Transcript for:
Overview of Medical Terminology and Body Systems

Chapter Two: 1. Cell: Basic unit of all living things 2. Cell membrane: Forms the boundary of the cell 3. Cytoplasm: Gel-like fluid inside the cell 4. Nucleus: Largest structure within the cell, usually spherical and centrally located 5. Chromosomes: Located in the nucleus of the cell 6. Genes: Regions within the chromosome 7. DNA: Comprises each gene 8. Tissue: Group of similar cells that performs a specific function 9. Muscle tissue: Composed of cells that have a special ability to contract, usually producing movement 10. Nervous tissue: Similarly specialized cells united in the performance of a particular function 11. Connective tissue: Connects, supports, penetrates, and encases various body structures 12. Epithelial tissue: The major covering of the external surface of the body 13. Organ: Two or more types of tissues that together perform special body functions 14. Viscera: Large internal organs contained in the body cavities, especially in the abdominal cavity 15. System: Group of organs that work together to perform complex body functions 16. Integumentary system: Composed of skin, nails, and glands 17. Respiratory system: Composed of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs 18. Urinary system: Composed of kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra 19. Female reproductive system: Composed of ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and mammary glands 20. Male reproductive system: Composed of testes, urethra, penis, prostate gland, and associated tubes 21. Cardiovascular system: Composed of the heart and blood vessels 22. Lymphatic/immune system: Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs 23. Digestive system: Composed of the gastrointestinal tract, which includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and anus, plus accessory organs, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas 24. Musculoskeletal system: Composed of muscle, bones, and joints 25. Nervous system: Composed of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs 26. Endocrine system: Composed of glands that secrete hormones 27. Cranial cavity: Space inside the skull containing the brain 28. Spinal cavity: Space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord 29. Thoracic cavity: Space containing the heart, aorta, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and mediastinal area 30. Abdominal cavity: Space containing the stomach, intestines, kidneys, adrenal glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and ureters 31. Pelvic cavity: Space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, parts of the small and large intestine, and the anus 32. Abdominopelvic cavity: Both the pelvic and abdominal cavities 33. Aden/o: Gland 34. Cyt/o: Cell 35. Epitheli/o: Epithelium 36. Fibr/o: Fiber 37. Hemat/o: Blood 38. Hist/o: Tissue 39. Lip/o: Fat 40. My/o: Muscle 41. Neur/o: Nerve 42. Organ/o: Organ 43. Sarc/o: Flesh, connective tissue 44. System/o: System 45. Viscer/o: Internal organs 46. Aut/o: Self 47. Bi/o: Life 48. Cancer/o: Cancer 49. Carcin/o: Cancer 50. Crypt/o: Hidden 51. Necr/o: Death 52. Eti/o: Cause 53. Gno/o: Knowledge 54. Iatr/o: Physician, medicine 55. Lei/o: Smooth 56. Onc/o: Tumor, mass 57. Path/o: Disease 58. Rhabd/o: Rod-shaped, striated 59. Somat/o: Body 60. Vir/o: Virus 61. Cyan/o: Blue 62. Erythr/o: Red 63. Leuk/o: White 64. Melan/o: Black 65. Xanth/o: Yellow 66. Dia-: Through, complete 67. Dys-: Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored 68. Hyper-: Above, excessive 69. Hypo-: Below, incomplete, deficient, under 70. Meta-: After, beyond, change 71. Micro-: Small 72. Neo-: New 73. Pro-: Before 74. -al, -ic, -ous: Pertaining to 75. -cyte: Cell 76. -gen: Substance or agent that produces or causes 77. -genic: producing, originating, causing 78. -logist: One who studies and treats 79. -logy: Study of 80. -megaly: Enlargement 81. -oid: Resembling 82. -oma: Tumor, swelling 83. -opsy: View of, viewing 84. -osis: Abnormal condition 85. -pathy: Disease 86. -plasia: Condition of formation, development, growth 87. -plasm: Growth, substance, formation 88. -sarcoma: Malignant tumor 89. -sis: State of 90. -stasis: Control, stop, standing 91. Benign: Not malignant, nonrecurrent, favorable for recovery 92. Biological therapy: Treatment of cancer with biological response modifiers 93. Carcinoma in situ: Cancer in the early stage before invading surrounding tissue 94. Chemotherapy: Treatment of cancer with drugs 95. Encapsulated: Enclosed within a capsule 96. Hospice: Provides palliative or supportive care for terminally ill patients and their families 97. Malignant: Tending to become progressively worse and to cause death, as in cancer 98. Palliative: Providing relief but not cure 99. Radiation Therapy: Treatment of cancer with a radioactive substance 100. Remission: Improvement or absence of signs of disease 101. Chemistry panel: A series of tests performed on a blood sample that give information regarding multiple systems including the kidneys, liver, and lungs 102. Complete blood cell count with differential: Lab test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes 103. Culture and sensitivity: Test performed on a sample to determine the presence of pathogenic bacteria 104. Genetic testing: Examines DNA, the chemical database that carries instructions for the body’s functions 105. Specimen: Sample of blood, urine, or body tissue that is taken for medical testing 106. Afebrile: Without fever 107. Erythema: Redness 108. Febrile: Having a fever 109. Inflammation: Localized protective response to injury or tissue destruction characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain 110. Exacerbation: Increase in the severity of a disease or its symptoms 111. Idiopathic: Pertaining to disease of unknown origin 112. Morbidity: State of being diseased 113. Mortality: State of being mortal 114. Bacteria: Single-celled microorganisms that reproduce by cell division and may cause infection by invading body tissue 115. Fungus: Organism that feeds by absorbing organic molecules from its surroundings and may cause infection by invading body tissue 116. Infection: Invasion of pathogens in body tissue 117. Microorganism: A form of life that is too small to be seen without a microscope 118. Virus: Minute microorganism, much smaller than a bacterium, characterized by a lack of independent metabolism and the ability to replicate only within living host cells Chapter Three: 1. Anter/o: Front 2. Caud/o: Tail 3. Cephal/o: Head 4. Dist/o: Away 5. Infer/o: Below 6. Later/o: Side 7. Medi/o: Middle 8. Poster/o: Back, behind 9. Proxim/o: Near 10. Super/o: Above 11. Ventr/o: Belly 12. Radi/o: X-rays, ionizing radiation 13. Son/o: Sound 14. Tom/o: To cut, section, or slice 15. Bi-: Two 16. Uni-: One 17. -ad: Toward 18. -al: Pertaining to 19. -gram: The record, radiographic imaging 20. -graph: Instrument used to record 21. -graphy: Process of recording 22. -ic: Pertaining to 23. -ior: Pertaining to 24. -logist: One who studies and treats 25. -logy: Study of 26. Umbilical region: Around the navel 27. Lumbar regions (2): To the right and left of the umbilical region, near the waist 28. Epigastric region: Superior to the umbilical region 29. Hypochondriac regions (2): To the right and left of the epigastric region 30. Hypogastric region: Inferior to the umbilical region 31. Iliac regions (2): To the right and left of the hypogastric region, near the groin 32. Axial: Horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions 33. Coronal: Vertical plane passing through the body from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions 34. Midsagittal: Vertical plane passing through the body from front to back at the midline, dividing the body equally into right and left halves 35. Parasagittal: Vertical plane passing through the body from front to back, dividing the body into unequal left and right sides 36. Sagittal: Vertical plane passing through the body from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sides 37. Fowler position: Semi-sitting position with slight elevation of the knees 38. Lateral recumbent position: Lying on side; right and left precede the term to indicate the patient’s side 39. Lithotomy position: Lying on back with legs raised with feet in stirrups, hips and knees flexed, and thighs abducted 40. Orthopnea position: Sitting upright in a chair or in a bed supported by pillows behind the back 41. Prone position: Lying on abdomen, facing downward 42. Recumbent position: Lying down in any position 43. Sims position: Lying on side in a semi-prone position with the knee drawn up toward the chest and the arm drawn parallel to the back 44. Supine position: Lying on back, facing upward 45. Trendelenburg position: Lying on back with body tilted so that the head is lower than the feet 46. Computed tomography: Imaging modality that combines x-rays with computer technology to produce detailed, cross sectional images of the body 47. Fluoroscopy: Imaging of the moving body structures, like an x-ray movie 48. Nuclear medicine: Imaging of internal structures by using a Gamma camera to detect radiation from different parts of the body after a radioactive material has been given to the patient 49. Magnetic resonance imaging: High strength, computer-controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images that visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infections, tumors, and herniated disks 50. Scan: Image obtained from diagnostic imaging procedures using sensing devices and radioisotopes Chapter Four: 1. Skin: Organ covering the body 2. Epidermis: Outer layer of skin 3. Keratin: Scleroprotein competent of the horny, or cornified, layer of the epidermis 4. Melanin: Dark pigment produced by melanocytes 5. Hair: Compressed, keratinized cells that arise from hair follicles, the sacs that enclose the hair fibers 6. Nails: Horny plates made from flattened epithelial cells 7. Sebaceous glands: Secrete sebum into the hair follicles where the hair shafts pass through the dermis 8. Sudoriferous glands: Tiny, coiled, tubular structures that emerge through the pores on the skin’s surface and secrete sweat 9. Dermis: Inner layer of skin 10. Hypodermis: Layer between the dermis and the underlying tissues and organs 11. Cutane/o: Skin 12. Derm/o: Skin 13. Dermat/o: Skin 14. Hidr/o: Sweat 15. Kerat/o: Horny tissue, hard 16. Onych/o: Nail 17. Seb/o: Sebum 18. Trich/o: Hair 19. Ungu/o: Nail 20. Aden/o: Gland 21. Crypt/o: Hidden 22. Erythr/o: Red 23. Leuk/o: White 24. Myc/o: Fungus 25. Pachy/o: Thick 26. Rhytid/o: Wrinkles 27. Scler/o: Hard 28. Staphyl/o: Grapelike clusters 29. Strept/o: Twisted chains 30. Xanth/o: Yellow 31. Xer/o: Dry, dryness 32. Epi-: On, upon, over 33. Hyper-: Above, excessive 34. Hypo-: Below, incomplete, deficient, under 35. Intra-: Within 36. Para-: Beside, beyond, around, abnormal 37. Per-: Through 38. Sub-: Under, below 39. Trans-: Through, across, beyond 40. -a: Noun suffix, no meaning 41. -al: Pertaining to 42. -coccus: Berry-shaped 43. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 44. -genic: Producing, originating, causing 45. