in this second video i'd like to look at how norman castle building changed from 1066 to 1087. now you'll remember in the last video i talked about how the fact that castles appear throughout all of the other four units that we have been looking at so far and castles are one of those key features that happen throughout the norman rain but what i really want to look at in this video is these two periods of time here 1066 to 71 and 1071 to 1087 and how castle building changes in those years after 1066. and i'm going to do that by looking at this in two halves first of all i'm going to look at that first period when there were lots of rebellions and then i'm going to look at that second period when they were consolidating power firstly let's look at this initial period and i've started in 1068 because we looked at those first few castles in the last video so this is two years after the normans have invaded up to the end of 1071 when the last of those rebellions were phasing out and we're going to look at three questions in each of those periods why they built castles what they were like and how many were built now in this first period castles were pretty much built in the wake of rebellions so in exeter a castle was built after github had her rebellion because it allowed the normans to stamp their control on the town norm william also built two modern daily castles in york in 1068 and 1069 which i'm sure you know is the era of when the harrowing of the north happened other norman castles were built during this period by people like william fitzos bill along dangerous borders like the one with wales so castles in this period were built to stop rebellion they were built to show as a kind of state symbol of the norman force and the norman control of the land now those castles were commonly um had mots that were about five meters high they commonly had a dominating tower and the bailly would have been fairly small then most of all those often those entire fortresses were surrounded by a moat key thing of these early castles was that mot and the tower and the mop and the tower was the thing that was imposing on those towns and on those regions where they were trying to stop resistance and by 1071 the normans had built about 35 castles in england to defeat english resistance so that is the first period of castle building example of that is here my favorite castle the castle at chepstow just over the other side of the river seven from where i am in bristol and this castle chapstoe is a classic example of one of those castles built along the welsh border to stop rebellion from the welsh now let's flip now to looking at the second half of williams reign in this second half this is where william is consolidating power and i'd like to look at again the same three questions in his second half of his reign up until his death in the 10 80s so why did they build castles in this period well actually the reason was very different from that first half in this second half of williams reign the castles were built to settle the land they've stopped the rebellion they stopped the resistance now they need to control and consolidate their power and so this is why castles were built so most of the castles in this period were built by norman barons on their new lands in the countryside as status symbols they're less to do with defense they're less to do with the military they're much more about settling the land and the normans building really somewhere to live so they can control the land what were the castles like though well they tended to be standard modern bailey castles they were often made of wood they often had wooden palisades and gate houses but the layout did vary from castle to castle and you can see that across um england today those castles are really different the big difference here in this second period is how many castles are being built though in that first period you'll remember they were in the 30s in this period over 500 castles were built so this is kind of like a boom in terms of the kind time of castle building castles are suddenly built in their hundreds in this period the normans have dealt with that resistance now they're moving on to the second task of consolidating the land and one of the ways they do that is building absolutely boatloads of castles across england and a really nice example of that is rochester castle which was built by one of williams barons and here it is today it wouldn't have looked like this in norman in the norman time right at the start of williams reign because it would have been wood but over time they would have turned it into this wood this stone structure here so if we're going to end on the question that this video started with how did norman castle building change well it changed in three ways it changed because of the purpose originally those castles were built to stop resistance but over time they change into a purpose of settling the land they change in terms of their structure originally the first castles were much more just about building imposing mots on towns of resistance eventually they turn into places where barons can use to control the land and as a result are more and bailey style castles and the castle building also changes for the third reason in terms of its sheer volume in the initial period there are only a handful of castles that are built in that second half of williams reign absolutely shedload of castles are built