so now we will be taking a look at observations which are another method of data collection so observations are basically when you collect data by watching your participants in simple terms and by watching them you record their behaviors whatever your intended data collection is so you can either use observation on its own as a separate method of data collection or you can just use observations in an entire study so sometimes we observe participants in experiments so there was an observation conducted in the pandora core study of aggression where we observed their the children's behaviors after they had been exposed to aggressive or subdued models there are actually eight types of observations these aren't typically types these are simply the characteristics of observations and they can be used together so there are four categories the first category is the nature so observations can either be covered which means hidden so the researcher the observer is hidden from the participants so they don't know that they're being watched and typically the observer would have to hide themselves so they aren't quote and overt is the exact opposite so in this case the participants know the role of the observer they know that they are being watched and there is no need of the experiment disguising themselves then we come to the role of the observer so there can be two roles that the observer continues to either be participant observation in which the observer tries to blend into the group of the participants or social situation so for example if we are observing in the classroom of students then the observer will disguise or just place themselves in the same setting and be acting like a student and it can either be covered or over so you can see how these characteristics can work in tandem in any observation and then there is non-participant observations where the observer does not make any efforts to be part of the social setting and they simply observe from a distance so then there is the sketching and in the naturalistic observation the studying is that in which participants can be normally found so this is a setting in which participants would be observed without any sort of alteration or editing in the setting in the controlled observation on the other hand we would be observing the participants in a situation or environment that has either been physiologically as in physically or socially manipulated so we have placed some sort of stooge or confederate in the situation such as we did in the chakra and thinner observation where we had a steward in both the angry condition and the euphoric condition then we come to the method of data collection so there can be two ways in which we collect data so one can be a structured observation in which we collect or we record the participants behaviors in a sort of checklist so it's a behavioral checklist in which there is a list of behaviors that we have predetermined and there can be two ways that this checklist is formed it can either be time sampling so you will have so you will have short time intervals of for example 30 seconds one minute one minute and 30 seconds two minutes two minutes and thirty seconds so on and so forth and you will record participant behaviors you will be record the pre-examined participant behaviors in each so you will put a tick mark if after two minutes the participant is doing the same thing and so on and the second is event something where you just keep on checking or keep on kicking how many times the participant repeats a particular predetermined behavior so you sort of tally it down and in unstructured observation we simply record everything that the participant is doing so we record all the behaviors we haven't had a predetermined list of what behaviors to look for we might have a keen suggestion but you basically record everything that they do and there are a few drawbacks to this type of observation because if you record everything then we might have a lot of useless data and it can be difficult to sift through and also we usually conduct this type of observation as a pilot observation so we conduct this observation to figure out what sort of behaviors are common or what sort of behaviors we should look for in our participants so using this type of observation we then create a behavioral checklist now for example if we observe participants in this office setting without any manipulation it would be a naturalistic observation and if we use this is a one-way mirror it is often seen in investigation rooms or police stations so on the outside of it the observer can see into the room but in the inside whoever is sitting in that room they will only see a mirror they will not be able to see outside of the room so if we are observing the participants using this sort of device then it will be a covert or a hidden observation and if for example the participant sorry the observer is standing off to the side holding a clipboard in their hands and recording the behaviors then that will be a non-participant observation because they have taken no measures to be part of the social setting and they are instead standing off at a distance and recording the behaviors of their participants and another important thing to note is that whenever we have animal participants we go and we are conducting a structured observation the behavioral checklist is known as an ethogram so whenever we're conducting a structured observation we use an integral to record predetermined behaviors of next we will be looking at the elephant in the room correlations so what are correlations so a correlational study is essentially you trying to determine a non-causal relationship between two measured variables so think of it as two dependent variables so we have two db's so we often use correlational studies when we don't have much data to go off on or if manipulation of variables so for example if you conduct any sort of experiment that would be unethical so instead we just measure the trends into into variables so there are so if it correlation is positive that means the two variables have an increasing relationship between them so if one increases so does the other and if one decreases so that's the other and negative correlation both variables have an inverse relationship and it's very important to have quantitative or numerical measure of data to establish correlational studies so both of your measured variables should be measured quantitatively in order to be able to plot a graph and to establish a correlation so correlational research often requires other methods of gathering data so for example if you need to gather data to establish a correlation you can use self-report so you can use an interview or you can give them a bunch of rating scale questions on a questionnaire or you can conduct an observation a structured observation obviously and then you can record the behaviors and pitch them against whatever other variable you have so we use a scattered graph or a scatter diagram which we saw in our previous video to represent the findings of any correlational study they do not establish causal relationships unlike an experiment which establishes a causal relationship so we are quickly certain that the iv causes the change in the delay here there is no manipulation so there is no causal relationship we simply see two hopefully related trends and if we establish a positive or a negative correlation it often gives us a base or background something to go off of so we can conduct an experiment or future research on the same topic upward trends are positive downward currents are negative and if there is no trend that there is no correlation this is an example of an upward trend or a positive correlation this is what we call the line of best fit and these points are our data points that we so we have one variable against the y-axis and one against the x-axis this is the example of a negative correlation so this is the line of best fit that is drawn inversely and you can see how we have drawn the line and saturated most of the points on our graph fall along or near to this line this is an example where we have no correlation so you can see there is no line that can be drawn along which most of the points width would fall that is it for observations and correlations