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state, condition of 46. -ic: Pertaining to 47. -itis: Inflammation 48. -logist: One who studies and treats 49. -logy: Study of 50. -malacia: Softening 51. -oma: Tumor, swelling 52. -osis: Abnormal condition 53. -ous: Pertaining to 54. -phagia: Eating or swallowing 55. -plasty: Surgical repair 56. -rrhea: Flow, discharge 57. Abrasion: Scraping away of the skin by mechanical process or injury 58. Acne: Inflammatory disease of the skin involving the sebaceous glands and hair follicles 59. Actinic keratosis: Precancerous skin condition of horny tissue formation that results from excessive exposure to sunlight 60. Albinism: Congenital hereditary condition characterized by partial or total lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes 61. Basal cell carcinoma: Malignant epithelial tumor arising from the bottom layer of the epidermis called the basal layer 62. Candidiasis: Infection of the skin, mouth, or vagina caused by the yeast-type fungus Candida albicans 63. Carbuncle: Infection of skin and subcutaneous tissue composed of a cluster of boils caused by staphylococcal bacteria 64. Cellulitis: Inflammation of the skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by infection 65. Contusion: Injury with no break in the skin, characterized by pain, swelling, and discoloration 66. Eczema: Noninfectious, inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, blisters, scabs, and itching 67. Fissure: Slit or crack-like sore in the skin 68. Furuncle: Painful skin nodule caused by staphylococcal bacteria in a hair follicle 69. Gangrene: Death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion 70. Herpes: Inflammatory skin disease caused by herpes virus characterized by small blisters in clusters 71. Impetigo: Superficial skin infection characterized by pustules and caused by either staphylococci or streptococci 72. Kaposi sarcoma: Cancerous condition starting as purple or brown papules that spreads through the skin to the lymph nodes and internal organs 73. Keloid: Overgrowth of scar tissue 74. Laceration: Torn, ragged-edged wound 75. Measles: Highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever, runny nose, cough, and a spreading skin rash 76. MRSA infection: Invasion of body tissue by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a strain of common bacteria that has developed resistance to methicillin and other antibiotics 77. Pediculosis: Invasion into the skin and hair by lice 78. Pilonidal cyst: Abnormal pocket in the skin that contains hair and skin debris 79. Pressure injury: Damage of the skin and the subcutaneous tissue caused by prolonged pressure, often occurring in the bedridden patients 80. Psoriasis: Chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales 81. Rosacea: Chronic disorder of the skin that produces erythema, papules, pustules, and abnormal dilation of tiny blood vessels, usually occurring on the central area of the face in people older than 30 years 82. Scabies: Skin infection caused by the itch mite, characterized by papule eruptions that are caused by the female burrowing into the outer layer of the skin and laying eggs 83. Squamous cell carcinoma: Malignant growth developing from scalelike epithelial tissue of the surface layer of the epidermis 84. Systemic lupus erythematosus: Chronic inflammatory disease involving the skin, joints, kidneys, and nervous system 85. Tinea: Fungal infection of the skin 86. Urticaria: Itchy skin eruption composed of wheals of varying sizes and shapes 87. Vitiligo: White patches on the skin caused by the destruction of melanocytes 88. Cauterization: Destruction of tissue with a hot or cold instrument, electric current, or caustic substance 89. Cryosurgery: Destruction of tissue by using extreme cold, often by using liquid nitrogen 90. Debridement: Removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from an open wound 91. Dermabrasion: Procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material, such as sandpaper 92. Excision: Removal by cutting 93. Incision: Surgical cut or wound produced by a sharp instrument 94. Incision and drainage: Surgical cut made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a lesion, wound, or cavity 95. Laser surgery: Procedure using an instrument that emits a high-powered beam of light used to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissue 96. Mohs surgery: Technique of microscopically controlled serial excisions of a skin cancer 97. Skin graft: Skin transplanted to replace a lost portion of the body skin surface 98. Suturing: To stitch edges of a wound surgically 99. Abscess: Localized collections of pus, bacteria, and other material 100. Alopecia: Loss of hair 101. Cyst: Closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material 102. Diaphoresis: Sweating 103. Ecchymosis: Large, flat, blue-purple lesion caused by escape of blood into deeper areas of the skin, as may occur when blood is withdrawn by a needle and syringe from an arm vein 104. Edema: Puffy swelling of tissue form the accumulation of fluid 105. Induration: Abnormal hard spot or area of the skin 106. Jaundice: Condition of characterized by a yellow coloring of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclera 107. Lesion: Any visible change in tissue resulting from injury or disease 108. Leukoplakia: Condition characterized by white spots or patches on mucous membranes, which may be precancerous 109. Macule: Flat, colored spot on the skin 110. Nevus: Circumscribed malformation of the skin, usually brown, black, or flesh colored 111. Nodule: Small, knotlike mass that can be felt by touch 112. Pallor: Paleness 113. Papule: Small, solid skin elevation 114. Petechiae: Tiny, pinpoint, bright red lesions that result from escape of blood into the skin and mucous membranes 115. Pruritus: Itching 116. Purpura: Small, reddish purple lesions caused by escape of blood into skin and mucous membranes 117. Pustule: Elevation of skin containing pus 118. Ulcer: Erosion of the skin or mucous membrane 119. Verruca: Circumscribed cutaneous elevation caused by a virus 120. Vesicle: Small elevation of the epidermis containing liquid 121. Wheal: Transitory, itchy elevation of the skin with a white center and a red surrounding area Chapter Five: 1. Nose: Lined with mucous membrane and fine hairs 2. Nasal septum: Partition separating the right and left nasal cavities 3. Paranasal sinuses: Air cavities within the cranial bones that open into the nasal cavities 4. Pharynx: Serves as a food and air passageway 5. Adenoids: Lymphoid tissue located on the posterior wall of the nasal cavity 6. Tonsils: Lymphoid tissue located on the lateral wall at the junction of the oral cavity and oropharynx 7. Larynx: Location of the vocal cords 8. Epiglottis: Flap of cartilage that automatically covers the opening of the larynx and keeps food from entering the larynx during swallowing 9. Trachea: Passageway for air to enter the bronchi from the larynx 10. Bronchus: One of two branches from the trachea that conducts air into the lungs, where it divides and subvides 11. Bronchioles: Smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree 12. Alveoli: Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles 13. Thorax: Chest, the part of the body between the neck and the diaphragm encased by the ribs 14. Lungs: Two spungelike organs in the thoracic cavity 15. Pleura: Double-folded, serous membrane covering each lung and lining the thoracic cavity with a small space between, called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid 16. Mediastinum: Space between the lungs 17. Diaphragm: Muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity 18. Adenoid/o: Adenoids 19. Alveol/o: Alveolus, alveoli 20. Bronch/o: Bronchus, bronchi 21. Bronchi/o: Bronchus, bronchi 22. Diaphragmat/o: Diaphragm 23. Epiglott/o: Epiglottis 24. Laryng/o: Larynx 25. Lob/o: Lobes 26. Mediastin/o: Mediastinum 27. Nas/o: Nose 28. Pharyng/o: Pharynx 29. Pleur/o: Pleura 30. Pneumo/o: Lung, air 31. Pneumon/o: Lung, air 32. Pulmon/o: Lung 33. Rhin/o: Nose 34. Sept/o: Septum 35. Sinus/o: Sinus 36. Thorac/o: Thorax, chest, chest cavity 37. Tonsill/o: Tonsils 38. Trache/o: Trachea 39. Atel/o: Imperfect, incomplete 40. Capn/o: Carbon dioxide 41. Carcin/o: Cancer 42. Coni/o: Dust 43. Hem/o: Blood 44. Muc/o: Mucus 45. Myc/o: Fungus 46. Orth/o: Straight 47. Ox/i: Oxygen 48. Phon/o: Sound, voice 49. Py/o: Pus 50. Somn/o: Sleep 51. Spir/o: Breathe, breathing 52. A-: Absence of, without 53. An-: Absence of, without 54. Dys-: Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored 55. Endo-: Within 56. Eu-: Normal, good 57. Hyper-: Above, excessive 58. Hypo-: Below, incomplete, deficient, under 59. Intra-: Within 60. Neo-: New 61. Poly-: Many, much 62. Tachy-: Fast, rapid 63. -al: Pertaining to 64. -ar: Pertaining to 65. -ary: Pertaining to 66. -cele: Hernia, protrusion 67. -centesis: Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid 68. -desis: Surgical fixation, fusion 69. -eal: Pertaining to 70. -ectasis: Stretching out, dilation, expansion 71. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 72. -emia: In the blood 73. -genic: Producing, originating, causing 74. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state, condition of 75. -ic: Pertaining to 76. -itis: Inflammation 77. -logist: One who studies and treats 78. -logy: Study of 79. -meter: Instrument used to measure 80. -metry: Measurement 81. -oid: Resembling 82. -oma: Tumor, swelling 83. -osis: Abnormal condition 84. -ous: Pertaining to 85. -plasm: Growth, substance, formation 86. -plasty: Surgical repair 87. -pnea: Breathing 88. -ptysis: Spitting, coughing 89. -rrhagia: Excessive bleeding 90. -rrhea: Flow, discharge 91. -scope: Instrument used for visual examination 92. -scopic: Pertaining to visual examination 93. -scopy: Visual examination 94. -spasm: Sudden, involuntary muscle contraction 95. -stenosis: Constriction or narrowing 96. -stomy: Creation of an artificial opening 97. -thorax: Chest, chest cavity 98. -tomy: Cut into, incision 99. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: Respiratory failure as a result of disease or injury 100. Asphyxia: Deprivation of oxygen for tissue use 101. Asthma: Respiratory disease characterized by coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, caused by constriction and inflammation of airways that is reversible between attacks 102. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Progressive lung disease obstructing airflow, which makes breathing difficult 103. Coccidioidomycosis: Fungal disease affecting the lungs and sometimes other organs of the body 104. Coronavirus disease: Respiratory infection caused by a virus with symptoms that include fever, cough, fatigue, difficulty breathing, and digestive upset 105. Croup: Condition resulting from acute obstruction of the larynx, characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, and stridor 106. Cystic fibrosis: Hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other symptoms 107. Deviated septum: One part of the nasal cavity is smaller because of malformations or injury of the nasal septum 108. Diphtheria: Serious bacterial infection affecting the mucous membranes of the nose and throat 109. Emphysema: Loss of elasticity of the alveoli resulting in distention causing stretching of the lung 110. Epistaxis: Nosebleed 111. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Chronic progressive lung disorder characterized by increasing scarring, which ultimately reduces the capacity of the lungs 112. Influenza: Highly contagious and often severe viral infection of the respiratory tract 113. Obstructive sleep apnea: Repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep, which leads to transient periods of apnea 114. Pertussis: Highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized by a severe hacking cough, followed by an acute crowing inspiration, or whoop 115. Pleural effusion: Fluid in the pleural cavity caused by a disease process or trauma 116. Pulmonary edema: Fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles, most often a manifestation of heart failure 117. Pulmonary embolism: Matter foreign to the circulation, carried to the pulmonary artery and its branches, where it blocks circulation to the lungs and can be fatal if of sufficient size or number 118. Tuberculosis: Infectious bacterial disease, most commonly spread by inhalation of small particles and usually affecting the lungs 119. Upper respiratory infection: Infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx usually caused by a virus 120. Chest computed tomography scan: Computerized radiographic images of the chest performed to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion 121. Chest radiograph: Radiographic image of the chest performed to evaluate the lungs and the heart 122. Lung ventilation/ perfusion scan: Two nuclear scan tests, one to measure air flow throughout the lungs, and one to measure circulation to all areas of the lungs 123. Acid-fast bacilli smear: Test performed on sputum to determine the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which cause tuberculosis 124. Arterial blood gas: Test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH 125. Peak flow meter: Portable instrument used to measure air flow early in forced exhalation 126. Pulmonary function tests: Group of tests performed to measure breathing capacity and used to determine external respiratory function 127. Pulse oximetry: Noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood by using a device that attaches to the fingertip 128. Auscultation: The act of listening through a stethoscope for sounds within the body which are abnormal and that suggest abnormalities or disease 129. Percussion: The act of tapping of a body surface to determine the density of the part beneath by the sound obtained 130. PPD skin test: Test performed on individuals who may have been exposed to tuberculosis 131. Stethoscope: Instrument used to hear internal body sounds 132. Crackles: Discontinuous sounds heard primarily with a stethoscope during inspiration that resemble the sound of the rustling of cellophane 133. Effusion: Escape of fluid into tissue or body cavity 134. Hyperventilation: Ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs 135. Hypoventilation: Ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill the body’s gas exchange needs 136. Paroxysm: Periodic, sudden attack 137. Rhonchi: Low-pitched, with a snoring quality, breath sounds heard with a stethoscope suggesting secretions in the large airways 138. Stridor: Harsh, high-pitched breath sound heard on inspiration 139. Wheeze: Whistling noise with a high pitch, caused by air flowing through narrowed airways 140. Bronchoconstrictor: Agent causing narrowing of the bronchi 141. Bronchodilator: Agent causing the bronchi to widen 142. Nebulizer: Device that creates a mist used to deliver medication for giving respiratory treatment 143. Ventilator: Mechanical device used to assist with or substitute for breathing 144. Mucopurulent: Containing both mucus and pus 