Lecture Notes on Medical Terminology and Body Systems

Chapter Two: Basic Terminology and Body Structure

Key Terms

• Cell: Basic unit of all living things
• Cell Membrane: Boundary of the cell
• Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid inside the cell
• Nucleus: Largest structure, spherical, centrally located
• Chromosomes: Located in the nucleus
• Genes: Regions within the chromosome
• DNA: Comprises each gene

Tissue Types

• Muscle Tissue: Ability to contract, producing movement
• Nervous Tissue: Specialized cells for specific functions
• Connective Tissue: Supports and encases body structures
• Epithelial Tissue: Covers the external surface of the body

Organ Systems

• Integumentary System: Skin, nails, and glands
• Respiratory System: Nose, pharynx, lungs, etc.
• Urinary System: Kidneys, ureters, bladder
• Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, uterus, vagina
• Male Reproductive System: Testes, penis, prostate
• Cardiovascular System: Heart and blood vessels
• Lymphatic/Immune System: Vessels and nodes
• Digestive System: Mouth, stomach, intestines
• Musculoskeletal System: Muscle, bones, joints
• Nervous System: Brain, spinal cord

Body Cavities

• Cranial Cavity: Contains the brain
• Spinal Cavity: Contains the spinal cord
• Thoracic Cavity: Contains heart, lungs, esophagus
• Abdominal Cavity: Contains digestive organs
• Pelvic Cavity: Contains bladder, reproductive organs
• Abdominopelvic Cavity: Combination of abdominal and pelvic cavities

Word Parts

• Aden/o: Gland
• Cyt/o: Cell
• Epitheli/o: Epithelium
• Necr/o: Death
• Onc/o: Tumor
• Path/o: Disease
• Rhabd/o: Rod-shaped

Common Medical Terms

• Benign: Not malignant, favorable recovery
• Carcinoma in situ: Early-stage cancer
• Chemotherapy: Cancer treatment with drugs
• Malignant: Worsening, often fatal
• Remission: Improvement or absence of disease

Chapter Three: Anatomical Terminology and Positions

Anatomical Directions

• Anter/o: Front
• Caud/o: Tail
• Cephal/o: Head
• Dist/o: Away
• Infer/o: Below
• Later/o: Side
• Medi/o: Middle
• Poster/o: Back
• Proxim/o: Near

Body Regions

• Umbilical Region: Around the navel
• Lumbar Regions: Near the waist
• Epigastric Region: Above the umbilical region
• Hypogastric Region: Below the umbilical region

Planes and Positions

• Axial: Divides body into upper and lower parts
• Coronal: Divides body into front and back
• Midsagittal: Divides body equally into right and left
• Sagittal: Divides body into right and left

Chapter Four: Integumentary System

Skin and Its Components

• Epidermis: Outer skin layer
• Dermis: Inner skin layer
• Hypodermis: Below the dermis
• Keratin: Protein in skin
• Melanin: Pigment in skin

Hair and Nails

• Hair: Keratinized cells
• Nails: Epithelial cells
• Sebaceous Glands: Secrete sebum
• Sudoriferous Glands: Secrete sweat

Skin Conditions

• Acne: Inflammatory skin disease
• Eczema: Inflammatory skin disease
• Psoriasis: Skin condition with red lesions
• Vitiligo: White skin patches

Chapter Five: Respiratory System

Primary Components

• Nose: Passage for air
• Pharynx: Food and air passage
• Larynx: Vocal cords location
• Trachea: Air passage to bronchi
• Lungs: Main respiratory organs

Respiratory Conditions

• Asthma: Airways inflammation
• COPD: Progressive lung disease
• Pneumonia: Lung inflammation

Chapter Six: Urinary System

Organs and Functions

• Kidney: Filters blood
• Ureter: Connects kidney to bladder
• Bladder: Stores urine
• Urethra: Excretes urine

Conditions and Procedures

• Chronic Kidney Disease: Irreversible kidney function loss
• Urinary Tract Infection: Infection in urinary system
• Dialysis: Blood purification when kidneys fail

Chapter Seven: Male Reproductive System

Anatomy

• Testis: Produces sperm
• Epididymis: Stores sperm
• Vas Deferens: Sperm duct
• Prostate Gland: Secretes protective fluid

Conditions

• Prostate Cancer: Common in older men
• Erectile Dysfunction: Inability to maintain erection
• Infertility: Reduced pregnancy capability

Chapter Eight: Female Reproductive System

Anatomy

• Ovaries: Produce eggs
• Uterus: Houses developing fetus
• Fallopian Tubes: Egg passage
• Vagina: Birth canal

Conditions

• Breast Cancer: Malignant breast tumor
• Ovarian Cancer: Malignant ovary tumor
• Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Pelvic organ inflammation

Chapter Nine: Obstetrics and Neonatology

Pregnancy Stages

• Conception: Sperm enters ovum
• Zygote: Initial cell
• Embryo: Early development stage
• Fetus: Development after 8 weeks

Complications

• Ectopic Pregnancy: Pregnancy outside the uterus
• Preeclampsia: High blood pressure during pregnancy
• Cesarean Section: Surgical birth

Chapter Ten: Cardiovascular System

Heart and Blood Vessels

• Heart: Muscular organ pumping blood
• Arteries: Carry blood away
• Veins: Carry blood to heart
• Capillaries: Connect arteries and veins

Conditions

• Hypertension: High blood pressure
• Myocardial Infarction: Heart attack
• Aneurysm: Artery wall ballooning

Chapter Eleven: Digestive System

Components

• Mouth: Food entry point
• Esophagus: Connects throat and stomach
• Stomach: Food storage and digestion
• Small Intestine: Nutrient absorption
• Large Intestine: Absorbs water

Disorders

• GERD: Acid reflux
• IBS: Bowel movement disturbances
• Liver Cirrhosis: Liver scarring

Chapter Twelve: Eye

Anatomy

• Cornea: Transparent front part
• Iris: Controls light entry
• Retina: Converts light to impulses

Conditions

• Cataract: Lens clouding
• Glaucoma: Increased eye pressure

Chapter Thirteen: Ear

Parts

• Auricle: External ear
• Tympanic Membrane: Eardrum
• Cochlea: Hearing organ

Ear Conditions

• Otitis Media: Middle ear inflammation
• Tinnitus: Ear ringing

Chapter Fourteen: Musculoskeletal System

Components

• Bones: Provide structure
• Muscles: Facilitate movement
• Joints: Connect bones

Conditions

• Osteoporosis: Bone density loss
• Arthritis: Joint inflammation

Chapter Fifteen: Nervous System

Structure

• Brain: Control center
• Spinal Cord: Nerve signal pathway
• Nerves: Signal carriers

Disorders

• Alzheimer Disease: Memory loss
• Epilepsy: Seizures
• Parkinson Disease: Movement disorder

Chapter Sixteen: Endocrine System

Glands and Hormones

• Pituitary Gland: Growth regulation
• Thyroid Gland: Metabolism control
• Adrenal Glands: Stress response

Disorders

• Diabetes Mellitus: Insulin regulation problem
• Hypothyroidism: Low thyroid activity
• Cushing Syndrome: Excessive cortisol

Diagnostic Tests

• Fasting Blood Sugar: Measures glucose level
• Thyroid Tests: Assess thyroid function

This comprehensive overview includes essential terminology and key concepts across multiple body systems, serving as a foundational guide for further studies in human anatomy and medical conditions.