Title:
URL Source: https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38
Published Time: Thu, 25 Sep 2025 12:20:55 GMT
Markdown Content:
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--> (macromolecules) (Protocell)
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
* * *
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3
(1) (Cell wall) (Cell membrane)
(2) (Cytoplasmic inclusion) (Organelle)
(3) (Nuclear membrane) (Nucleolus)
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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1. (Prokaryotic cell) 70s
2. (Eukaryotic cell) 80s
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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**- (Cell Membrane)**
** (Cell Membrane / Plasma membrane)**
- (Semipermeable membrane)
- fluid mosaic model
>Phospholipid bilayer (Hydrophobic) (Hydrophilic)
>Cholesterol ()
>Protein ( )
>Carbohydrate ( Glycoprotein Glycolipid)
-
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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** (Cell wall)**
-
- 2
> (Primary cell wall)
> (Secondary cell wall)
- Middle lamella () Plasmodesmata
- (Cellulose) () Peptidoglycan Chitin
** (Junctions) 3 Tight junctions, Desmosomes Anchoring junctions Gap junctions ( Plasmodesmata )
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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** (Cytosol)** / (Cytoplasmic inclusion) (Cytoplasm)
Cytoplasm Cytosol Cytoplasm
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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** (Organelle)** (Cytoplasm)
1. (Organelle)
(1) (Ribosome) (Subunit) RNA (Nuclear membrane) RER ( ) Cytosol () Mitochondria Chloroplast ( Mitochondria Chloroplast )
- Prokaryotic cell 70S 50S 30S
- Eukaryotic cell 80S 60S 40S
** S = Svedberg unit of sedimentation coefficient
[http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu/Biofundamentals/lectureNotes/Topic3-5_Making%20Proteins.htm](http://virtuallaboratory.colorado.edu/Biofundamentals/lectureNotes/Topic3-5_Making%20Proteins.htm)
(2) Cytoskeleton 3
- (Microtubule) Tubulin (Cytosol) (Centriole) (Basal body) (Spindle fiber) (Cilia) (Flagella)
- Intermediate filament Keratin Tonofilament Cytokeratin
- (Microfilament) (Actin) Myosin (Cyclosis) (Pseudopodium) (Cytokinesis)
(3) (Centriole) (Microtubule) 3 (Triplet) 9 (9 triplets) (Centrosome) (Spindle fiber) (Higher plant) Gymnosperm
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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** (Organelle) **
1. (Endoplasmic Reticulum-ER) --> Endoplasmic = /Reticulum = , 2 (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum-RER) ER (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum-SER) ER
1.1 Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum-RER (Lumen = / ER) (Vesicle) Golgi complex ( + )
1.2 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum-SER (Detoxification)
2. (Golgi Complex / Golgi body / Golgi apparatus) (Camillo Golgi) (Secretion) ER Exocytosis (Lysosome) (Cell plate) (Cytokinesis)
3. (Lysosome) 0.1-1 ( 60 ) (pH 5) (Autophagy) (Autolysis) (Pompe disease)
4. (Peroxisome) Oxidase, Catalase H2O2 H2O + O2
5. (Vacuole) (Tonoplast) (Cell sap) ER Golgi Complex Food vacuole () Contractile vacuole Central vacuole
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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** 2 **
1. (Mitochondria) 2 ( Cristae) ( Matrix) , Ribosome ( 70s), DNA, RNA (Semiautonomous organelle) (ATP = Adenosine triphosphate)
2. (Plastids) 3
(1) Chloroplast (Pigment) (Photosynthesis) Thylakoid membrane Thylakoid / (Pigment) Granum Stroma , RNA, DNA Ribosome (70s)
(2) Chromoplast
(3) Leucoplast
() Ribosome ( 70s) Organelle Endosymbiosis
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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** (Nucleus)**
1. (Nuclear membrane/Nuclear envelope) Perinuclear space Nuclear pore
2. DNA (Chromatin)
3. (Nucleolus) RNA
4. (Nucleoplasm) RNA DNA Coenzyme
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)
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** (Galileo)**
-->17 2-5
(ZachariasJanssen)
-->..1590-1591
(ZachariasJanssenHansJanssen)2
(Robert Hooke)
-->..1665(RobertHooke)270(compoundmicroscope)(emptyroom=cell)(cellwall)""
(Antony Van Leeuwenhoek)
-->..1672 (AntonieVanleeuwenhoek) (Singlemicroscope) , ,, Animalcules
(Robert Brown)
-->. 1831 (RobertBrown)(nucleus)
(MatthiasjakobSchleiden)
-->..1838 (MatthiasjacobSchleiden)
(TheodorSchwann)
-->..1839 (TheodorSchwann)
..1839 "(CellTheory)"""
(Johannes Purkinje)
-->..1839 (JohannesPurkinje) " (Protoplasm)"
(RudolfVirchow)
-->..1855(RudolfVirchow)""
(Walther Flemming)
-->..1880(Walther Flemming)(chromosome)
MaxKnoll ResetRuska
-->.1932MaxKnoll ResetRuska(500000)
[](https://www.scimath.org/lesson-biology/item/6937-2017-05-15-13-01-38#articleToc)