145. Patent: Open, the opposite of closed or compromised, thus allowing passage of air, as in patent trachea and bronchi 146. Sputum: Mucus from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through the mouth 147. Airway: Passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs as well as a mechanical device used to keep the air passageway unobstructed 148. Aspirate: To withdraw fluid or suction fluid 149. Nosocomial infection: An infection acquired during hospitalization Chapter Six: 1. Kidney: One of two bean-shaped organs located on each side of the vertebral column on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity covered anteriorly by the parietal peritoneum 2. Nephron: Urine-producing microscopic structure 3. Glomerulus: Cluster of capillaries at the entrance of the nephron 4. Renal pelvis: Funnel-shaped reservoir in the kidney that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter 5. Hilum: Indentation on the medial side of the kidney where the renal artery, vein, and pelvis are located and the ureter leaves the kidney 6. Ureters: Two slender tubes, approximately 10 to 13 inches long, that receive the urine from the kidneys and carry it to the posterior portion of the bladder 7. Urinary bladder: Muscular, hollow organ that temporarily holds the urine 8. Urethra: Lowest part of the urinary tract, through which the urine passes from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body 9. Urinary meatus: Opening through which the urine passes to the outside 10. Cyst/o: Bladder, sac 11. Glomerul/o: Glomerulus 12. Meat/o: Meatus 13. Nephr/o: Kidney 14. Pyel/o: Renal pelvis 15. Ren/o: Kidney 16. Ureter/o: Ureter 17. Urethr/o: Urethra 18. Vesic/o: Bladder, sac 19. Albumin/o: Albumin 20. Azot/o: Urea, nitrogen 21. Blast/o: Developing cell, germ cell 22. Glycos/o: Sugar 23. Hem/o: Blood 24. Hydr/o: Water 25. Lith/o: Stones, calculus 26. Noct/i: Night 27. Olig/o: Scanty, few 28. Son/o: Sound 29. Ur/o: Urine, urinary tract 30. Urin/o: Urine, urinary tract 31. A-: Absence of, without 32. Dys-: Painful, labored, difficult, abnormal 33. Poly-: Many, much 34. Trans-: Through, across, beyond 35. -al: Pertaining to 36. -ary: Pertaining to 37. -cele: Hernia, protrusion 38. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 39. -emia: In the blood 40. -gram: The record, radiographic image 41. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 42. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state, condition of 43. -iasis: Condition 44. -itis: Inflammation 45. -lith: Stones, calculus 46. -logist: One who studies and treats 47. -logy: Study of 48. -lysis: Loosening, dissolution, separating 49. -megaly: Enlargement 50. -oma: Tumor, swelling 51. -osis: Abnormal condition 52. -pexy: Surgical fixation 53. -plasty: Surgical repair 54. -ptosis: Drooping, sagging, prolapse 55. -scope: Instrument used for visual examination 56. -scopy: Visual examination 57. -stenosis: Constriction or narrowing 58. -stomy: Creation of an artificial opening 59. -tomy: Cut into, incision 60. -tripsy: Surgical crushing 61. -uria: Urine, urination 62. Acute kidney injury: Abrupt decline in kidney function that occurs over hours to days and is usually reversible 63. Chronic kidney disease: Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function 64. End-stage renal disease: Condition in which kidneys no longer function on their own 65. Epispadias: Congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis 66. Hypospadias: Congenital defect in which the urinary meatus is located on the underside of the penis 67. Polycystic kidney disease: Condition in which the kidney contains many cysts causing progressive interference with the ability to form urine 68. Renal calculus: Stone in the kidney 69. Renal hypertension: Elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease 70. Urinary retention: Abnormal accumulation of urine in the bladder because of an inability to urinate 71. Urinary suppression: Sudden stoppage of urine formation 72. Urinary tract infection: Infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract 73. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Noninvasive surgical procedure to crush stones in the kidney or ureter by administration of repeated shock waves 74. Fulguration: Destruction of living tissue with an electric spark 75. Renal transplant: Surgical implantation of a donor kidney into a patient with inadequate renal function 76. KUB: Simple radiographic image of the abdomen 77. Blood urea nitrogen: Test that measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from urea 78. Creatinine: Blood test that measures the amount of a waste product in the blood that comes from the normal wear and tear of muscles 79. Specific gravity: Test performed on a urine specimen to measure the concentrating or diluting ability of the kidney 80. Urinalysis: Multiple routine tests performed on a urine specimen 81. Urine culture and sensitivity: Test performed on a urine specimen to determine the presence of bacteria and yeast 82. Urodynamics: Pertaining to the force and flow of urine within the urinary tract 83. Enuresis: Involuntary urination 84. Prolapse: Displacement of an organ or anatomic structure from its normal position 85. Stricture: Abnormal narrowing, such as a urethral stricture 86. Urinary incontinence: Inability to control the bladder causing leakage of urine 87. Diuretic: Agent that promotes the formation and excretion of urine 88. Hemodialysis: Procedure for removing impurities from the blood because of an inability of the kidneys to do so 89. Peritoneal dialysis: Procedure for removing toxic wastes when the kidney is unable to do so 90. Urinary catheterization: Passage of a catheter into the urinary bladder to withdraw urine 91. Catheter: Flexible, tubelike device, such as a urinary catheter, for withdrawing or instilling fluids 92. Urinal: Receptacle for urine 93. Distended: Stretched out 94. Electrolytes: Minerals in the body 95. Void: To empty or evacuate waste material, especially urine Chapter Seven: 1. Testis: Primary male sex organ, paired, oval-shaped, and enclosed in a sac called the scrotum 2. Seminiferous tubules: Approximately 900 coiled tubes within the testes in which spermatogenesis occurs 3. Sperm: The microscopic male germ cell, which, when united with the ovum, produces a zygote that with subsequent development becomes an embryo 4. Testosterone: The principal male sex hormone 5. Epididymis: Coiled tube attached to each testis that provides for storage, transit, and maturation of sperm 6. Vas deferens: Duct carrying the sperm from the epididymis to the urethra 7. Seminal vesicles: Two accessory glands located posterior to the base of the bladder that open into the vas deferens 8. Prostate gland: Walnut shaped gland that encircles the proximal section of the urethra 9. Semen: Composed of sperm, seminal fluids, and other secretions 10. Scrotum: Sac containing the testes and their corresponding epididymides, from which each vas deferens begins 11. Penis: Male organ of urination and coitus 12. Glans penis: Enlarged tip on the end of the penis 13. Prepuce: Fold of skin covering the glans penis in uncircumcised males 14. Genitalia: Reproductive organs, includes internal and external reproductive organs 15. Gonads: Primary reproductive organs 16. Andr/o: Male 17. Balan/o: Glans penis 18. Epididym/o: Epididymis 19. Orch/o: Testis, testicle 20. Orchi/o: Testis, testicle 21. Orchid/o: Testis, testicle 22. Prostat/o: Prostate gland 23. Sperm/o: Sperm, spermatozoon 24. Spermat/o: Sperm, spermatozoon 25. Vas/o: Vessel, duct 26. Vesicul/o: Seminal vesicle 27. Cyst/o: Bladder, sac 28. Crypt/o: Hidden 29. Lith/o: Stones, calculus 30. Olig/o: Scanty, few 31. A-: Absence of, without 32. An-: Absence of, without 33. Hyper-: Above, excessive 34. -algia: Pain 35. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 36. -ia: Diseased of abnormal state, condition of 37. -ic: Pertaining to 38. -ism: State of 39. -itis: Inflammation 40. -lith: Stones, calculus 41. -tomy: Cut into, incision 42. -pexy: Surgical fixation 43. -pathy: Disease 44. -plasia: Condition of formation, development, growth 45. -plasty: Surgical repair 46. -rrhea: Flow, discharge 47. -stomy: Creation of an artificial opening 48. Erectile dysfunction: The inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection sufficient to perform sexual intercourse 49. Hydrocele: Fluid-filled sac around the testicle 50. Infertility: Reduced or absent ability to achieve pregnancy 51. Phimosis: Tightness or the prepuce that prevents its retraction over the glans penis 52. Priapism: Persistent abnormal erection of the penis accompanied by pain and tenderness 53. Prostate cancer: Cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men-middle aged and older 54. Spermatocele: Distention of the epididymis containing an abnormal cyst-like collection of fluid and sperm cells 55. Testicular cancer: Cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15 to 35 years of age 56. Testicular torsion: Twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis 57. Varicocele: Enlarged veins of the spermatic cord 58. Ablation: Destruction of abnormal or excessive tissue by melting, vaporizing, or eroding 59. Circumcision: Surgical removal of the prepuce 60. Enucleation: Excision of a whole organ or mass without cutting into it 61. Hydrocelectomy: Surgical removal of a fluid-filled sac around the testicle causing scrotal swelling 62. Laser surgery: Use of a focused beam of light to excise or vaporize abnormal tissue and to control bleeding 63. Morcellation: Cutting or grinding solid tissue into smaller pieces for removal 64. Robotic surgery: Use of small surgical instruments attached to a computer and operated by the surgeon from a console several feet from the operating table 65. Sterilization: Surgical procedure that prevents pregnancy, either the ability of the female to conceive or of the male to induce conception 66. Transurethral incision of the prostate gland: Surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions in the bladder neck and the prostate gland 67. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy: Treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in benign prostatic hyperplasia by using heat generated by microwave 68. Transurethral resection of the prostate gland: Surgical removal of pieces of the prostate gland tissue by using an instrument inserted through the urethra 69. MRI ultrasound fusion biopsy: Combination of magnetic resonance imaging with transrectal ultrasound to obtain a tissue from a prostate lesion 70. Multiparametric MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging procedure providing information of anatomic structure and physiology for the staging of prostate cancer 71. Transrectal ultrasound: Ultrasound procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer 72. Prostate-specific antigen: Blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood 73. Semen analysis: Microscopic observation of ejaculated semen, revealing the size, structure, and movement of sperm 74. Total testosterone: Blood test to measure the level of the hormone responsible for male physical characteristics 75. Digital rectal examination: Physical examination in which the healthcare provider inserts a gloved finger into the rectum and palpates the prostate through the rectal wall to determine the size, shape, and consistency of the gland 76. Chlamydia: Sexually transmitted infection, caused by the bacterium C. trachomatis 77. Genital herpes: Sexually transmitted infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 78. Gonorrhea: Sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterial organism that inflames the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract 79. Human immunodeficiency virus: Sexually transmitted infection caused by a retrovirus that infects T-helper cells of the immune system 80. Human papillomavirus: Sexually transmitted infection caused by viral infection 81. Sexually transmitted infection: Infection spread through sexual contact 82. Syphilis: Infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum 83. Trichomoniasis: Sexually transmitted infection caused by a one-cell organism Trichomonas 84. Artificial insemination: Introduction of washed and concentrated sperm into the female reproductive tract 85. Condom: Cover for the penis worn to prevent conception and the spread of sexually transmitted infections 86. Spermicide: An agent that destroys spermatozoa 87. Azoospermia: Lack of live sperm in the semen 88. Ejaculation: Ejection of semen from the male urethra 89. Orgasm: Climax of sexual stimulation 90. Puberty: Period when secondary sex characteristics develop and the ability to reproduce sexually begins Chapter Eight: 1. Ovaries: Almond-shaped organs located in the pelvic cavity 2. Ovum: Female egg cell 3. Graafian follicles: 100,000 microscopic sacs that make up a large portion of the ovaries 4. Fallopian tubes: Pair of tubes attached to the uterus that provide a passageway for the ovum to move from the ovary to the uterus 5. Fimbria: Finger-like projections at the free end of the fallopian tube 6. Uterus: Pear-sized and shaped muscular organ that lies in the pelvic cavity, except during pregnancy when it enlarge and extends up into the abdominal cavity 7. Endometrium: Inner lining of the uterus 8. Myometrium: Muscular middle layer of the uterus 9. Perimetrium: Outer protective layer of the uterus that secretes watery serous fluid to reduce friction 10. Corpus: Large central portion of the uterus 11. Fundus: Rounded upper portion of the uterus 12. Cervix: Narrow lower portion of the uterus 13. Vagina: Passageway between the uterus and the outside of the body 14. Hymen: Fold of membrane found near the opening of the vagina 15. Vulva: External genitals of the female, including the pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urinary meatus, and vaginal opening 16. Perineum: Pelvic floor in both the male and female 17. Bartholin glands: Pair of mucus-producing glands located on each side of the vagina, just above the vaginal opening 18. Breasts: Milk-producing glands 19. Areola: Pigmented area around the breast nipple 20. Cervic/o: Cervix 21. Colp/o: Vagina 22. Endometri/o: Endometrium 23. Episi/o: Vulva 24. Gynec/o: Woman, female reproductive organs 25. Hymen/o: Hymen 26. Hyster/o: Uterus 27. Mamm/o: Breast 28. Mast/o: Breast 29. Men/o: Menstruation 30. Metr/o: Uterus 31. Oophor/o: Ovary 32. Pelv/i: Pelvis, pelvic cavity 33. Perine/o: Perineum 34. Salping/o: Fallopian tube 35. Trachel/o: Cervix 36. Vagin/o: Vagina 37. Vulv/o: Vulva 38. Hemat/o: Blood 39. Hydr/o: Water 40. Leuk/o: White 41. My/o: Muscle 42. Olig/o: Scanty, few 43. Py/o: Pus 44. A-: Absence of, without 45. Dys-: Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored 46. Endo-: Within 47. Peri-: Surrounding 48. -al: Pertaining to 49. -algia: Pain 50. -cele: Hernia, protrusion 51. -cleisis: Surgical closure 52. