phase from her theory?
Mahler discontinued the 'Normal Autism' phase based on new research findings about infant development.
What challenges may arise during the 'Rapprochement' subphase?
During the 'Rapprochement' subphase (15-24 months), the child realizes the mother is a separate person and seeks to become closer again. If the caregiver responds with impatience or unavailability, the child may develop a fear of abandonment.
Describe the 'Normal Autism' phase identified in Mahler's development stages.
In the 'Normal Autism' phase (0-1 month), the infant sleeps a lot and is aware only of themselves. Mahler later discontinued this phase based on new infant research.
What study techniques are recommended for understanding Mahler’s theory?
Recommended study techniques include using index cards, practicing questions, and studying with buddies to enhance understanding and retention.
Identify key focus areas for studying Mahler’s Object Relations Theory.
Key focus areas include understanding relationships and early childhood dynamics between 0-3 years and the child's relationship with the mother.
What is the central idea of Margaret Mahler's Object Relations Theory?
The central idea is that healthy upbringings are determined by a child's ability to separate psychologically from their caregiver, primarily the mother, and form their own identity.
What does the process of individuation entail?
Individuation is the process of forming a stable personality and a clear sense of self separate from parents and others.
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