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 53. -gram: The record, radiographic image 54. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 55. -ic: Pertaining to 56. -itis: Inflammation 57. -logist: One who studies and treats 58. -logy: Study of 59. -osis: Abnormal condition 60. -pexy: Surgical fixation 61. -plasty: Surgical repair 62. -rrhagia: Excessive bleeding 63. -rrhaphy: Suturing, repairing 64. -rrhea: Flow, discharge 65. -salpinx: Fallopian tube 66. -scope: Instrument used for visual examination 67. -scopic: Pertaining to visual examination 68. -scopy: Visual examination 69. -tomy: Cut into, incision 70. Abnormal uterine bleeding: Irregular bleeding in the absence of pregnancy 71. Adenomyosis: Growth of endometrium into the muscular portion of the uterus 72. Bartholin cyst: Blockage of one of the glands on either side of the vagina 73. Breast cancer: Malignant tumor of the breast 74. Cervical cancer: Malignant tumor of the cervix, which progresses from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma 75. Endometrial cancer: Malignant tumor of the endometrium 76. Fibrocystic breast changes: Thickening of tissue, benign cysts, and pain or tenderness in one or both breasts 77. Ovarian cancer: Malignant tumor of the ovary 78. Pelvic inflammatory disease: Inflammation of some or all of the female pelvic organs 79. Polycystic ovary syndrome: Condition typically characterized by hormonal imbalances, ovulatory dysfunction, and multiple ovarian cysts 80. Premenstrual syndrome: Syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms occurring up to 10 days before menstruation 81. Toxic shock syndrome: Severe illness characterized by high fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia, followed by hypotension and, in severe cases, shock and death 82. Uterine fibroid: Benign tumor of the uterine muscle 83. Uterovaginal prolapse: Dropping of the uterus due to weakened pelvic muscles 84. Vaginal fistula: Abnormal connection between the vagina and another organ, such as the urinary bladder, colon, or rectum 85. Anterior and posterior colporrhaphy: Surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele and a rectocele 86. Conization: Surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix 87. Dilation and curettage: Surgical procedure to widen the cervix and remove contents from the uterus using a curette, and instrument for scraping and suctioning 88. Endometrial ablation: Procedure to destroy or remove the endometrium by use of laser, electrical, or thermal energy 89. Myomectomy: Excision of a uterine fibroid 90. Tubal ligation: Surgical closure of the fallopian tubes for sterilization 91. Uterine artery embolization: Placement of metal coils or small gelatin beads into uterine arteries to stop blood flow supplying uterine fibroids or to stop severe hemorrhage after childbirth 92. Sentinel lymph node biopsy: Injection of blue dye and/or radioactive isotope used to identify the sentinel lymph node, the first in the axillary chain and most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer 93. Stereotactic breast biopsy: Technique that combines mammography and computer-assisted biopsy to obtain tissue from a breast lesion 94. Transvaginal sonography: Ultrasound procedure that uses a transducer placed in the vagina to obtain images of the ovaries, uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and surrounding structures 95. CA-125 test: Blood test primarily used to monitor treatment for ovarian cancer and to detect recurrence once treatment is complete 96. HPV test: Cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect high-risk forms of the human papillomavirus that can cause abnormal cervical cells and cervical cancer 97. Pap test: Cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to detect abnormal and cancerous cells 98. Anovulation: Failure of the ovary to release an egg 99. Dyspareunia: Difficult or painful intercourse 100. Fistula: Abnormal passageway between two organs or between an internal organ and the body surface 101. Oligoovulation: Infrequent release of an egg 102. Contraception: Intentional prevention of conception 103. Hormone replacement therapy: Replacement of hormones, estrogen and progesterone, to treat symptoms associated with menopause 104. Speculum: Instrument for opening a body cavity to allow visual inspection 105. Menarche: Beginning of menstruation 106. Menopause: Cessation of menstruation, usually around the ages of 48 to 53 years Chapter Nine: 1. Gamete: Mature germ cell, either sperm or ovum 2. Conception: Beginning of pregnancy, when the sperm enters the ovum 3. Zygote: Cell formed by the union of the sperm and the ovum 4. Embryo: Unborn offspring in the stage of development from implantation of the zygote to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy 5. Fetus: Unborn offspring from the beginning of the ninth week of pregnancy until birth 6. Gestation: Development of a new individual from conception to birth 7. Gestation period: Duration of pregnancy 8. Implantation: Embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining 9. Placenta: Structure that grows on the wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows for nourishment of the fetus 10. Amniotic sac: Membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery 11. Chorion: Outermost layer of the fetal membrane 12. Amnion: Innermost layer of the fetal membrane 13. Amniotic fluid: Fluid within the amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus 14. Umbilicus: Navel 15. Amni/o: Amnion, amniotic fluid 16. Amnion/o: Amnion, amniotic fluid 17. Chori/o: Chorion 18. Fet/i: Fetus 19. Fet/o: Fetus 20. Gravid/o: Pregnancy 21. Lact/o: Milk 22. Nat/o: Birth 23. Omphal/o: Umbilicus, navel 24. Par/o: Bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth 25. Part/o: Bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth 26. Puerper/o: Childbirth 27. Carcin/o: Cancer 28. Cephal/o: Head 29. Episi/o: Vulva 30. Esophag/o: Esophagus 31. Hydr/o: Water 32. Hyster/o: Uterus 33. Olig/o: Scanty, few 34. Pelv/i: Pelvis 35. Prim/i: First 36. Pseud/o: False 37. Pylor/o: Pylorus, pyloric sphincter 38. Son/o: Sound 39. Terat/o: Malformation 40. Trache/o: Trachea 41. Ante-: Before 42. Dys-: Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored 43. Intra-: Within 44. Micro-: Small 45. Multi-: Many 46. Neo-: New 47. Nulli-: None 48. Poly-: Many, much 49. Post-: After 50. Pre-: Before 51. -a: Noun suffix, no meaning 52. -al: Pertaining to 53. -amnios: Amnion, amniotic fluid 54. -cele: Hernia, protrusion 55. -centesis: Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid 56. -cyesis: Pregnancy 57. -e: Noun suffix, no meaning 58. -gen: Substance or agent that produces or causes 59. -genic: Producing, originating, causing 60. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 61. -ic: Pertaining to 62. -is: Noun suffix, no meaning 63. -itis: Inflammation 64. -logist: One who studies and treats 65. -logy: Study of 66. -oma: Tumor, swelling 67. -rrhea: Flow, discharge 68. -rrhexis: Rupture 69. -stenosis: Constriction or narrowing 70. -tocia: Birth, labor 71. -tomy: Cut into, incision 72. -um: Noun suffix, no meaning 73. -us: Noun suffix, no meaning 74. Abortion: Termination of pregnancy by the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo or fetus before viability, usually before 20 weeks of gestation 75. Abruptio placentae: Premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall 76. Eclampsia: Severe complication of progression of preeclampsia characterized by convulsion 77. Ectopic pregnancy: Pregnancy occurring outside the uterus, commonly in the fallopian tubes 78. Placenta previa: Abnormally low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall completely or partially covering the cervix 79. Preeclampsia: Abnormal condition encountered during pregnancy or shortly after delivery characterized by high blood pressure and proteinuria, but with no convulsions 80. Cleft lip or palate: Congenital split of the lip or roof of the mouth, one or both deformities may be present 81. Coarctation of the aorta: Congenital stenosis that occurs in the arch of the aorta 82. Congenital cytomegalovirus: Herpes-type virus that crosses the placenta 83. Congenital heart disease: Heart abnormality present at birth 84. Down syndrome: Genetic condition caused by a chromosomal abnormality characterized by varying degrees of intellectual, developmental, and physical disorders or defects 85. Erythroblastosis fetalis: Condition of the newborn characterized by hemolysis of the erythrocytes 86. Esophageal atresia: Congenital absence of part of the esophagus 87. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy 88. Gastroschisis: Congenital fissure of the abdominal wall that is not at the umbilicus 89. Respiratory distress syndrome: Respiratory complication in the newborn, especially in premature infants 90. Spina bifida: Congenital defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close 91. Cervical cerclage: Suturing the cervix closed to prevent dilation and premature delivery 92. Cesarean section: Birth of a fetus through an incision in the mother’s abdomen and uterus 93. In vitro fertilization: Method of fertilizing human ova outside the body and placing the zygote into the uterus 94. Nuchal translucency screening: Ultrasound test to check the back of the fetal neck for extra fluid or thickening 95. Quad screen: Blood test performed during the second trimester measuring four hormone levels that can reveal an increased risk of certain disorders in the developing fetus 96. Apgar score: System for rapid neonatal assessment at 1 and 5 minutes after birth 97. Chorionic villus sampling: Prenatal test that takes a sample of the area of blood supply in the placenta either through the abdominal wall or the vagina 98. Colostrum: Thin, milky fluid secreted by the breast during pregnancy and during the first days after birth before lactation begins 99. Lochia: Vaginal discharge after childbirth 100. Quickening: First feeling of movement of the fetus in utero by the pregnant woman 101. Midwife: Individual who practices midwifery 102. Midwifery: Practice of assisting in childbirth 103. Obstetrician: Physician who specializes in obstetrics 104. Obstetrics: Medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, childbirth, and puerperium 105. Breech presentation: Birth position in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first 106. Cephalic presentation: Birth position in which any part of the head emerges first 107. In vitro: Outside of the body or in a lab setting 108. In vivo: Within the living body 109. Lactation: Secretion of milk 110. Parturition: Act of giving birth 111. Puerperium: Period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal 112. Congenital anomaly: Abnormality present at birth 113. Meconium: First stool of the newborn 114. Gavage: Process of feeding through a tube 115. Premature infant: Infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation 116. Stillborn: Born dead Chapter Ten: 1. Heart: Muscular cone-shaped organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum and between the lungs 2. Atrioventricular valves: Consist of the tricuspid and mitral valves 3. Semilunar valves: Pulmonary and aortic valves 4. Pericardium: Two-layer sac surrounding the heart, consisting of an external fibrous and an internal serous layer 5. Epicardium: Outer lining covering the heart 6. Myocardium: Middle, thick, muscular layer of the heart 7. Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart 8. Blood vessels: Tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body 9. Arteries: Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart 10. Arterioles: Smallest arteries 11. Aorta: Largest artery in the body 12. Veins: Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart 13. Venules: Smallest veins 14. Venae cavae: Largest veins in the body 15. Capillaries: Microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules 16. Blood: Fluid circulated through the heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins 17. Plasma: Clear, straw-colored, liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended 18. Serum: Clear, watery fluid portion of the blood that remains after a clot has formed 19. Cells: Production of new blood cells takes place in bone marrow, the spongy tissue inside some bones 20. Erythrocytes: Red blood cells that carry oxygen 21. Leukocytes: White blood cells that combat infection and respond to inflammation 22. Thrombocytes: One of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process 23. Lymph: Transparent, colorless, tissue fluid 24. Lymphatic vessels: Transport lymph from body tissues into the right and left subclavian veins 25. Lymph nodes: Small, spherical bodies composed of lymphoid tissue 26. Spleen: Located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and diaphragm 27. Thymus gland: One of the primary lymphatic organs 28. Angi/o: Blood vessels 29. Aort/o: Aorta 30. Arteri/o: Artery 31. Atri/o: Atrium 32. Cardi/o: Heart 33. Cyt/o: Cell 34. Hem/o: Blood 35. Hemat/o: Blood 36. Lymph/o: Lymph 37. Lymphaden/o: Lymph node 38. My/o: Muscle 39. Myel/o: Bone marrow 40. Phleb/o: Veins 41. Plasm/o: Plasma 42. Splen/o: Spleen 43. Thym/o: Thymus gland 44. Valvul/o: Valve 45. Ven/o: Veins 46. Ventricul/o: Ventricle 47. Ather/o: Yellowish, fatty plaque 48. Ech/o: Sound 49. Electr/o: Electricity, electrical activity 50. Embol/o: Plug 51. Erythr/o: Red 52. Immun/o: Immune system 53. Isch/o: Deficiency, blockage 54. Leuk/o: White 55. Thromb/o: Blood clot 56. Brady-: Slow 57. Endo-: Within 58. Intra-: Within 59. Pan-: All, total 60. Peri-: Surrounding 61. Poly-: Many, much 62. Tachy-: Fast, rapid 63. -apheresis: Removal 64. -ar: Pertaining to 65. -centesis: Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid 66. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 67. -emia: In the blood 68. -genic: Producing, causing, originating 69. -gram: The record, radiographic image 70. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 71. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state 72. -ic: Pertaining to 73. -ism: State of 74. -itis: Inflammation 75. -logist: One who studies and treats 76. -logy: Study of 77. -lysis: Loosening, dissolution, separating 78. -megaly: Enlargement 79. -oma: Tumor, swelling 80. -osis: Abnormal condition 81. -ous: Pertaining to 82. -pathy: Disease 83. -penia: Abnormal reduction in number 84. -plasty: Surgical repair 85. -rrhage: Excessive flow 86. -rrhaphy: Suturing, repairing 87. -sclerosis: Hardening 88. -scopy: Visual examination 89. -stasis: Control, stop, standing 90. -stenosis: Constriction or narrowing 91. -us: Noun suffix, no meaning 92. Acute coronary syndrome: Sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction 93. Aneurysm: Ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall 94. Angina pectoris: Chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle 95. Arrhythmia: Any disturbance or abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic pattern 96. Cardiac arrest: Sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation 97. Cardiac tamponade: Acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity 98. Coronary artery disease: Condition that reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium that may progress to depriving the heart tissue of sufficient oxygen and nutrients to function normally 99. Cor pulmonale: Enlargement of the heart’s right ventricle due to pulmonary disease 100. Deep vein thrombosis: Condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body 101. Fibrillation: Rapid, quivering, uncoordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles causing cardiac arrhythmia 102. Heart failure: Condition in which there is an inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen 103. Hypertensive heart disease: Disorder of the heart caused by persistent high blood pressure 104. Intermittent claudication: Condition of pain, tension and weakness in a limb that starts when walking is begun 105. Mitral valve stenosis: Narrowing of the mitral valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever 106. Myocardial infarction: Death of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from interrupted blood supply 107. Peripheral artery disease: Disease of the arteries in the arms and legs, resulting in narrowing or complete obstruction of the artery 108. Rheumatic heart disease: Damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever 109. Varicose veins: Distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities 110. Artificial cardiac pacemaker: Battery-powered apparatus implanted under the skin with leads placed on the heart or in the chamber of the heart used to treat an abnormal heart rhythm 111. Automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator: Device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm 112. Catheter ablation: Procedure in which abnormal cells that trigger abnormal heart rhythms are destroyed using a device that heats or freezes the cells 113. Coronary artery bypass graft: Surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries 114. Coronary stent: Supportive scaffold device placed in the coronary artery 115. Femoropopliteal bypass: Surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction 116. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: Procedure in which a balloon is advanced into a coronary artery to the area where plaque has formed 117. Thrombolytic therapy: Injection of a medication either intravenously or intra-arterially to dissolve blood clots 118. Digital subtraction angiography: Process of digital radiographic imaging of the blood vessels that subtracts or removes structures not being studies 119. Doppler ultrasound: Study that uses high-frequency sound waves for detection of blood flow within the vessels 120. Sestamibi test: Nuclear medicine test to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery 121. Single-photon emission computed tomography: Nuclear medicine test that collects a series of images as a Gamma camera rotates around the patient 122. Transesophageal echocardiogram: Ultrasound test that examines cardiac function by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides more direct views of the heart structures 123. Cardiac catheterization: Diagnostic procedure performed by passing a catheter into the heart from a blood vessel in the groin or arm to examine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels 124. Exercise stress test: Study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress 125. Blood pressure: Pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls 126. Pulse: Contraction of the heart, which can be felt with a fingertip 127. Sphygmomanometer: Device used for measuring blood pressure 128. C-reactive protein: Blood test to measure the amount of c-reactive protein in the blood 129. Creatine phosphokinase: Blood test used to measure the level of creatine phosphokinase 130. Lipid profile: Blood test used to measure the amount and type of lipids 131. Troponin: Blood test that measures troponin, a heart muscle enzyme 132. Bruit: Sound heard over an artery during auscultation resulting from vibration in the vessel wall caused by turbulent blood flow 133. Hypercholesterolemia: Excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood 134. Hyperlipidemia: Excessive amount of any type of fats in the blood 135. Hypertension: Blood pressure that is above normal 136. Hypertriglyceridemia: Excessive amount of triglycerides in the blood 137. Hypotension: Blood pressure that is below normal 138. Murmur: Unusual sound heard during auscultation of the heart caused by turbulent blood flow 139. Occlusion: Closing or blockage of a blood vessel or hollow organ 140. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac compressions 141. Defibrillation: Application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm 142. Vasoconstrictor: Agent that narrows the diameter of the blood vessels 143. Vasodilator: Agent that expands the diameter of the blood vessels 144. Anemia: Condition in which there is a reduction in the number of erythrocytes 145. Bleeding disorder: Disease in which there is an inability to form proper blood clots 146. Hemophilia: Inherited bleeding disorder most commonly caused by deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII 147. Leukemia: Malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal leukocytes 148. Sepsis: Systemic inflammatory response caused by pathogenic microorganisms 149. Sickle cell disease: Group of inherited red blood cell disorders where hemoglobin is abnormally shaped and has a shorter life cycle 150. Thalassemia: Inherited bleeding disorder causing reduced production of healthy blood cells and hemoglobin 151. Bone marrow aspiration: Procedure to obtain a sample of the liquid portion of the bone marrow 152. Bone marrow biopsy: Procedure to obtain a sample of the solid portion of bone marrow 153. Activated partial thromboplastin time: Blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot 154. Bleeding profile: Series of tests that measure the ability of various factors in the blood to form a clot 155. Complete blood count with differential: Laboratory test for basic blood screening that measures various aspects of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes 156. Hematocrit: Percentage of a blood sample that is composed of erythrocytes 157. Hemoglobin: Blood test that measures the amount of hemoglobin in the blood 158. Prothrombin time: Blood test that measures the ability of the blood to clot by assessing extrinsic blood factors 159. Bone marrow transplant: Infusion of healthy bone marrow cells from a matched donor into a patient with severely diseased or damaged bone marrow 160. Peripheral blood stem cell transplant: Infusion of blood-forming cells to replace blood cells damaged by disease or treatments 161. Perfusionist: Person who operates the heart-lung machine during surgeries where the patient’s blood must be oxygenated outside of the body 162. Phlebotomist: Person who performs venipuncture for the purpose of drawing blood or injecting IV fluids 163. Anticoagulant: Agent that slows the blood clotting process 164. Blood dyscrasia: Any abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood 165. Extravasation: Escape of blood or other fluid from a vessel into the tissue 166. Venipuncture: Procedure used to puncture a vein with a needle to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion 167. Infectious mononucleosis: Acute infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus characterized by swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, fatigue, and fever 168. Lymphedema: Swelling of tissue, usually of one arm or leg, caused by faulty lymphatic drainage 169. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Advanced, chronic immune system suppression caused by human immunodeficiency virus infection 170. Allergy: Hypersensitivity to a substance, resulting in an inflammatory immune response 171. Anaphylaxis: Exaggerated reaction to a previously encountered antigen 172. Autoimmune disease: Disease caused by the body’s inability to distinguish its own cells from foreign bodies 173. Immunodeficiency: Disorder caused by an inability to produce an adequate immune response due to a lack of functioning antibodies, lymphocytes, or both 174. Opportunistic infections: Illnesses caused by microorganisms that are not usually pathogenic but result in disease because of a weakened immune system 175. Sarcoidosis: Disease in which clumps of inflammatory cells form in one or more organs of the body 176. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Blood test that determines the amount of time it takes for red blood cells to settle at the bottom of a tube of blood 177. Allergist: Physician who studies and treats allergic conditions 178. Allergen: Environmental substance capable of producing a hypersensitivity reaction in the body 179. Antibody: Protective protein produced by the immune system in response to the presence of a foreign substance 180. Immunity: Being resistant to specific invading pathogens 181. Immunosuppression: State in which in the body’s ability to fight infections or disease is reduced 182. Vaccine: Suspension of weakened or killed microorganisms administered by injection, mouth, or nasal spray Chapter Eleven: 1. Mouth: Opening through which food passes into the body 2. Tongue: Consists mostly of skeletal muscles 3. Palate: Separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity 4. Soft palate: Posterior portion, not supported by bone 5. Hard palate: Anterior portion, supported by bone 6. Uvula: Soft v-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate 7. Pharynx: Performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus 8. Esophagus: 10-inch tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach 9. Stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food 10. Cardia: Area around the opening of the esophagus 11. Fundus: Proximal domed portion of the stomach 12. Body: Central portion of the stomach, distal to the fundus 13. Antrum: Distal portion of the stomach 14. Pylorus: Portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine 15. Pyloric sphincter: Ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum 16. Small intestine: 20-foot tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine 17. Duodenum: First 10 to 12 inches of the small intestine 18. Jejunum: Second portion of the small intestine 19. Ileum: Third portion of the small intestine 20. Large intestine: Approximately 5 feet long tube that extends from the ileum to the anus 21. Cecum: U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine 22. Colon: Main portion of the large intestine 23. Rectum: Distal portion of the large intestine 24. Anus: Sphincter muscle at the end of the gastrointestinal tract 25. Salivary gland: Produce saliva, which flows into the mouth 26. Liver: Produces bile 27. Biliary tract: Organs and ducts that transport, store, and release bile 28. Bile ducts: Passageways that carry bile 29. Common bile duct: Small, tubelike structure where the hepatic duct and cystic duct join 30. Gallbladder: Small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver 31. Pancreas: Produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food 32. Peritoneum: Serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities 33. Appendix: Small pouch, which has no known function in digestion 34. Abdomen: Portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis 35. An/o: Anus 36. Antr/o: Antrum 37. Cec/o: Cecum 38. Col/o: Colon 39. Colon/o: Colon 40. Duoden/o: Duodenum 41. Enter/o: Intestines 42. Esophag/o: Esophagus 43. Gastr/o: Stomach 44. Ile/o: Ileum 45. Jejun/o: Jejunum 46. Or/o: Mouth 47. Proct/o: Rectum 48. Rect/o: Rectum 49. Sigmoid/o: Sigmoid colon 50. Stomat/o: Mouth 51. Abdomin/o: Abdomen 52. Append/o: Appendix 53. Appendic/o: Appendix 54. Celi/o: Abdomen 55. Cheil/o: Lips 56. Cholangi/o: Bile ducts 57. Chol/e: Gall, bile 58. Choledoch/o: Common bile duct 59. Cyst/o: Bladder 60. Diverticul/o: Diverticulum 61. Gingiv/o: Gums 62. Gloss/o: Tongue 63. Hepat/o: Liver 64. Herni/o: Hernia 65. Lapar/o: Abdomen 66. Lith/o: Stones 67. Lingu/o: Tongue 68. Nas/o: Nose 69. Palat/o: Palate 70. Pancreat/o: Pancreas 71. Peritone/o: Peritoneum 72. Pharyng/o: Pharynx 73. Polyp/o: Polyp 74. Pylor/o: Pylorus 75. Sial/o: Saliva 76. Steat/o: Fat 77. Uvul/o: Uvula 78. A-: Absence of, without 79. Dys-: Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored 80. Hemi-: Half 81. -ac: Pertaining to 82. -al: Pertaining to 83. -cele: Hernia, protrusion 84. -centesis: Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid 85. -eal: Pertaining to 86. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 87. -gram: The record, radiographic image 88. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 89. -iasis: Condition 90. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state, condition of 91. -ic: Pertaining to 92. -itis: Inflammation 93. -lith: Stones, calculus 94. -logist: One who studies and treats 95. -logy: Study of 96. -megaly: Enlargement 97. -oma: Tumor, swelling 98. -osis: Abnormal condition 99. -pathy: Disease 100. -pepsia: Digestion 101. -plasty: Surgical repair 102. -rrhaphy: Suturing, repairing 103. -rrhea: Flow, discharge 104. -scope: Instrument used for visual examination 105. -scopy: Visual examination 106. -stomy: Creation of an artificial opening 107. -tomy: Cut into, incision 108. -y: Noun suffix, no meaning 109. Adhesion: Abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated 110. Celiac disease: Malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten 111. Cirrhosis: Chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue 112. Crohn disease: Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon 113. Gastroesophageal reflux disease: Abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus 114. Hemochromatosis: Iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food 115. Hemorrhoids: Swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus 116. Ileus: Nonmechanical obstruction of the intestine 117. Intussusception: Prolapse of one part of the intestine inside the part next to it 118. Irritable bowel syndrome: Periodic disturbances of bowel function 119. Obesity: Excess of body fat 120. Peptic ulcer: Erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach 121. Polyp: Tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane 122. Ulcerative colitis: Disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers 123. Volvulus: Twisting or kinking of intestine, causing intestinal obstruction 124. Abdominoperineal resection: Removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches 125. Anastomosis: Connection created by surgically joining two structures 126. Bariatric surgery: Surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity 127. Hemorrhoidectomy: Excision of hemorrhoids 128. Vagotomy: Cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve 129. Abdominal sonography: Ultrasound scanning of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs 130. Barium enema: Series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally 131. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: Procedure using an endoscope to visualize the biliary and pancreatic ducts 132. Endoscopic ultrasound: Procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and gastric linings 133. Upper GI series: Series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally 134. Fecal occult blood test: Examination of a stool sample to detect blood not directly visible 135. Helicobacter pylori stool antigen: Chemical test on a fecal sample to determine the presence of the bacteria that can cause peptic ulcers 136. Ascites: Abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity 137. Diarrhea: Frequent discharge of liquid stool 138. Emesis: Expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth 139. Flatus: Gas in the gastrointestinal tract or expelled through the anus 140. Hematemesis: Vomiting blood 141. Hematochezia: Passage of visibly bloody feces 142. Malabsorption: Impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients 143. Melena: Black, tarry stool that contains digested blood 144. Nausea: Urge to vomit 145. Reflux: Abnormal backward flow 146. Gastric lavage: Washing out of the stomach 147. Feces: Waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the anus 148. Palpate: To examine by hand 149. Stoma: Surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body Chapter Twelve: 1. Eye: Organ of vision 2. Sclera: Outer protective layer of the eye 3. Cornea: Transparent anterior part of the sclera 4. Uvea: Layer of tissue beneath the sclera and cornea 5. Choroid: Middle layer of the eye 6. Iris: Pigmented muscular structure that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil 7. Ciliary body: Connects the choroid to the iris 8. Pupil: Opening in the center of the iris 9. Lens: Lies directly behind the pupil 10. Retina: Innermost layer of the eye 11. Macula: Small portion of the retina at the back of the eye 12. Optic nerve: Carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain 13. Aqueous humor: Watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye 14. Vitreous humor: Jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape 15. Meibomian glands: Oil glands found in the upper and lower edges of the eyelids that help lubricate the eye 16. Lacrimal apparatus: Network of glands, ducts, canals, and sacs that produce and drain tears 17. Conjunctiva: Mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior portion of the sclera 18. Blephar/o: Eyelid 19. Conjunctiv/o: Conjunctiva 20. Cor/o: Pupil 21. Corne/o: Cornea 22. Dacry/o: Tears 23. Ir/o: Iris 24. Irid/o: Iris 25. Kerat/o: Cornea 26. Lacrim/o: Tears 27. Ocul/o: Eye 28. Ophthalm/o: Eye 29. Opt/o: Vision 30. Phac/o: Lens 31. Phak/o: Lens 32. Pupill/o: Pupil 33. Retin/o: Retina 34. Scler/o: Sclera 35. Uve/o: Uvea 36. Angi/o: Vessels 37. Blast/o: Developing cell 38. Cry/o: Cold 39. Cyst/o: Bladder 40. Dipl/o: Two, double 41. Is/o: Equal 42. Leuk/o: White 43. Myc/o: Fungus 44. Nas/o: Nose 45. Phot/o: Light 46. Pseud/o: False 47. Rhin/o: Nose 48. Ton/o: Tension, pressure 49. Xer/o: Dry, dryness 50. A-: Absence of, without 51. An-: Absence of, without 52. Bin-: Two 53. Endo-: Within 54. Intra-: Within 55. -al: Pertaining to 56. -algia: Pain 57. -ar: Pertaining to 58. -ary: Pertaining to 59. -eal: Pertaining to 60. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 61. -graphy: Process of recording 62. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state 63. -ic: Pertaining to 64. -itis: Inflammation 65. -logist: One who studies and treats 66. -logy: Study of 67. -malacia: Softening 68. -meter: Instrument used to measure 69. -metry: Measurement 70. -oma: Tumor, swelling 71. -opia: Vision 72. -osis: Abnormal condition 73. -pathy: Disease 74. -pexy: Surgical fixation 75. -phobia: Abnormal fear or aversion 76. -plasty: Surgical repair 77. -plegia: Paralysis 78. -ptosis: Drooping, sagging, prolapse 79. -scope: Instrument used for visual examination 80. -scopy: Visual examination 81. -stomy: Creation of an artificial opening 82. -tomy: Cut into, incision 83. Amblyopia: Reduced vision in one eye caused by disuse or misuse associated with strabismus, unequal refractive errors, or otherwise impaired vision 84. Anisometropia: Significant unequal refractive error between two eyes 85. Astigmatism: Blurred vision caused by irregular curvature of the cornea or lens 86. Cataract: Clouding of the lens of the eye 87. Chalazion: Noninfected obstruction of an oil gland of the eyelid 88. Drusen: Yellowish deposits located under the retina 89. Glaucoma: Eye disorder characterized by increase of intraocular pressure 90. Hyperopia: Farsightedness 91. Hyphema: Hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye 92. Macular degeneration: Progressive deterioration of the portion of the retina called the macula 93. Myopia: Nearsightedness 94. Nyctalopia: Poor vision at night or in faint light 95. Nystagmus: Involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes 96. Pinguecula: Yellowish mass on the conjunctiva that may be related to long-term exposure to UV light, dry climates, and dust 97. Presbyopia: Impaired vision as a result of aging 98. Pterygium: Thin tissue growing onto the cornea from the conjunctiva 99. Retinal detachment: Separation of the retina from the choroid in the posterior portion of the eye 100. Retinitis pigmentosa: Hereditary, progressive disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes 101. Strabismus: Condition in which the eyes look in different directions 102. Sty: Infection of an oil gland of the eyelid 103. Enucleation: Surgical removal of the eyeball 104. LASIK: Laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia 105. Phacoemulsification: Method to remove cataracts in which an ultrasonic needle probe breaks up the lens, which is then aspirated 106. Photorefractive keratectomy: Procedure for the treatment of astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia 107. Retinal coagulation: Intense beam of light from a laser condenses retinal tissue to seal leaking blood vessels 108. Scleral buckling: Procedure to repair retinal detachment in which a piece of silicone is applied to the abnormal part of the sclera 109. Trabeculectomy: Surgical creation of an artificial opening that allows aqueous humor to drain out of the eye to underneath the conjunctiva where it is absorbed 110. Vitrectomy: Surgical removal of all or part of the vitreous humor 111. Optical coherence tomography: Noninvasive test that uses light waves to take cross-sectional images of the retina 112. Slit lamp: Horizontally mounted binocular microscope that uses a very narrow vertical beam of light to examine the eye in great detail 113. Emmetropia: Normal refractive condition of the eye 114. Visual acuity: Sharpness of vision for either distance or near 115. Optician: Specialist who fills prescriptions for lenses 116. Optometrist: Health professional who diagnoses, treats, and manages diseases and disorders of the eyes and visual processing system 117. Intraocular lens: Artificial lens implanted within the eye during cataract surgery 118. Miotic: Agent that constricts the pupil 119. Mydriatic: Agent that dilates the pupil Chapter Thirteen: 1. Ear: Organ of hearing and balance 2. External ear: Consists of the auricle and external auditory canal 3. Auricle: External, visible part of the ear located on both sides of the head 4. External auditory canal: Short tube that ends at the tympanic membrane 5. Middle ear: Consists of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity containing the ossicles 6. Tympanic membrane: Semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory canal and the middle ear cavity 7. Ossicles: Bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations 8. Eustachian tube: Passage between the middle ear and the pharynx 9. Inner ear: Consists of the labyrinth and connectors of the vestibular and the cochlear nerves 10. Labyrinth: Bony spaces within the temporal bone of the skull made up of three distinct parts, the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the vestibule 11. Cochlea: Coiled portion of the inner ear containing the sensory organ for hearing 12. Semicircular canals: Sensory organs of balance 13. Vestibulocochlear nerves: Paired cranial nerves responsible for hearing and balance 14. Vestibular nerve: Conveys information about position and balance from the semicircular canals and vestibule to the brain 15. Cochlear nerve: Conveys information about sound, including volume and frequency, from the cochlea to the brain 16. Mastoid bone: Portion of the temporal bone of the skull posterior and inferior to each auditory canal 17. Audi/o: Hearing 18. Aur/i: Ear 19. Cochle/o: Cochlea 20. Labyrinth/o: Labyrinth 21. Mastoid/o: Mastoid bone 22. Myring/o: Tympanic membrane 23. Ot/o: Ear 24. Staped/o: Stapes 25. Tympan/o: Middle ear 26. Vestibul/o: Vestibule 27. Electr/o: Electricity, electrical activity 28. Myc/o: Fungus 29. Py/o: Pus 30. -al: Pertaining to 31. -algia: Pain 32. -ar: Pertaining to 33. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 34. -gram: The record, radiographic image 35. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 36. -itis: Inflammation 37. -logist: One who studies and treats 38. -logy: Study of 39. -meter: Instrument used to measure 40. -metry: Measurement 41. -osis: Abnormal condition 42. -plasty: Surgical repair 43. -rrhea: Flow, discharge 44. -sclerosis: Hardening 45. -scope: Instrument used for visual examination 46. -scopy: Visual examination 47. -stomy: Creation of an artificial opening 48. -tomy: Cut into, incision 49. Acoustic neuroma: Benign tumor within the internal auditory canal growing from the acoustic nerve 50. Cholesteatoma: Cystlike mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol occurring in the middle ear 51. Ménière disease: Chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by a sensation of spinning motion, ringing in the ear, aural fullness, and fluctuating hearing loss 52. Otitis externa: Inflammation of the outer ear 53. Otitis media: Inflammation of the middle ear 54. Ototoxicity: Adverse pharmacological reaction causing damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve 55. Presbycusis: Hearing impairment occurring with age 56. Tinnitus: Ringing in the ears 57. Vertigo: Sense that either one’s own body or the environment is revolving Chapter Fourteen: 1. Bone: Organ made up of hard connective tissue with a dense outer layer and spongy inner layer 2. Periosteum: Outermost layer of the bone, made up of fibrous tissue 3. Compact bone: Dense, hard layers of bone tissue that lie underneath the periosteum 4. Cancellous bone: Contains little spaces like a sponge and is encased in the layers of compact bone 5. Endosteum: Membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone 6. Diaphysis: Shaft of the long bones 7. Epiphysis: End of each long bone 8. Bone marrow: Material found in the cavities of bones 9. Red marrow: Thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones 10. Yellow marrow: Soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones 11. Maxilla: Upper jawbone 12. Mandible: Lower jawbone 13. Vertebral column: Made up of bones called vertebrae 14. Cervical vertebrae: First set of seven vertebrae 15. Thoracic vertebrae: Second set of twelve vertebrae 16. Lumbar vertebrae: Third set of five larger vertebrae 17. Sacrum: Next five vertebrae 18. Coccyx: Four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone 19. Laminae: Flat plates of bone that form the vertebral arch 20. Clavicle: Collarbone 21. Scapula: Shoulder blade 22. Acromion process: Extensions of scapula 23. Sternum: Breastbone 24. Xiphoid process: Lower portion of the sternum 25. Humerus: Upper arm bone 26. Ulna and radius: Lower arm bones 27. Olecranon process: Projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow 28. Carpal bones: Wrist bones 29. Metacarpal bones: Hand bones 30. Phalanx: Finger and toe bones 31. Pelvis: Made up of three bones fused together 32. Ischium: Lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits 33. Ilium: Upper, wing-shaped part on each side of the pelvis 34. Pubis: Anterior portion of the pelvis 35. Acetabulum: Large socket in the pelvis for the head of the femur 36. Femur: Upper leg boone 37. Tibia and fibula: Lower leg bones 38. Patella: Kneecap 39. Tarsal bones: Ankle bones 40. Calcaneus: Heel bone 41. Metatarsal bones: Foot bones 42. Joint: Junction of two or more bones 43. Cartilage: Firm connective tissue primarily found in joints 44. Meniscus: Crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints 45. Intervertebral disk: Cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine 46. Pubic symphysis: Cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline 47. Synovia: Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities 48. Bursa: Fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another 49. Ligament: Flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint 50. Tendon: Band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone 51. Aponeurosis: Strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone 52. Muscle: Tissue composed of specialized cells with the ability to contract to produce movement 53. Fascia: Band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses muscles and separates their layers 54. Skeletal muscles: Attached to bones by tendons and make body movement possible 55. Smooth muscles: Located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract 56. Cardiac muscle: Forms most of the wall of the heart 57. Carp/o: Carpals 58. Clavicul/o: Clavicle 59. Cost/o: Rib 60. Crani/o: Cranium 61. Femor/o: Femur 62. Fibul/o: Fibula 63. Humer/o: Humerus 64. Ili/o: Ilium 65. Ischi/o: Ischium 66. Lumb/o: Loin, lumbar region of the spine 67. Mandibul/o: Mandible 68. Maxill/o: Maxilla 69. Myel/o: Bone marrow 70. Oste/o: Bone 71. Patell/o: Patella 72. Pelv/i: Pelvis 73. Phalang/o: Phalanx 74. Pub/o: Pubis 75. Rachi/o: Vertebra 76. Radi/o: Radius 77. Sacr/o: Sacrum 78. Scapul/o: Scapula 79. Spondyl/o: Vertebra 80. Stern/o: Sternum 81. Tars/o: Tarsals 82. Tibi/o: Tibia 83. Uln/o: Ulna 84. Vertebr/o: Vertebra 85. Arthr/o: Joint 86. Burs/o: Bursa 87. Chondr/o: Cartilage 88. Disc/o: Intervertebral disk 89. Fasci/o: Fascia 90. Lamin/o: Lamina 91. Menisc/o: Meniscus 92. My/o: Muscle 93. Myos/o: Muscle 94. Synovi/o: Synovial membrane 95. Tendin/o: Tendon 96. Ten/o: Tendon 97. Ankyl/o: Stiff, bent 98. Electr/o: Electricity, electrical activity 99. Hem/o: Blood 100. Kinesi/o: Movement, motion 101. Kyph/o: Hump 102. Lord/o: Bent forward 103. Necr/o: Death 104. Rhabd/o: Rod-shaped, striated 105. Petr/o: Stone 106. Sarc/o: Flesh, connective tissue 107. Scoli/o: Curved 108. A-: Absence of, without 109. Brady-: Slow 110. Dys-: Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored 111. Hyper-: Above, excessive 112. Inter-: Between 113. Intra-: Within 114. Micro-: Small 115. Poly-: Many, much 116. Sub-: Under, below 117. Supra-: Above 118. Syn-: Together, joined 119. -a: Noun suffix, no meaning 120. -ac: Pertaining to 121. -al: Pertaining to 122. -algia: Pain 123. -ar: Pertaining to 124. -ary: Pertaining to 125. -asthenia: Weakness 126. -centesis: Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid 127. -desis: Surgical fixation, fusion 128. -eal: Pertaining to 129. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 130. -gram: The record, radiographic image 131. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 132. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state, condition of 133. -ic: Pertaining to 134. -is: Noun suffix, no meaning 135. -itis: Inflammation 136. -malacia: Softening 137. -oma: Tumor, swelling 138. -osis: Abnormal condition 139. -penia: Abnormal reduction in number 140. -plasty: Surgical repair 141. -rrhaphy: Suturing, repairing 142. -sarcoma: Malignant tumor 143. -schisis: Split, fissure 144. -scopy: Visual examination 145. -tomy: Cut into, incision 146. -trophy: Nourishment, development 147. Ankylosing spondylitis: Form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine 148. Bunion: Abnormal prominence of the joint at the base of the great toe 149. Carpal tunnel syndrome: Common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve 150. Compartment syndrome: Painful condition caused by increased pressure within a muscle that can lead to ischemia 151. Dislocation: Displacement of bones in a joint from their normal alignment 152. Exostosis: Abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone 153. Fracture: Broken bone 154. Ganglion cyst: Collection of jellylike fluid forming a benign mass arising from joints 155. Gout: Disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals to be deposited in the joints 156. Herniated disk: Rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage 157. Lyme disease: Infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi 158. Muscular dystrophy: Group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness 159. Myasthenia gravis: Chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell 160. Osteoporosis: Abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrists after slight trauma 161. Plantar fasciitis: Inflammation of the connective tissue of the sole of the foot 162. Repetitive strain injury: Cumulative damage to joint, muscle, or other tissue caused by movements performed over and over again 163. Rheumatoid arthritis: Chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body 164. Rotator cuff disease: Damage to one or more of the four tendons stabilizing the shoulder joint due to injury or degeneration 165. Spinal stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots 166. Spondylolisthesis: Forward slipping of one vertebra over another 167. Sprain: Abnormal stretching or tearing of a ligament that supports a joint 168. Strain: Abnormal stretching or tearing of a muscle or tendon 169. Subluxation: Partial dislocation of bones in a joint 170. Tarsal tunnel syndrome: Painful foot disorder caused by compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it passes through the ankle 171. Bone markers: Blood and urine tests to determine the rate of bone turnover 172. Muscle biopsy: Removal of muscle tissue using a needle or small incision 173. Crepitus: Crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint 174. Prosthesis: Artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a limb, joint, or eye 175. Chiropractic: System of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column 176. Chiropractor: Specialist in manipulation of the vertebral column 177. Orthopedics: Branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system 178. Orthopedist: Physician who specializes in the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system 179. Orthotics: Making and fitting of orthopedic appliances used to support, align, prevent, or treat musculoskeletal deformities 180. Orthotist: Specialist in making and fitting appliances used to support, align, prevent or treat musculoskeletal deformities 181. Osteopath: Physician who specializes in a system of medicine placing emphasis on the relation between organs and the musculoskeletal system 182. Osteopathy: System of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system 183. Podiatrist: Specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot 184. Rheumatologist: Physician who specializes in the study and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures 185. Rheumatology: Study and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures 186. Abduction: Moving away from the midline 187. Adduction: Moving toward the midline 188. Inversion: Turning inward 189. Eversion: Turning outward 190. Extension: Movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position 191. Flexion: Movement in which a limb is bent 192. Pronation: Movement that turns the palm down 193. Supination: Movement that turns the palm up 194. Rotation: Turning around its own axis Chapter Fifteen: 1. Brain: Contained within the cranium 2. Cerebrum: Largest portion of the brain 3. Gray matter: Outer portion of the cerebrum 4. White matter: Inner portion of the cerebrum 5. Ventricles: Cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid 6. Cerebellum: Located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum 7. Brainstem: Stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord 8. Pons: Literally means bridge; it connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem 9. Medulla oblongata: Located between the pons and spinal cord 10. Midbrain: Most superior portion of the brainstem 11. Cerebrospinal fluid: Clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord 12. Spinal cord: Passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra 13. Meninges: Three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord 14. Dura mater: Tough outer layer of the meninges 15. Arachnoid: Delicate middle layer of the meninges 16. Pia mater: Thin inner layer of the meninges 17. Nerve: Cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another 18. Ganglion: Group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system 19. Glia: Specialized cells located throughout the nervous system that support and nourish nervous tissue 20. Neuron: Nerve cell that conducts impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system 21. Cerebell/o: Cerebellum 22. Cerebr/o: Cerebrum 23. Dur/o: Hard, dura mater 24. Encephal/o: Brain 25. Gangli/o: Ganglion 26. Ganglion/o: Ganglion 27. Gli/o: Glia 28. Mening/o: Meninges 29. Meningi/o: Meninges 30. Myel/o: Spinal cord 31. Neur/o: Nerve 32. Poli/o: Gray matter 33. Radicul/o: Nerve root 34. Rhiz/o: Nerve root 35. Angi/o: Blood vessels 36. Blast/o: Developing cell 37. Cephal/o: Head 38. Crani/o: Cranium 39. Embol/o: Plug 40. Esthesi/o: Sensation, sensitivity, feeling 41. Hem/o: Blood 42. Hemat/o: Blood 43. Hydr/o: Water 44. Ment/o: Mind 45. Mon/o: One, single 46. Phas/o: Speech 47. Psych/o: Mind 48. Quadr/i: Four 49. Thromb/o: Blood clot 50. A-: Absence of, without 51. An-: Absence of, without 52. Dys-: Painful, abnormal, difficult, labored 53. Hemi-: Half 54. Hyper-: Above, excessive 55. Inter-: Between 56. Intra-: Within 57. Para-: Beside, beyond, around, abnormal 58. Poly-: Many, much 59. Post-: After 60. Pre-: Before 61. Sub-: Under, below 62. -a: Noun suffix, no meaning 63. -al: Pertaining to 64. -algia: Pain 65. -cele: Hernia, protrusion 66. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 67. -genic: Producing, causing, originating 68. -graphy: Process of recording, radiographic imaging 69. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state, condition of 70. -iatrist: Specialist, physician 71. -iatry: Treatment, specialty 72. -ictal: Seizure, attack 73. -ism: State of 74. -itis: Inflammation 75. -logist: One who studies and treats 76. -logy: Study of 77. -lysis: Loosening, dissolution, separating 78. -malacia: Softening 79. -oma: Tumor, swelling 80. -osis: Abnormal condition 81. -paresis: Slight paralysis 82. -pathy: Disease 83. -plasty: Surgical repair 84. -plegia: Paralysis 85. -rrhage: Excessive flow 86. -rrhaphy: Suturing, repairing 87. -tomy: Cut into, incision 88. -us: Noun suffix, no meaning 89. Alzheimer disease: Type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age 90. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles 91. Bell palsy: Paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve, cranial nerve VII 92. Botulism: Serious illness caused by bacterial toxin that interferes with nerve conduction, causing skeletal muscle paralysis 93. Cerebral aneurysm: Ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall in the cerebrum 94. Cerebral palsy: Condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after 95. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: Progressive degenerative disease of the brain which generally appears years or decades after repeated head trauma 96. Dementia: Cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function 97. Epilepsy: Condition characterized by recurrent seizures 98. Multiple sclerosis: Chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord 99. Parkinson disease: Chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system 100. Sciatica: Inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes 101. Shingles: Viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves 102. Stroke: Interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients 103. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: Bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges 104. Transient ischemic attack: Sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time 105. Positron emission tomography: Nuclear medicine procedure creating computerized images of chemical changes, such as sugar metabolism in brain tissue 106. Evoked potential studies: Group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, and somatosensory stimuli 107. Deep tendon reflexes: Portion of the physical examination where gentle strikes at specific locations are performed to assess the possibility of potential neurological abnormalities 108. Lumbar puncture: Diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae 109. Ataxia: Lack of muscle coordination 110. Coma: State of profound unconsciousness 111. Concussion: Injury to the brain caused by minor or major head trauma 112. Convulsion: Sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles 113. Disorientation: State of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity 114. Dysarthria: Inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral nervous system 115. Paraplegia: Paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord 116. Seizure: Sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain 117. Spasticity: Continued contraction of certain muscles due to damage of the brain or spinal cord controlling voluntary movement and causing tightness and stiffness that can interfere with normal movement, speech, and gait 118. Syncope: Fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum 119. Unconsciousness: State of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock, illness, or drugs 120. Shunt: Tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid 121. Cognitive: Pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory, and reason 122. Conscious: Awake, alert, aware of one’s surroundings 123. Gait: Manner or style of walking 124. Incoherent: Unable to express one’s thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner 125. Anorexia nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight, intensive fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, and, in females, amenorrhea 126. Anxiety disorder: Disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger 127. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity 128. Autism: Spectrum of mental disorders, the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood, preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, and impaired communication 129. Bipolar disorder: Major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood 130. Bulimia nervosa: Eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by purging 131. Major depression: Mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, lack of joy, altered sleep patterns, and difficulty with decision making and daily function 132. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals 133. Panic attack: Episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably, with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, and/or chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia and fear of dying, loss of mind or control 134. Phobia: Marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object 135. Pica: Compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice 136. Posttraumatic stress disorder: Significant behavioral health disorder in which some people exposed to a traumatic event go on to develop a series of symptoms related to it 137. Schizophrenia: Any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction 138. Somatoform disorders: Disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists Chapter Sixteen: 1. Pituitary gland: Approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain 2. Anterior lobe: Produces and secretes the following hormones 3. Growth hormone: Regulates the growth of the body 4. Adrenocorticotropic hormone: Stimulates the adrenal cortex 5. Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Stimulates the thyroid gland 6. Gonadotropic hormones: Stimulate the gonads 7. Prolactin: Promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant 8. Posterior lobe: Stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin 9. Antidiuretic hormone: Stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels to help maintain blood pressure 10. Oxytocin: Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum, and milk let down by breast postpartum 11. Hypothalamus: Located superior to the pituitary gland in the brain 12. Thyroid gland: Largest endocrine gland 13. Parathyroid gland: Four small bodies embedded in the posterior aspect of the lobes of the thyroid gland 14. Islets of langerhans: Clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas 15. Adrenal gland: Paired glands, one of which is located superior to each kidney 16. Cortisol: Secreted by the adrenal cortex 17. Aldosterone: Secreted by the adrenal cortex 18. Epinephrine, norepinephrine: Secreted by the adrenal medulla 19. Adren/o: Adrenal glands 20. Adrenal/o: Adrenal glands 21. Cortic/o: Cortex 22. Endocrin/o: Endocrine 23. Parathyroid/o: Parathyroid glands 24. Pituitar/o: Pituitary gland 25. Thyroid/o: Thyroid gland 26. Acr/o: Extremities, height 27. Calc/i: Calcium 28. Dips/o: Thirst 29. Glyc/o: Sugar 30. Kal/i: Potassium 31. Natr/o: Sodium 32. Eu-: Normal, good 33. Hyper-: Above, excessive 34. Hypo-: Below, incomplete, deficient, under 35. Pan-: All, total 36. Poly-: Many, much 37. Syn-: Together, joined 38. -al: Pertaining to 39. -drome: Run, running 40. -ectomy: Excision, surgical removal 41. -emia: In the blood 42. -ia: Diseased or abnormal state, condition of 43. -ism: State of 44. -itis: Inflammation 45. -logist: One who studies and treats 46. -logy: Study of 47. -megaly: Enlargement 48. -oma: Tumor, swelling 49. -pathy: Disease 50. -plasia: Condition of formation, development, growth 51. Addison disease: Chronic syndrome resulting from a deficiency in the hormonal secretion of the adrenal cortex 52. Congenital hypothyroidism: Condition caused by congenital absence or atrophy of the thyroid gland 53. Cushing syndrome: Group of signs and symptoms attributed to the excessive production of cortisol by the adrenal cortices 54. Diabetes insipidus: Result of decreased secretion of antidiuretic hormone by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland 55. Diabetes mellitus: Chronic disease involving a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused by under-activity of the insulin-producing islets of langerhans and is characterized by elevated blood sugar 56. Gigantism: Condition brought about by hypersecretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland before puberty 57. Graves disease: Autoimmune disorder of the thyroid gland characterized by the production of more thyroid hormone than the body needs 58. Hashimoto thyroiditis: Disease in which thyroid gland cells are destroyed by autoimmune processes 59. Ketoacidosis: Serious condition resulting from uncontrolled diabetes mellitus in which acid ketones accumulate from fat metabolism in the absence of adequate insulin 60. Metabolic syndrome: Group of signs and symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity characterized by excessive fat around the area of the waist and abdomen, hypertension, hyperglycemia, elevated triglycerides, and low levels of the good cholesterol HDL 61. Myxedema: Condition resulting from an extreme deficiency of the thyroid hormone thyroxine 62. Neuroblastoma: Malignant cancer that often starts in the adrenal medulla 63. Pheochromocytoma: Tumor of the adrenal medulla 64. Thyrotoxicosis: Condition caused by excessive thyroid hormones 65. Radioactive iodine uptake: Nuclear medicine scan that measure thyroid function 66. Sestamibi parathyroid scan: Nuclear medicine procedure used to localize hyperactive parathyroid glands 67. Thyroid sonography: Ultrasound test of the thyroid gland used to help determine whether a thyroid nodule is likely benign or possibly malignant 68. Fasting blood sugar: Blood test to determine the amount of glucose in the blood after fasting for 8 to 10 hours 69. Fine needle aspiration: Biopsy technique that uses a narrow hollow needle to obtain tiny amounts of tissue for pathologic examination 70. Glycosylated hemoglobin: Blood test used to diagnose diabetes and monitor its treatment by measuring the amount of glucose bound to hemoglobin in the blood 71. Thyroid-stimulating hormone level: Blood test that measures the amount of thyroid-stimulating hormone in the blood 72. Thyroxine level: Blood test that gives the direct measurement of the amount of thyroxine in the patient’s blood 73. Exophthalmos: Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball 74. Goiter: Enlargement of the thyroid gland 75. Tetany: Condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of low amounts of calcium in the blood caused by a deficiency of the parathyroid hormone 76. Hormone: Chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland that is carried in the blood to a target tissue 77. Incretins: A group of hormones produced by the gastrointestinal system that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas and help preserve the beta cells 78. Metabolism: Sum total of all the chemical processes that take place in a living organism